Index
A
Aala Park (Honolulu), rallies at, 108 –9, 110 , 122 , 126
Abe, Isoo, 21
Advertiser Publishing Company, 248
AFL. See American Federation of Labor (AFL)
African Americans:
AFL exclusion of, 258 , 271 ;
citizenship of, 303 –4;
as laborers, 261
Aiea Plantation:
evictions from, 85 –86;
location of, xii –xiii (maps);
money sent to Japan from, 69 ;
strikebreakers at, 95 –96;
workers' return to, 122 , 126
Akamine, A., 170 –71, 218 –19
Ala Moana (shopping center), 317 –18
Albany Knickerbocker Press (newspaper), 268
Alcara (laborer), 187 , 206 , 213
Alexander, Arthur C., 287
Alien Land Law:
call to amend, 112 ;
debates over, 252 ;
passage of, 136 , 237 ;
revision of, 238 ;
support for, 251 , 259 , 285 ;
U.S.-Japan relations and, 123 –24, 236
American Cane Growers Association, 261
American Emigration Association (Japan), 21
American Factors, Ltd., 248
American Federationist (magazine), 288 –89
American Federation of Labor (AFL):
allegations against, 268 ;
Asian immigration opposed by, 257 –60, 266 , 287 –90;
conventions of, 43 , 237 , 257 , 258 –59;
goals of, 258 ;
Hawaiian problems linked to, 269 –70;
immigration quota bill supported by, 303 , 329 ;
membership in, 23 ;
Oahu strike ignored by, 265 ;
racial discrimination by, 258 , 271 , 288 –89;
support for, 256 ;
WWI support from, 42
Americanization. See assimilation
American Legion:
Asian immigration opposed by, 290 –91;
immigration quota bill supported by, 303 , 329 ;
on Japanese-language press and schools, 88 , 245 , 287 ;
on Japanese strikers, 68 ;
members of, 214 , 249 ;
national meeting of, 274
American Sugar Beet Company, 260
anarchists, 59 , 138 –39, 269
Andrews, Lorrin, 41
Ang Filipinos (newspaper), 48
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, lapse of, 275
Aragaki, I., 166 –68, 346 n16
Aragaki, Yasuki, 143
Arahata, Kanson, 67 –68
Arita, Hachiro[*] , 106
Arizona (ship), 332
arson, allegations of, 186 –87
Asahi Theater (Honolulu), events at, 49 –50, 95 , 99
Asama (ship), 289
Asano, Hitoshi, 243
Asia:
attitudes toward, 251 ;
immigration law as opportunity to unify, 316 ;
missionaries in, 72
Asian immigration:
under Hawaiian monarchy, 263 –64;
opposition to, 257 –60, 287 , 290 .
See also Chinese immigrants; Japanese immigrants; Johnson Reed Immigration Quota Law; Korean immigrants
assassination, 24 –25, 140
assimilation:
encouragement of, 25 , 36 , 41 , 50 –51, 90 , 239 –43, 307 ;
impossibility of, 284 –86;
obstacles to, 245 , 251 , 254 , 295 , 303 –4
Association to Support the Japanese Language Schools Suit, 293
Atherton, Frank C., 242 –43
automobiles, 97 , 178
B
Baba, Hiroshi, 4 , 9 –10
Baba, Tokuji, fig. 4 ;
alibi of, 191 , 213 , 225 ;
appearance of, 142 , 148 , 190 , 346 n26;
background of, 190 ;
on explosion, 155 ;
indictment of, 221 ;
leadership of, 147 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 158 –60, 162 –63;
Miyazawa on role of, 183 ;
postprison life of, 327 ;
testimony of, 190 –92, 221 ;
WWII relocation of, 334
Baku, N., 213
Baldwin, Harry A., 178 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 287
Bank of Hawaii, 248
Banks, James J.:
background of, 141 –42;
court rules set by, 141 , 173 ;
impatience of, 150 , 168 , 180 , 211 , 213 ;
injunction issued by, 293 ;
instructions to jury, 216 –17, 225 ;
on language, 181 , 183 ;
rulings of, 155 –56, 185 , 187 , 190 , 196 , 198 , 224
beet sugar industry, laborers for, 260 –61
B. F. Dillingham Company, 248
Big Five. See Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (HSPA); sugar planters
Bishop Trust Company, 247 –48
Board of Immigration (Hawaiian Kingdom), 13 , 14 –15
Board of Public Health, 76
bombs, as impetus for Palmer raids, 59 . See also explosion
Boston Globe (newspaper), 268
Brooks, Francis M.:
Baba questioned by, 191 ;
background of, 179 ;
closing arguments of, 216 ;
Hasegawa questioned by, 179 –80;
Miyazawa questioned by, 181 , 182 –83, 190 ;
objections of, 196 ;
role of, 142
Brown, Arthur M., 142 , 207
Brown, Raymond C., 294
Buddhism:
affiliation with, 144 , 190 ;
Christian feuds with, 37 , 293 ;
as control mechanism, 254 ;
federation support from, 75 ;
rejection of, 242 , 334 ;
schools associated with, 39 .
See also Honganji sect
Buddhist Youth Association, 190
Bureau of Investigation (later FBI). See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Butler, Jack, 262 , 267 , 287 –88
C
California:
anti-Japanese feelings in, 10 , 112 , 237 –39, 241 , 244 , 254 , 304 ;
Chinese laborers in, 14 ;
immigration law and, 307 , 329 ;
Japanese safety in, 278 , 313 –14;
political refugees in, 22 –23.
See also Alien Land Law
California and Hawaiian Sugar Company (C&H Sugar), 114 , 260
California Japanese Exclusion League, 17 , 237
Camacho, Antone, 85
cartoons, fig. 5 , 67 , 71 , 97
Castle, William R., 110 –11, 328 –29
Castle and Cook (sugar planters), 111
Cathcart, John W.:
background of, 180 ;
cross-examination by, 180 –81;
death of, 195 –96, 227 ;
illness of, 183 ;
language and, 181 ;
role of, 142 , 165
Central Union Church (Honolulu), 144
Chillingworth, Charles F., 230 , 245 , 249 , 261 –62, 274
Chilton, Wilmot, 261 , 265 –68, 270
China:
anti-Japanese agitation in, 322 ;
Japanese occupation of, 72 , 239 , 275 , 316 ;
territorial integrity of, 275 –76;
U.S. and Japanese interests in, 38 –39, 71 .
See also Manchuria
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882):
AFL and, 257 –60;
move to liberalize, 232 –33;
passage of, 14 , 258 ;
reconsideration of, 233 –35, 244 , 256 , 260 , 283 , 291 ;
upheld, 294 –96
Chinese immigrants:
characterization of, 271 ;
encouragement of, 232 –33, 244 , 245 , 249 , 253 –54, 256 , 260 , 284 ;
illegal entrance of, 299 ;
number of, 232 –33;
opposition to, 14 , 232 , 244 –45, 259 , 260 –62, 267 ;
as strikebreakers, 94 ;
voting by, 235 .
See also Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Chobei[*] Ban-zuiin (novel), 104
Christianity:
Buddhist feuds with, 37 , 293 ;
conversion to, 144 , 181 –82, 183 , 207 , 281 –82, 317 ;
emphasis on, 144 , 145 , 242 ;
schools associated with, 39
citizenship:
of African Americans, 303 –4;
dual, 234 , 240 , 273 ;
legal assistance in obtaining, 104 ;
naturalization for, 292 , 339
Colt, LeBaron B., 272 , 303 –4, 306
communism:
fear of, 32 , 43 ;
influence of, 44 –45
Communist party:
crackdown on, 138 –39;
outlawed, 112 ;
raids on offices of, 58 –62
Congressional Committee on Immigration, visit by, 123 –24.
