C
Cádiz constitution, 2 , 13 , 15 , 21
Cádiz courts, 13 , 14 , 168
Calderón, Francisco, 75
Calero, Pablo, 170
Callao, Peru, 37 , 87 -88, 196
Candelaria, María, 159 -60
Cañete, Peru, 60 , 61
Canterac, Gen., 26
Caporales , 54 , 59 , 60
Carabalí, Francisco, 156
Carabali, Josef, 89
Carabayllo parish, 225 n9
Caracas, Venezuela, 209
Carmen Seco, Don José del, 125
Caroline code, regulation of slavery by, 13 , 168
Carrillo, Don Eusebio, 194
Carrillo, Don Fernando, Marqués of Santa María, 136 , 137
Carta de libertad , 17 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 70 , 73 -74, 77 , 78 , 81 , 91 , 92 , 111 , 132 -33, 142 , 167 , 170 , 179 , 191 , 207 , 235 n16
Casa de la Moneda, 20 , 23
Casaverde, Isidora, 164
Casta society, 202
Castilia, Ramón, 5 , 72 ,77
Catholic church: children in doctrine of, 118 , 119 ;
genetic doctrine of, 139 ;
and illness of slaves, 172 ;
moral codes of, 149 , 168 -69, 200 -201;
mutual aid societies of (see Cofradías );
opposition to hacendados , 27 ;
and ownership transfers, 185 , 186 ;
position on self-manumission, 221 n8;
and slave marriages, 11 , 29 , 112 , 149 -66 passim, 207
Cédula Real, 9 , 13
Centurión, Doña Jacoba, 173
Chacarilla hacienda, 45 , 47
Chacras , 52 , 208
Chala, José, 55
Chancay hacienda, 70 , 183
Chandler, David L., 220 n4
Chicama rebellion, 194
Children: age of manumission, 83 -84, 127 ;
care of, 10 , 118 -19;
concealment of, 119 -20;
distribution of, in slave population, 42 , 43 , 44 , 118 ;
illegitimate, 21 , 132 , 138 , 139 -43;
imprisonment of, 187 ;
liberation of, 50 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 -25, 126 , 161 , 203 ;
maintenance costs of, 16 , 17 -18, 120 -24, 125 , 126 -27, 203 -4, 230 n59;
ownership of, 12 , 17 , 120 , 123 , 125 -26;
paternity of, 21 , 49 , 140 -41, 142 , 201 ;
relocation to haciendas, 185 -86;
sale of, 10 , 49 , 54 , 114 , 115 , 119 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 227 n21;
separation from families, 119 , 120 ;
training of, 12 , 20 ;
value of, 12 -13, 114 , 115 , 126 , 185 -86
Chillón valley, 89
China, 4
Chincha, Peru, 72 , 89
Chocolates, market for, 31
Chorrillos parish, 39 , 69 , 192 ;
gender distribution of slave population, 43 , 45 , 46 , 226 n11;
incidence of slave marriages in, 45 -46;
number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ;
reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 48 ;
rural character of, 225 n8
Chuquitanta hacienda, 174 , 175
Clavero, José, 224 n3
Clement viii, Pope, 228 n28
Cofradías , 29 , 97 , 173 ;
emergence of women in, 205 ;
racial divisions within, 100 ;
racial hierarchies of, 102 , 201 ;
role in manumission, 101 -2, 169 -70;
social functions of, 100 -101;
status hierarchies of, 102 -5, 147
Colombia, 220 n4
Colonialism, 2 -3, 14 , 15 , 85 -86, 88
El Comercio (newspaper), 195 -96
Compuertas estate, 52 -53
Concubinage, 130 , 132 -33, 138 , 236 n18
Congos-Mondongos cofradía , 100 -101, 102 -5
Conque , 11 , 20 , 74 , 75 -76, 94 , 109 , 173 , 177 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 195
Conrad, Robert, 220 n4
Contraception, 139
Corporal punishment. See Punishment, corporal
Cortes de Cádiz. See Cádiz courts
Costa Rica, 244 n15
Council of Hacendados, 223 n22
Craton, Michael, 220 n4
Crime rates, 195 -96
Criollo ladinos , 100
Criollos : and black hierarchy, 99 , 105 ;
fear of rebellion, 3 ;
protests against colonialism, 2 , 14 , 15
Cristo, Domingo del, 156
Cruz Zapata, Juan de la, 171
Cuba, 1 ,, 3 , 209 , 241 n24
Cuellar, Bonifacio, 164
Cuellar, Micaela, 164
Cushner, Nicholas P., 46 , 224 n6
Cuzco insurrection, 3