See also House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization; Senate Committee on Immigration and Naturalization
conspiracy trial:
alibis in, 179 –81, 191 , 192 –93, 194 –97, 213 , 225 ;
appeal after, 282 , 297 , 318 , 348 n41;
Aragaki's testimony in, 166 –68;
atmosphere of, 142 –43;
Baba's testimony in, 190 –92;
bail in, 140 ;
closing arguments in, 214 –16;
defendants in, 220 –24, 325 –30;
defense concerns in, 142 , 222 –23;
exhibits in, 166 , 170 –71, 181 , 198 , 218 –19, 345 n6, 346 –47n28;
Goto[*] 's testimony in, 206 –7;
Hamai's testimony in, 166 ;
Hamamoto's testimony in, 195 ;
Hoshino's testimony in, 196 –97;
indictments in, 140 , 141 , 150 –51, 168 , 220 , 268 –69, 281 ;
indifference to, 226 –27;
Inoguchi's testimony in, 192 –93;
Kawamata's testimony in, 204 –6;
Koyama's testimony in, 207 –8;
language difficulties in, 149 –50, 158 , 180 , 181 , 199 –200, 217 –18, 346 –47n28;
legal concerns of, 169 ;
Matsumoto's testimony in, 146 –61;
Miyazawa's testimony in, 181 , 182 –87, 189 –90;
Mizutari's testimony in, 193 –95;
motives for, 268 –69, 318 ;
pistol's role in, 166 –67, 170 , 175 , 198 –99, 222 ;
prosecution concerns in, 142 , 218 –19;
Saito[*] 's testimony in, 168 –73;
Sakamaki's testimony in, 143 –46, 161 ;
Sato[*] 's testimony in, 209 –10;
sentencing in, 226 , 280 –81;
Suzuki's testimony in, 174 –78, 213 –14;
Takizawa's testimony in, 203 –4;
Tsuda's testimony in, 211 –12;
Tsutsumi's testimony in, 197 –99;
verdict in, fig. 6 , 224 –25, 280 .
See also Banks, James J.; explosion; Japanese conspiracy; jury; specific defendants
Consulate General of Japan in Honolulu:
agents for, 7 –8, 143 , 235 ;
allegations against, 111 ;
on Japanese immigrants, 34 ;
Japanese-language schools and, 37 ;
records kept by, 26 , 33 , 196 , 203 –5, 342 n1, 348 n38;
red flag incident and, 68 –69;
on rice riots, 45 ;
statement on strike from, 82 –83;
"Tsutsumi statement" and, 79 –82;
war bonds sales by, 235
consumer goods, price increase in, 114 –15, 132
Cook, James, 13
Cooke, Clarence H., 287
Coolidge, Calvin, 306 , 315
Council of National Defense, 42 , 257
counterfeiting operation, 296
Cuba, sugar from, 114
D
Davies, H., 290
Davis, Charles, 207 –8
Dean, Arthur L., 90 , 92 , 286 –87
Debs, Eugene, 137
Democratic National Convention (1921), 239
DeWitt, Gen. John, 285
Dillingham, Benjamin Franklin (Frank), 246 –47, 249 –50
Dillingham, Louise, 249
Dillingham, Walter Francis:
activities of, 252 , 274 , 283 –84;
AFL and, 257 , 259 –60;
background of, 245 –49, 317 ;
criticism of, 289 ;
death of, 339 ;
family of, 272 , 287 , 338 –39;
House hearings and, 252 –53, 256 , 271 –72;
mainland relations of, 250 ;
military contacts of, 320 –21;
persistence of, 282 –83, 290 –91, 294 –95;
post-WWII business of, 338 ;
on racial balance, 263 ;
relocation opposed by, 333 ;
role of, 230 , 268 , 299 , 332 ;
Senate hearings and, 272 –74, 285 ;
Shidehara's communication with, 276 –77;
strike mediation and, 248 ;
Wright's testimony and, 262 , 267
Dillingham, William P., 272 , 301 –2
disease:
bubonic plague, 246 –47;
leprosy, 298 ;
tuberculosis, 330 , 336 .
See also influenza epidemic
Dole, Sanford (company president), 118
Donlin, John, 290
drug crimes, 296
Dukakis, Michael, 324
dynamite, uses of, 11 , 169 –70, 222 , 269 –70
E
earthquakes, 23 , 298 , 311
Eckart, Charles F., 2 , 9 –10
Edward VIII (King of England), 108
Eight Eight Fleet (Japan), 276
Eight Mile Camp, 4
Emmons, Lt. Gen. Delos C., 333
Endman, John P., 287
English-language newspapers:
anti-Japanese articles in, 238 , 254 , 268 , 290 ;
on congressional visits, 308 –9;
on conspiracy trial, 173 ;
on explosion, 269 ;
fear of Japanization in, 67 –72;
on Foreign Language School Bill, 291 –92;
on Hawaii Emergency Labor Commission, 286 –87;
on Hawaii's statehood, 74 ;
on Imperial Hotel Incident, 310 ;
Japanese-language schools opposed by, 38 ;
labor organizing and, 52 –53;
on mediation plan, 91 ;
on Palmer raids, 58 –60;
on 77-cent flag parade, 111 ;
on "Tsutsumi statement," 79 –82;
UWH attacked in, 288 .
See also specific newspapers
English Law School (Japan), 102
Espionage Act (1917), 43
eugenics research, immigration and, 300
European immigrants, quota for, 301 –2. See also Italian immigrants; Johnson Reed Immigration Quota Law
Ewa Plantation:
evictions from, 85 ;
explosion at, 187 , 281 ;
fire at, 186 ;
laborers at, 147 , 159 , 162 , 173 , 192 –93, 211 , 223 ;
location of, xii –xiii (maps);
parade participants from, 109 ;
rally at, 95 ;
stockholders of, 248 ;
strike at, 19 , 63 , 64 ;
strikebreakers at, 95 –96;
strike leaders fired from, 126 ;
union at, 53 , 148 , 222 ;
workers' return to, 122
Exclusion Act (1924), 12
explosion:
context of, 11 –12;
description of, 1 –3, 139 –40, 143 –44, 155 ;
federation implicated in, 147 –51, 154 –57, 159 –61, 165 –66, 171 –73;
mainland newspapers on, 269 ;
meeting following, 9 –10;
motive for, 220 ;
planning of, 151 –54, 157 –58, 162 –63, 172 , 174 –76, 178 ;
preparation of dynamite for, 169 –70, 222 ;
suspects arrested for, 8 –9, 10 ;
timing of, 167 –68.
See also conspiracy trial
F
Fall, Albert B., 294 –95
Farrington, Wallace R.:
background of, 139 ;
on Japanese problem, 294 ;
newspaper of, 267 ;
reports to, 273 , 283 ;
testimony for House hearings, 253 –54, 256 ;
UWH rejected by, 288
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI):
on federation, 190 , 192 , 220 –21, 228 –29;
on Hawaii hochi[*] , 292 ;
Japanese arrested by, 333 –35;
on Japanese immigrants, 241 ;
on Matsumura, 164 ;
radical activities tracked by, 26 –28, 62 ;
raids by, 43 , 58 –62, 112 , 269 ;
records of, 342 n1;
on Tsutsumi, 83 –84;
on Yamazaki's arrival, 227 –28.
See also Palmer, A. Mitchell
Federation of Japanese Labor:
aftermath of strike and, 126 –28;
conditions for ending strike and, 125 –26;
criticism of, 97 –101, 107 , 115 , 122 –24, 126 –27, 133 –34, 243 –44;
defense of, 162 ;
dissolution of locals of, 281 ;
divisions in, 210 ;
emergency shelters of, 85 –87, 128 ;
finances of, 60 –61, 97 –100, 127 –29, 157 , 163 , 171 , 192 , 215 , 228 , 340 , 346 n11;
formation of, 49 , 52 ;
goals of, 81 ;
Honolulu Central Labor Union's link to, 267 –68;
implicated in cane fires, 187 ;
implicated in explosion, 147 –51, 154 –57, 159 –61, 165 –66, 171 –73;
Japanese government influence denied by, 69 , 80 –83;
leaders of, fig. 4 , 88 , 97 –98, 140 , 324 –25;
on Matsumura, 164 –65;
mediation plans and, 90 –93, 116 –18;
meeting minutes of, 202 ;
name of, 113 , 132 –33, 346 n9;
offices of, 56 –57;
reports on, 27 –28, 228 –29;
77-cent flag parade of, 108 –11;
stop strike order by, 118 –22;
on strikebreakers, 95 –96;
strike called by, 61 –62, 64 –66;
structure of, 52 –53, 57 , 129 –31;
unity ensured by, 69 –70, 83 , 224 , 235 –36, 255 ;
wage increase demands of, 53 –55, 58 .
See also Hawaii Laborers' Association
Fern, Joseph James (Keo Kimo Pana), 89
Filipino immigrants:
encouragement of, 250 , 261 ;
evictions of, 86 –87;
Japanese distrusted by, 133 ;
number of, 232 , 282 , 288 , 319 ;
occupations of, 337 –38;
as parade participants, 109 ;
as strikebreakers, 94 ;
strike by, 63 –65;
support for, 182 ;
war bonds purchased by, 235
Filipino Labor Union of Hawaii:
cooperation of, 53 ;
divisions in, 48 ;
rally for, 49 ;
strike ended by, 76 –77;
strikes called by, 56 , 62 , 78 , 318 –19;
support
for, 68 , 113 , 182 ;
wage demands of, 48 , 56 , 133
First Circuit Court (Honolulu), 141 . See also conspiracy trial
Fletcher, Henry P., 273 –74
Ford Motor Company, 51
Foreign Language Press Control Bill, 137 , 287 , 292
Foreign Language School Bill:
context of, 236 ;
furor over, 291 –93, 294 ;
injunction against, 293 ;
passage of, 138 ;
proposal for, 40 –41;
suit against, 292 –95, 324 –25.
See also Japanese-language schools
Frear, Walter F., 51 , 287
Free, Arthur Monroe (representative), 264 –67
Fujii, N., 175 , 178
Fujimoto, Hajime, 180
Fujimura, allegations against, 190
Fujinaka, Violet, 86
Fujioka, G., 8 –9, 10
Fujita, allegations against, 187
Fujitani, Honji, fig. 4 ;
appearance of, 142 ;
associates of, 190 ;
Baba on role of, 191 ;
dispute with Makino, 204 ;
on explosion, 155 ;
indictment of, 140 , 221 , 281 ;
lack of testimony by, 222 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 147 , 149 , 150 , 156 , 162 ;
named on passenger list, 170 , 219 ;
postprison life of, 327 ;
Saito[*] on role of, 169 ;
speeches of, 185
Fukunaga, T., 206
Furukawa, Hajime, 28 –29, 30 –31
Furusho[*] , Shoshichiro[*] , fig. 4 ;
allegations against, 187 –88;
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
arrest of, 188 ;
background of, 188 –89, 222 ;
on explosion, 155 ;
indictment of, 221 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 157 –58;
postprison life of, 327 ;
role of, 168 –69;
Saito on role of, 169 , 171 –72, 188 ;
Suzuki on role of, 174 , 175 , 213 ;
Tsuda on role of, 211 –12
Furuya, Eiichi:
on conditions for ending strike, 125 ;
Japanese government connection denied by, 69 , 96 ;
on mediation plans, 91 , 118 –19, 121 ;
role of, 122 –23, 228 ;
on 77-cent flag parade, 109 , 111 ;
Tsutsumi questioned by, 79 –83
G
Gaiety Theater (Hilo), 49
gannen mono , definition of, 13
Gentlemen's Agreement (1908):
components of, 17 –18, 27 , 278 , 304 ;
as context, 19 ;
criticism of, 289 ;
effects of, 37 ;
revision of, 239 –40
Gompers, Samuel:
Asian immigration opposed by, 257 –58, 259 , 262 , 287 ;
labor conference and, 51 ;
strike intervention by, 49 ;
testimony for House hearings, 261 , 270 –71;
war position for, 42 ;
as worker, 282
Goto[*] , Ichiji, fig. 4 ;
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
background of, 56 –57, 207 , 281 ;
evictions and, 86 ;
on explosion, 155 ;
incarceration of, 297 –98, 349 n12;
income of, 206 –7;
indictment of, 140 , 220 ;
instructions from, 148 –49;
mediation plans and, 92 , 124 –25;
postprison life of, 325 –26, 335 ;
role of, 61 , 62 , 65 , 66 , 99 , 190 ;
testimony of, 206 –7, 221
Goto, Shinpei, 50 –51
Grange, immigration quota bill supported by, 303
grape pickers, strike by, 25
Great Britain, arms race and, 274 –76
Great Depression, 328
Great Earthquake (San Francisco), 23
Great Kanto[*] Earthquake (Japan), 298 , 311
Griffiths, Arthur F., 90
H
Haga, Takeshi:
criticism of, 53 ;
federation leaders and, 97 –98;
mediation plan and, 116 –18;
newspaper role of, 103 –4, 107 –8;
speech by, 50 ;
on Tsutsumi, 84
Haleiwa Hotel Company, 247
Halsey, Richard, 298 –99
Hamai, Goichi, 166
Hamamoto, Take, 195
Hamano (Sato[*] 's friend), 209 –10
Hanihara, Masanao:
alleged threat by, 305 –7;
background of, 305 ;
immigration quota bill and, 302 ;
on Imperial Hotel Incident, 310 ;
on U.S.-Japan relations, 328 ;
Washington Conference and, 275 , 279
Hara, Takashi, 275
Harada, T., 190 , 213 , 280
Harding, Warren G.:
appeals to, 226 ;
appointments by, 245 ;
assistance from, 252 , 290 ;
background of, 250 –51, 253 ;
death of, 295 ;
election of, 137 –38, 238 , 285 ;
Hawaiian interests of, 250 –51;
immigration quota and, 301
Hartwig, O. W., 290
Hasegawa, Gensho[*] , 179 –80, 191 –93, 213 –14
Hattori, Takeshi, 68 –69, 91
Hawaii:
as American, 231 ;
annexation of, 15 –16, 17 , 232 , 234 ;
birthrate in, 37 –38;
business interests in, 247 –48, 285 ;
climate of, 34 , 85 –86;
court expenses paid by, 318 ;
as exception, 274 ;
gender relations in, 205 ;
guns in, 175 ;
illegal immigrants in, 299 ;
Japanese ships welcomed to, 82 , 96 , 236 , 264 , 276 , 289 , 320 ;
labor study commission in, 290 , 291 –92;
legislature in, 41 , 294 –95;
politics in, 72 , 73 , 224 , 283 ;
social structure in, 14 ;
statehood for, 74 , 233 ;
as stepping-stone, 14 , 33 ;
U.S. military exercises in, 320 –21;
WWII changes in, 337 –38.
See also Hilo; Honolulu; sugar industry
Hawaiian Dredging Company, Ltd., 247 , 248 –49, 321 , 338
Hawaiian Hume Concrete Pipe Company, 247
Hawaiian Pineapple Company, 118
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (HSPA):
Chinese immigrants desired by, 232 –33;
defendants' appeal and, 318 ;
on 1920 economy, 134 –36;
evictions by, 76 , 85 –87;
experiment station of, 10 ;
on federation, 70 –71;
on Filipino laborers, 63 ;
Hattori's association with, 68 –69;
immigration law and, 312 –13;
insurance coverage of, 346 n23;
on Japanese conspiracy, 71 –72;
legal suit against, 105 –6;
Makino's paper and, 227 ;
Manlapit targeted by, 319 –20;
members of, 55 ;
negotiations with, 54 , 61 –62, 65 –66, 73 , 90 –93, 119 –25, 233 , 244 ;
opposition to, 74 , 104 ;
political power of, 73 ;
posters distributed by, fig. 5 ;
support for, 51 , 60 , 165 –66, 249 ;
tactics of, 83 –85, 93 –95, 97 , 99 , 108 –9, 114 –15, 129 , 319 ;
UWH attacked by, 288 ;
wage increase demands and, 54 –56, 58 , 65 ;
wages raised by, 131 –33, 156 ;
wages reduced by, 228 –29;
Wright's credibility attacked by, 267 –68.
See also Hawaii Emergency Labor Commission; sugar planters
Hawaii Central Labor Council, strike support from, 319 . See also Honolulu Central Labor Union
Hawaii choho[*] (newspaper), 165
Hawaii Emergency Labor Commission:
AFL opposition to plan of, 257 –60;
criticism of, 285 –89;
establishment of, 244 –45;
House hearings and, 252 –56, 264 , 333 ;
Japanese-language schools issue and, 294 –95;
members of, 230 , 245 , 249 , 283 , 299 ;
Senate hearings and, 234 –37, 272 –74;
tactics of, 260 , 261 , 266 –68, 283 –84.
See also Dillingham, Walter Francis
Hawaii hochi[*] (newspaper):
on back to work order, 76 –78;
on Baldwin's statement, 287 ;
competition for, 103 ;
on conspiracy trial, 187 , 201 –2, 226 –27, 297 ;
on explosion and arrests, 8 , 140 ;
on federation, 61 , 70 , 101 , 107 –8, 126 –30, 228 ;
finances of, 227 , 292 , 325 ;
on Foreign Language School Bill, 291 –93, 296 , 324 –25;
founding of, 102 ;
on Halsey's suicide, 299 ;
on immigration, 245 , 292 –93, 307 –8;
on Isobe, 129 ;
on Kawamata, 204 –5;
on newspapers' role, 52 ;
popularity of, 106 –7;
president of, 73 ;
reporters for, 97 –98, 325 –26, 335 ;
on 77-cent flag parade, 109 –10;
staff labor union and, 62 ;
on strike, 65 –66, 70 , 125 –26;
on strikebreakers, 94 ;
on strike mediation, 89 , 91 , 116 ;
on traitors to strike, 83 ;
on wage increase, 132 , 133
Hawaii Island Education Research Group, 35 –36
Hawaii jinbutsu hyoron[*] (newspaper), 152
Hawaii Laborers' Association:
government report on, 27 –28;
leaders of, 140 –41;
name of, 113 , 132 –33, 346 n9;
newspaper of, 138 ;
post-trial weakness of, 228 –29;
Shibusawa's meeting with, 279 –80;
stop strike order by, 122 ;
on wage increase, 133 .
See also Federation of Japanese Labor
Hawaii Macadamia Nut Company, 248
Hawaii mainichi shinbun (newspaper), 41 , 53
Hawaii shinpo[*] (newspaper):
on Baba, 191 ;
on Kawamata, 204 –5;
on mediation plan, 91 ;
owner of, 138 ;
red flag incident and, 68 –69;
on 77-cent flag parade, 110 ;
on wage increase, 132
Hawaii Times (newspaper), 334
Hayakawa, Jiro[*] , 140 –41, 279 –80, 288 , 335
Hay Market incident, 269
Haywood, "Big Bill," 42 –43, 138 , 282
Hearst newspapers, as anti-Japanese, 238 , 290 , 313 –14
Heen, William H.:
Aragaki questioned by, 167 ;
Baba questioned by, 191 –92;
background of, 142 ;
Goto[*] questioned by, 206 –7;
Hamamoto questioned by, 195 ;
Hoshino questioned by, 196 –97;
inability to identify defendants, 167 ;
Inoguchi questioned by, 193 ;
Kawamata questioned by, 205 –6;
Koyama questioned by, 209 ;
Matsumoto questioned by, 146 –49, 155 , 156 , 157 , 160 ;
Miyazawa questioned by, 183 –90;
Mizutari questioned by, 194 ;
opening statement by, 142 ;
praise for, 225 ;
Saito[*] questioned by, 171 –72;
Sakamaki questioned by, 143 –44, 145 , 146 ;
Sato[*] questioned by, 210 ;
Suzuki questioned by, 174 –76, 213 –14;
tactics of, 150 –51;
Takizawa questioned by, 203 –4;
Tsuda questioned by, 211 –13;
Tsutsumi questioned by, 199 –202
Heimin (Common Man, magazine), 44
Heiminsha (organization), 23
Higginbotham, Joseph, 101
High Treason incident, 31 , 68
High Wage Association, 102
hiimin , definition of, 27
Hilo:
hotels in, 150 –56, 166 , 218 –19;
Japanese establishments in, 34 –35;
labor rally in, 49
Hiroshima, immigrants' link to, 335 –36
Hirota, Tokutaro[*] , 296 –97
Hiroyama, T., 190
Hiruya, Magotaro[*] , 317
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 59
Honganji mission, 86 , 89
Honganji sect:
hostility toward, 242 ;
mission priests in, 6 ;
popularity of, 120 ;
school suit and, 324 –25;
temples and schools established by, 37 , 39 , 213 , 293
Honolulu:
buildings burned in, 246 –47;
businesses in, 34 , 102 , 245 –46, 247 , 317 –18;
celebrations in, 57 –58, 88 , 108 , 111 , 303 ;
churches in, 144 , 241 , 242 , 281 , 296 , 307 ;
clubs in, 52 , 98 , 103 , 123 , 284 ;
court in, 141 ;
evicted families in, 86 –87;
hotels in, 141 , 156 ;
immigration office in, 33 , 298 –99;
influences on, 49 ;
media in, 35 ;
prison in, 296 –98, 317 –18;
rallies in, 108 –9, 110 , 122 , 126 ;
schools in, 36 –37;
as stopping point in travel, 50 –51;
the ater in, 49 –50, 95 , 99 .
See also Consulate General of Japan in Honolulu; Kyorakukan[*] hotel/restaurant
Honolulu Advertiser (newspaper):
on anti-Japanese in California, 254 ;
on Chinese immigration, 233 , 250 ;
on conspiracy trial, 152 , 155 , 162 , 173 –75, 184 , 193 , 195 , 196 , 202 , 208 , 212 , 214 , 216 , 225 , 346 n18;
on 1920 economy, 134 ;
on explosion, 139 –40;
on federation leaders, 108 ;
on governors, 74 , 230 ;
on House hearings, 268 ;
on Koyama, 208 ;
on mediation plan, 92 ;
on Palmer raids, 58 , 60 ;
on Pearl Harbor, 249 ;
publisher of, 246 ;
reporters for, 139 ;
on strike, 64 , 67 , 69 , 70 –71, 125 ;
on "Tsutsumi statement," 79 , 264
Honolulu Board of Health, 87
Honolulu Bond and Mortgage Company, 247
Honolulu Central Labor Union:
Chinese immigration opposed by, 259 ;
contributions to, 265 –68;
criticism of, 270 ;
membership of, 261 –62;
Oahu strike ignored by, 265 .
See also Hawaii Central Labor Council
Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, 119 , 249 , 266 , 283 , 329
Honolulu Club, 52
Honolulu Japanese Physicians' Association, 87
Honolulu Plantation Labor Supporters' Association:
evicted families and, 86 ;
formation of, 49 ;
influence of, 75 ;
labor organizing and, 52 –53;
mediation and, 248 ;
meeting of, 49 –51
Honolulu Rapid Transit Company, 248
Honolulu Star Bulletin (newspaper):
on anti-Japanese in California, 254 ;
on conspiracy trial, 158 , 268 ;
on explosion and arrests, 8 , 140 ;
on immigration, 124 ;
on Palmer raids, 60 ;
publisher of, 253 ;
reporters for, 89 , 139 ;
on strike, 67 , 77 , 125 ;
on Wright's credibility, 267
Hoover, Herbert, 260 , 329
Hoover, J. Edgar, 26 , 27 , 59 –60, 110
Hopwood, John, 287
Hori, Teikichi, 281 , 296 –97
Horner, Albert:
background of, 245 ;
on Dillingham, 250 ;
return to Hawaii, 274 ;
role of, 230 , 253 ;
Wright's meeting with, 261 –62
Hoshino, Chuhei[*] , fig. 4 ;
alibi of, 179 –81, 192 –93, 196 –97, 225 ;
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
background of, 196 ;
as dangerous, 196 , 348 n38;
on explosion, 155 ;
federation finances and, 128 ;
incarceration of, 297 , 349 n12;
indictment of, 140 , 221 ;
instructions from, 148 –49;
Matsumoto on role of, 156 –57;
Miyazawa on role of, 183 ;
post-prison life of, 321 , 328 ;
Suzuki on role of, 174 –75;
testimony of, 196 –97, 221
Hosoi Funeral Home, 89
House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization:
AFL and, 257 –60;
conspiracy trial indictments and, 268 –69;
Dillingham's visits to members of, 252 ;
hearings on Hawaii's labor problems, 252 –56, 259 –66, 270 –72, 333 ;
immigration quotas and, 300 –303;
Kuhio's outburst to, 262 –64;
statement distributed to, 230 –32
Houston (cruiser), 331 –32
HSPA. See Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (HSPA)
Huber, S. C., 114 –15, 119
Hughes, Charles Evans:
Dillingham's meeting with, 273 –74;
Hanihara's letter to, 305 –6;
immigration quota bill and, 302 , 304 ;
role of, 239 , 295 ;
Washington Conference and, 275 –76, 277 –78, 285
Hyoron[*] no Hyoron (Review of Review), 228
I
Iaukea, Curtis:
influenza concerns of, 76 , 85 , 87 ;
on mediation plan, 91 –92, 186 –87;
strike and, 73 –74, 108
ILWU (International Longshoremen Workers' Union), 338
Imamura, Emo[*] , 6 , 164 , 293
immigrants:
differences among, 15 , 19 ;
encouragement of, 5 , 7 .
See also Chinese immigrants; European immigrants; Filipino immigrants; Italian immigrants; Japanese immigrants; Johnson Reed Immigration Quota Law; Korean immigrants; Mexican immigrants; Portuguese immigrants
Imperial Hotel (Tokyo), 310 –11
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW):
demise of, 138 ;
description of, 341 n5;
influence of, 48 ;
outlawed, 112 ;
raids against, 43 , 59 –60, 269 ;
role of, 23 –25, 44 , 47 ;
Tsutsumi on, 81 ;
WWI opposed by, 42 –43
influenza epidemic:
Board of Health concerns with, 76 ;
cost of, 96 ;
deaths from, 87 –89;
evictions during, 85 –87;
federation concerns with, 62
Inman, J. M., 237 , 239
Inoguchi, Sajo (Sayo?), 192 –93, 201
Inomata, Tsunao, 44
Inoue, Etsuta, 88 –89, 174 , 177 , 193
Inouye, Daniel, 339
Inter-Island Navigation Company, 34
International Labor Conference (League of Nations), 51 , 60
International Longshoremen Workers' Union (ILWU), 338
International Socialist and Trade Union Congress, 24
Iron Molders' Union (Honolulu), 259 , 260
Irwin, Harry, 75 , 76
Ishida, Chikao:
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
Aragaki on role of, 166 –67;
Hoshino on role of, 197 ;
indictment of, 221 ;
Koyama on role of, 209 ;
lack of testimony by, 221 –22;
Matsumoto on role of, 150 –51, 154 –56;
postprison life of, 326 –27;
WWII relocation of, 334
Ishigaki, Eitaro[*] , 44
Isobe, Hosen[*] :
background of, 120 ;
criticism of, 129 ;
mediation by, 118 –20, 121 , 130 ;
questions about, 126 –27;
role of, 141 , 346 n17;
Waterhouse confronted by, 124 –25
Italian immigrants, hostility to, 139
Iwasa, Sakutaro[*] , 24 , 25
Iwasa, Sueji, 8 –9, 10
Iwasaki, Jirokichi (Jiro[*] ), fig. 1 ;
competition for, 9 ;
concerns of, 255 ;
status of, 5 –6;
work duties of, 16 –17
Iwasaki, Tazuko, 9 , 135 , 255
Iwate (ship), 289
IWW. See Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Izumo (ship), 289
Izumo Taisha shrine, 86
J
James, Frank, 224 –25
Japan:
arms race and, 274 –76;
business interests in, 243 ;
declaration of war by, 332 ;
discipline in, 224 , 236 , 255 ;
earthquake in, 298 , 311 ;
education in, 29 –30;
gifts from, 300 ;
Harding's election and, 251 ;
homogeneity of, 218 , 232 , 254 ;
immigrants' return to, 96 , 321 –23;
immigration quota law and, 305 –7, 309 –17;
imperialism of, 16 , 17 , 71 –72, 111 –13, 329 –30;
influenza epidemic in, 87 ;
labor movement in, 51 , 78 –79, 257 –58, 323 , 330 –31;
leftist incidents in, 30 –31;
nationalism of, 20 , 50 , 264 –65, 276 , 289 , 312 –13, 315 –16;
politics in, 22 –23, 330 , 336 –37;
red flag incident in, 67 –68;
rice riots in, 44 –47;
U.S. occupation of, 336 , 337 ;
wages returned to, 15 , 69 ;
in WWI, 38 .
See also U.S.-Japan relations
Japan-America Society (Seattle), 328
Japanese Americans. See nisei
Japanese Association (Honolulu), 49
Japanese Chamber of Commerce (Honolulu), 63 , 103 , 123 , 266
Japanese conspiracy:
allegations of, 79 , 84 –85, 123 –24, 134 , 234 –36, 255 , 268 , 273 , 284 ;
countermeasures to, 113 , 123 ;
denial of, 73 –75, 259 ;
evidence for, 123 , 277 , 285 , 294 ;
fears of, 67 –72, 90 , 238 , 241 , 253 –56;
motives for, 220 , 243 ;
Pearl Harbor attack and, 332 –33;
planning and, 151 –54;
response to, 230 –32.
See also conspiracy trial
Japanese Contractors' Association, 47
Japanese Educational Association of Hawaii, 39 –40, 41
Japanese Exclusion Act. See Johnson Reed Immigration Quota Law
Japanese Federation Strike Investigation Committee, 25
Japanese Fresno Federation of Labor, 25
Japanese Hospital (later Kuwakini Hospital):
influenza epidemic and, 88 , 179 , 180 –81;
Tsutsumi's baptism at, 281 ;
workers at, 148
Japanese immigrants:
annexation's impact on, 17 ;
arrival of, 33 –36;
attacks on, 313 –14;
birthrate and, 234 , 237 –38;
characterization of, 81 , 241 , 270 , 273 ;
conditions for, 15 , 17 –18, 264 ;
context of, 13 –18;
earthquake and, 298 ;
exodus from Hawaii, 231 –32;
families of, 240 , 256 , 326 ;
Franklin D. Roosevelt welcomed by, 331 –32;
goals of, 36 , 136 ;
guides for, 5 , 21 –22, 33 –34;
history on, 340 ;
immigration law and, 307 –9;
Japan's interests in, 123 –24;
legal assistance for, 104 –5;
nationalism of, 75 , 78 ;
naturalization of, 292 , 339 ;
number of, 34 , 233 –34;
opposition to, 17 –18, 20 –21, 24 –25, 71 , 90 , 233 , 258 –59, 264 –65, 289 –90;
as political refugees, 22 –23;
recruitment of, 13 , 14 –15;
rice riots and, 44 –47;
savings of, 135 ;
as strike-breakers, 95 ;
terminology of, 35 ;
U.S. support from, 38 –39;
war bonds purchased by, 235 ;
on Washington Conference agreement, 276 ;
WWII relocation of, 285 , 333 –34.
See also laborers; nisei
Japanese-language newspapers:
on conspiracy trial, 173 ;
on Hawaii Emergency Labor Commission, 285 –86;
immigrant history by, 340 ;
on immigration quota bill, 302 –3, 307 –8, 312 , 315 ;
on Imperial Hotel Incident, 310 –11;
labor organizing and, 52 –53, 254 –55;
opposition to, 88 , 214 ;
red flag incident and, 67 –68;
role of, 41 , 75 ;
Sacco and Vanzetti case in, 324 ;
on strikes, 47 , 83 , 125 .
See also Foreign Language Press Control Bill; specific newspapers
Japanese-language schools:
closure of, 333 ;
curriculum and texts in, 37 , 39 ;
as emergency shelters, 86 –88;
establishment of, 36 –37;
number of, 39 ;
opposition to, 25 , 38 , 88 , 234 –35, 244 , 245 ;
rationale for, 39 –40;
types of, 35 .
See also Foreign Language School Bill; teachers
Japanese Nationality Act, 240
Japanization. See Japanese conspiracy
Jernegan, Prescott F., 286 –87
Jiji shinpo[*] (newspaper), 310 –11, 343 n2
Jinbo, arrest of, 172 , 346 n18
Jodo[*] sect, 39 , 276
Johnson, Albert:
background of, 252 , 300 ;
committee actions of, 264 –66, 270 –71;
death of, 330 ;
Hawaii visit of, 308 –9;
immigration quota bill and, 300 –302, 328 –30;
telegrams for, 259
Johnson, Hiram W., 237 , 238 , 284 –85
Johnson Reed Immigration Quota Law:
amendment of, 328 –29;
background of, 300 –307;
enactment of, 306 –7;
Japanese attack linked to, 332 –33;
Japanese immigrants' response to, 307 –9;
Japan's protest of, 309 –17;
overturned by new law, 339
Judd, Albert F., 40 –41
jury:
judge's instructions to, 216 –17, 225 ;
language barriers for, 217 –18;
questions by, 146 , 151 , 217 , 225 ;
election of, 141 , 217
K
Kagawa, Toyohiko, 322 –23, 330
Kagoshima Commercial School, 123
Kahuku Plantation:
evictions from, 85 –86;
labor organizers at, 44 , 223 ;
location of, xii –xiii (maps);
rally at, 95 ;
strike at, 63 , 95 ;
strikebreakers at, 96 ;
workers return to, 122
Kakumei (Revolution, journal), 24 –25
Kalihi, hospitals for workers in, 128
kamaaina , definition of, 14 . See also sugar planters
Kamada, Eikichi, 60
Kamehameha I (King of Hawaii), 14 , 47
kanaka , definition of, 14
Kanda, Hakusan, 311
Katayama, Sen:
associates of, 21 , 24 ;
background of, 7 ;
death of, 331 ;
defection of, 138 ;
on emigration, 5 , 21 –22;
on Japanese occupation, 112 –13;
on
Katayama, Sen
labor movement, 43 –44;
role of, 31 , 181 , 206 , 258 , 330
Kato[*] , Kanju[*] , 330
Kato, Takaaki, 106 , 201 , 310
Kato, Tomosaburo[*] , 275 , 279
Katsunuma (immigration official), 299
Katsura Taro[*] , 68
Kauai Federation of Labor, 79
Kawahara, Masao, 90 , 92 , 115 –16, 118 –19, 248
Kawakami, Hajime, 30
Kawakami, Jotaro[*] , 330
Kawamata, Fumio:
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
background of, 204 –5;
indictment of, 140 , 221 , 281 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 148 –49, 155 , 164 ;
postprison life of, 327 ;
Saito[*] on role of, 169 , 171 , 172 ;
Suzuki on role of, 174 , 175 , 213 ;
testimony of, 204 –6, 221
Kazan (Volcano, newspaper), 145 –46, 220 , 243
Keightly, Fred, 290
Kido, Koichi[*] , 30
Kilauea, Mount, xii (map), 3 , 317
Kimura, Torakichi, 99
Kingsley Hall (settlement house), 21
Kitano Hospital (Osaka), 331
Kobayashi, allegations against, 187
Kobayashi Hotel, 159 , 172
Koike, Ryosaku[*] , 205
Kokumin shinbun (newspaper), 310 –11
Kokuryukai[*] (Amur River Society), 310 , 315
Komura, Jutaro[*] , 106 , 305
Kona, sugar refinery at, 255
Kondo[*] , Seigo:
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
background of, 158 –59, 222 ;
indictment of, 221 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 155 , 158 , 159 –60, 163 –64;
postprison life of, 327 ;
Saito on role of, 172
Konishi, Shigenao, 30 , 33 , 331
Konno, Tomekichi, 255
Konoe, Fumimaro, 30
Korea:
Japanese control of, 71 –72, 239 , 316 ;
Japanese nationalism in, 314
Korean immigrants, as strikebreakers, 94 , 314
Kosaki, Y., 346 n18
Kotoku[*] , Denjiro[*] (Shusui[*] ), 21 , 23 –25, 141
Koyama, Teru, 208 , 317 –18, 326
Koyama, Tsurunosuke:
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
background of, 208 ;
incarceration of, 317 –18;
indictment of, 221 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 150 –51, 154 , 156 ;
postprison life of, 326 ;
role of, 121 –22;
testimony of, 207 –9, 221 –22
Kuhio Kalanianaole:
background of, 263 ;
death of, 283 ;
House hearings and, 262 –64, 272 ;
HSPA communications and, 266 –67;
on Japanese conspiracy, 268
Ku Klux Klan, 43 , 313 –14
Kumazaki, Kumaiichi, 106 , 335
Kumazawa (consulate secretary), 79 , 80 , 82
Kurokawa, Ekan, 29 , 31 , 32 –33, 330 –31
Kurokawa, Eseki, 29 , 31
Kurokawa, Kimiko, 32
Kurokawa, M., 227 –28
Kurokawa, Masano, 28 –29, 32
Kurokawa, Noboru. See Tsutsumi, Noboru
Kurokawa, Reizui, 28 –29, 32
Kurusu, Kazuo, 180 –81
Kurusu, Saburo[*] , 85
Kyorakukan[*] hotel/restaurant:
assault incident at, 157 , 163 , 177 , 182 –83, 188 , 198 –99, 202 , 219 , 223 ;
description of, 61 –62;
doctor's visit to, 179 ;
meetings at, 52 , 171 –72, 174 ;
workers at, 192
Kyoto Imperial University, 28 , 30 –32, 331
L
labor contractors:
background of, 188 –89;
duties of, 16 ;
profits of, 135 ;
tax on, 17
laborers:
bango numbers for, 2 ;
children of, 36 –37;
clothing for, 109 ;
conditions for, 4 , 25 , 51 , 54 , 133 , 264 ;
criticism of, 114 –15, 133 –34, 250 ;
House hearings on problems with, 252 –56;
interpreters for, 7 –8, 182 , 184 ;
living expenses of, 54 ;
for navy base, 236 –37;
origins of, 231 –32, 335 –36;
posttrial indifference of, 226 –27;
protests of, 18 ;
reports on, 230 –32, 241 , 290 , 291 –92;
representation of, 43 ;
as strike leaders, 126 ;
support for, 49 –51;
work hours for, 4 .
See also plantations; strikes; wages
labor movement:
as block to Chinese immigration, 257 –60, 266 , 287 –90;
conference on, 51 , 60 ;
as context, 11 –12;
"dynamite" linked to, 11 , 269 –70;
radical elements of, 23 –24;
rice riots' impact on, 44 –47;
WWI's impact on, 42 –44.
See also American Federation of Labor (AFL); Federation
of Japanese Labor; Filipino Labor Union of Hawaii; Honolulu Central Labor Union; Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Labor World (Rodo[*] sekai, newspaper), 21 –22
Lahaina Plantation, strike at, 19
Lake, H. T., 8 , 345 n6
land:
haole ownership of, 14 ;
Hawaiian ownership of, 233 , 263 ;
nisei ownership of, 112 , 237 .
See also Alien Land Law
Lane, Franklin N., 36
Lansing, Robert, 236
Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 38
Laupahoehoe Plantation, laborers at, 209
League of Nations:
Japan and, 277 , 331 ;
labor conferences of, 51 , 60
legal cases:
against Foreign Language School Bill, 292 –95, 324 –25;
Makino v. HPSA , 105 –6.
See also conspiracy trial
Lenin, V. I., 43
Lightfoot, Joseph B., 104 –5, 107 , 117 , 130 , 293
Liliuokalani (Queen of Hawaii), 73
Lincoln, Abraham, 109 , 110 –11
longshoremen, strike of, 48
Los Angeles Examiner (newspaper), 238 , 254 , 268
lunas (overseers), abusiveness of, 18
Lymar, William B.:
Aragaki questioned by, 167 –68;
background of, 142 ;
closing arguments of, 216 ;
concerns of, 222 –23;
Goto[*] questioned by, 206 ;
instructions from, 205 ;
Matsumoto questioned by, 161 –66;
on Matsumoto's testimony, 149 , 155 –56;
objections of, 189 , 211 , 214 ;
Saito[*] questioned by, 172 –73;
Sakamaki questioned by, 145 –46, 161 ;
Suzuki questioned by, 176 –78;
Tsutsumi questioned by, 197 –99
M
Mabuchi, Jutaro[*] , 113
MacArthur, Gen. Arthur, 247
MacCaughley, Vaughan, 287
Makiki Japanese Church (Honolulu), 241 , 242 , 307
Makino, Eijiro[*] , 101
Makino, Jo[*] , 101
Makino, Kin, 101
Makino, Kinzaburo[*] (Fred), fig. 2 ;
background of, 101 –3;
federation and, 97 –98, 100 –101, 107 –8, 227 ;
in first Oahu strike, 73 , 102 ;
on Foreign Language School Bill, 291 –93, 296 , 324 –25;
Fujitani's dispute with, 204 ;
HPSA sued by, 105 –6;
immigration and, 299 , 308 ;
Isobe criticized by, 129 ;
leadership of, 107 ;
legal assistance from, 104 –6;
on Manlapit and HSPA, 76 –77;
Matsumura's relation with, 165 ;
mediation plan of, 116 –18, 130 ;
newspaper of, 91 , 103 –5, 326 ;
77-cent flag parade and, 108 ;
Tsutsumi and, 282 ;
Wright's encounter with, 265 , 267 ;
in WWII, 334 –35
Makino, Michie, 102 , 105
Makino Drug Store (Honolulu), 102
Maloney, Robert S., 252
Manchuria, Japanese occupation of, 329 –30
Manlapit, Pablo:
arrest of, 319 ;
back to work order by, 76 –77, 84 –85;
deportation of, 320 ;
on HSPA wage increase, 132 –33;
incarceration of, 318 , 349 n12;
labor organizing by, 48 –49, 53 ;
new strike call by, 78 ;
Scharrenberg's meeting with, 288 ;
strike vote and, 62 , 63 ;
Thompson's relations with, 76 –78, 219 ;
unity appeal from, 66
marriage:
as adoption into family, 31 –33;
obstacles to, 307 ;
"picture bride," 18 , 37 , 104 , 182 , 237 , 240
Martin, Henry, 2 , 8
Maruyama, Kin'ichiro[*] :
background of, 149 –50;
as interpreter for trial, 157 –58, 168 , 180 , 197 , 200 , 217 –18, 346 –47n28
Massachusetts, explosion in, 1 . See also Sacco, Nicola; Vanzetti, Bartolomeo
Masuda, Seishi, 57 , 61 , 107
Matano Hotel (Hilo), 151 , 153 –56, 166 , 219
Matsonia (ship), 77 –78, 230
Matsui, Keishiro[*] , 302 , 305 , 306
Matsumoto, J. (picket), 211
Matsumoto, Junji (witness):
allegations against, 190 ;
appearance of, 174 ;
Aragaki on role of, 167 –68;
Baba on role of, 191 ;
background of, 161 –62;
confession of, 268 ;
defense and, 161 –66, 176 , 216 ;
employer of, 180 ;
Goto on role of, 206 ;
Hoshino on role of, 196 –97;
Koyama on role of, 209 ;
Miyazawa on role of, 183 ;
name on passenger list, 170 –71;
prosecution and, 215 –16, 218 –20;
Saito on role of, 169 –72;
suicide attempt of, 162 ;
Suzuki on role of, 177 –78;
Takizawa on role of, 203 ;
testimony of, 146 –61, 182 , 185 , 194 , 203 , 210 , 222 , 223 ,
Matsumoto, Junji
225 , 275 , 340 ;
Tsutsumi on role of, 198 –99
Matsumoto, Y., 187 , 211
Matsumoto, Z., 187
Matsumura, Tamotsu:
appearance of, 196 ;
background of, 164 ;
employer of, 183 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 164 –66;
Miyazawa on role of, 183 ;
Suzuki on role of, 177 –78
Matsuura, Gyokuei, 129
Maui, longshoremen's strike on, 48
Maui shinbun (newspaper), 57
Maunakea (steamship), 154 , 169 , 170 –71, 188 , 198 , 219
Mauna Loa (volcano), 49
May Day rally (Japan), 113
McCarthy, Charles:
appointments by, 230 , 245 ;
background of, 234 ;
on Japanese characteristics, 75 , 235 ;
on Japanese immigration, 233 –37, 241 ;
Japanese-language schools and, 41 ;
land laws and, 233 ;
mediation plan and, 116 –17, 130 ;
statehood and, 74 , 233 ;
testimony for Senate committee, 234 –37;
Washington trip of, 58 , 73 –74, 107 –8, 283
McClatchy, Virgil S., 284 , 286 , 303 –4, 306 , 308 –9
McDuffie (detective), 160 , 172
Mead, Royal D.:
background of, 72 ;
evictions enforced by, 76 ;
federation contributions and, 99 , 100 ;
negotiations by, 54 , 65 , 73 , 244 ;
successor of, 119 , 262 ;
testimony for House hearings, 252 –53, 254 –55;
on workers, 282
Mexican immigrants, in beet sugar industry, 261
Min (Queen of Korea), 120
miners, strike of, 49
missionaries:
in Asia, 72 ;
in Hawaii, 13 , 72 , 231 ;
Japanese Christians as, 181 –82.
See also Honganji mission
Mission Centennial Celebration, 108 , 111 , 142
Miyake (laborer), 160 , 187
Miyamura, Kaichi:
Koyama on role of, 209 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 150 –54, 156 –57, 160 , 223 –24;
prosecution on role of, 215 –16;
return to Japan, 148 , 223 –24;
Saito[*] on role of, 169 , 172 , 223 –24
Miyasaki, Seiichi, 85 , 343 n17
Miyazaki, Ryusuke[*] , 330
Miyazawa, Hiroshi, fig. 4 ;
allegations against, 99 ;
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
appointment for, 57 ;
background of, 181 –82, 183 –84, 281 ;
evictions and, 86 –87;
on explosion, 155 ;
income of, 201 ;
indictment of, 140 , 220 , 221 ;
instructions from, 148 –49;
mediation plan and, 92 ;
postprison life of, 326 , 335 –36;
prosecution on role of, 215 ;
Saito on role of, 171 ;
strike vote and, 62 , 64 –66;
testimony of, 181 , 182 –87, 189 –90, 221 ;
Tsutsumi on role of, 198 –99
Mizuno, Yoshimi, 105 , 335
Mizutani, Chozaburo[*] , 330 , 336
Mizutari, Yasuyuki, fig. 4 ;
background of, 193 ;
Hamamoto on role of, 195 ;
testimony of, 193 –95, 198 , 225
Moana Hotel (Honolulu), 141
Mochizuki Club (Honolulu), 98 , 123
Mokuleia Ranch and Land Company, 247
Molokai island, leprosy cases sent to, 298
Moore, Fred, 138 –39
Moori, Iga, 90 , 92 , 115 , 119 , 248 , 280
Morgan, J. P., 59
Mori, Ritsuko, 311
Morikawa, M., 178
Morita, Sakae, 113
Moroi, Rokuro[*] , 35 , 40 , 68 , 79 , 233
Morris, Roland, 239 –41, 251 , 257 , 278
Murakami, Tsunehiko:
appearance of, 142 ;
lack of testimony by, 222 –23;
Matsumoto on role of, 150 –54, 159 –60, 168 ;
postprison life of, 325 –26;
prosecution on role of, 215 –16, 218 –19;
Saito on role of, 169 –70, 172 ;
Suzuki on role of, 176 , 213
Muto[*] , Sanji, 60
Mutsuhito (Emperor of Japan), 22
Myojo[*] (periodical), 276
N
Naalehu Plantation, merchant at, 101
Nagai, Ryutaro[*] , 310
Nakabayashi, Kiyofumi, 79 , 80 , 281
Nakahashi, Tokugoro[*] , 113
Nakano, Seigo[*] , 50
Nakazawa, Hayaji, 187 –88, 203 , 211 –12
Naniwa (ship), 82
National General Mobilization Law (Japan), 331
National Masses party (Japan), 330
Native Sons of the Golden West, 303
Negoro, Motoyuki, 102 , 108
newspapers. See English-language newspapers; Japanese-language newspapers; specific newspapers
Nichibei (newspaper), 25
Nine-Party Treaty. See Washington Conference, treaty from
Nippu jiji (newspaper):
on Baba, 346 n26;
on Baldwin's statement, 286 , 287 ;
on Chinese labor, 292 –93;
closed in WWII, 334 ;
competition for, 103 ;
on conspiracy defendants, 297 ;
editor of, 73 , 102 –3, 320 ;
on explosion, 197 ;
on Franklin D. Roosevelt's visit, 332 ;
Foreign Language School Bill and, 293 , 296 , 324 ;
on military exercises, 320 ;
popularity of, 106 –7;
reporters for, 57 , 326 ;
on 77-cent flag parade, 110 ;
on strike, 65 , 89 , 91 , 116 , 125 –26;
subscriptions for, 147 , 162 , 222 ;
on wage increase, 132 ;
on Washington Conference, 275
nisei:
allegations against, 252 –53;
Americanization and, 242 –43;
appeal to, 286 –87;
definition of, 35 ;
dual citizenship for, 234 , 240 , 273 ;
on federation support, 135 ;
hostility to, 284 , 285 ;
land ownership by, 112 , 237 ;
military service of, 339 ;
occupations of, 337 ;
political concerns of, 320 , 339 ;
voting and, 72 , 235 ;
WWII relocation of, 285 , 333 –34
Nishida, Kitaro[*] , 30
Nishimura, Sam, 78
Nishio, Suehiro, 336
Noguchi (clerk), 173
Nuuanu Union Church (Honolulu), 281 , 296
O
Oahu, restaurant in, 95 , 99 , 175
Oahu Ice and Cold Storage Company, 285
Oahu Island strike (first) (1909):
context of, 19 –22, 25 ;
failure of, 25 , 44 ;
leaders of, 73 , 102 –3;
legacy of, 52
Oahu Island strike (second) (1920):
acting governor's statement on, 73 –75;
aftermath of, 122 –31, 240 –41, 339 –40;
beginning of, 65 –66;
Chinese immigration and, 233 ;
conditions for ending, 124 –25;
congressional hearings and, 252 –53, 264 , 270 , 272 –73;
context of, 11 –12, 51 –52, 67 –69, 93 –94, 112 –14;
criticism of, 70 –72, 114 –15;
divisions in, 76 –78;
Filipinos' role in, 47 –49, 56 ;
Japan's interest in, 72 , 113 , 343 n2;
mediation of, 89 –93, 115 –18, 130 , 186 –87, 233 , 248 , 279 –80;
organizing for, 47 –54, 56 , 95 ;
pickets in, 147 , 148 , 163 , 169 , 174 , 177 , 185 –86, 199 , 204 , 211 ;
planters' description of, 254 –55;
planters' profits in, 134 –36;
posters about, fig. 5 ;
77-cent flag parade in, 108 –11;
songs in, 94 –95, 99 , 116 ;
stop strike order in, 118 –22;
strikebreakers in, 94 –97, 174 –75;
Thompson's machinations during, 76 –78;
traitors denounced in, 83 ;
"Tsutsumi statement" and, 78 –85.
See also conspiracy trial; Federation of Japanese Labor; influenza epidemic
Oahu Railway and Land Company, 193 , 247 , 248
Oahu Shokai[*] (cooperative), 189
Oahu Sugar Company, 248
Ogata, Manpachi, 83 , 187 –89, 203 , 222
Ohashi[*] , Tadakazu, 316
Oka, Shigeki, 23
Okazaki (pineapple grower), 214
Okino Hotel (Hilo), 150 , 152 , 166 , 218
Okubo[*] , Gen'ichi, 194 , 198
Okubo, Kiyoshi, 325
Okumura, Takie:
Americanization movement of, 241 –43, 334 ;
associates of, 90 , 242 –43;
background of, 36 ;
immigration act and, 307 , 309 ;
on Japanese-language schools, 295 –96, 325 ;
as mediator, 115 , 280 ;
status of, 103 ;
strike opposed by, 243 –44
Olaa Japanese Christian Church, 144 , 153
Olaa Japanese Temperance Union, 144 –45
Olaa Nine Mile, site of, 144
Olaa Plantation:
closure of, 338 ;
development of, 16 –17;
evacuation of, 317 ;
improvements at, 134 –35;
laborers at, 161 ;
location of, xii (map);
owner of, 246 –47;
schools at, 36 , 39 ;
strike at, 18 –19, 209 , 338 ;
temple at, 36 .
See also conspiracy trial; explosion
Olaa Sugar Company:
church building funded by, 144 ;
current facilities of, 3 –5;
employees of, 2 , 7 , 143 ;
proposed purchase of, 255 ;
vice president of, 248
Onodera, Tokuji, 172 , 266
Open Door Policy, 275
Oriental Exclusion League of California, 284 , 306 , 309
Osugi[*] , Sakae, 24 , 67 –68
Oxnard, Henry T., 260 –61
Ozaki, Yukio, 50
Ozawa, Takao, 292
P
Pacific Bank, 56 , 61
Pacific Savings Support Corporation, 128
Paia Plantation, laborers at, 177 –78
Palmer, A. Mitchell:
Bureau of Investigation established by, 26 ;
investigations by, 134 ;
prediction of, 113 ;
presidential bid of, 119 , 137 ;
raids by, 58 –62, 112 , 269 ;
reports to, 114 –15;
strikes and, 49 , 75
Palmer, Albert W.:
background of, 89 –90;
on Chinese immigration, 244 ;
church of, 241 ;
letter to nisei, 286 –87;
mediation plan of, 90 –93, 186 –87, 233
Pan-American Association, 112
Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference, 251
Papala sugar mill, 196
Paris Peace Conference, 50 , 236 , 277
Pearl City, rally at, 95
Pearl Harbor:
attack on, 285 , 332 –33;
dry dock at, 236 –37, 248 –49, 250 ;
expansion of base at, 276 , 321 ;
Franklin D. Roosevelt's tour of, 332 ;
Navy facility at, 47 , 194
Phelan, James P.:
background of, 237 ;
campaign of, 237 –38;
on Hawaiian situation, 284 , 286 , 308 ;
Japanese immigration and, 234 –37, 289 ;
role of, 239 , 258 , 260 ;
Senate testimony of, 304 ;
on U.S.-Japan relations, 112 , 347 n5
Philadelphia Record (newspaper), 268
Philippine Labor Bureau, 84
Philippines:
as exception, 274 ;
unification of, 48 .
See also Filipino immigrants
Pineapple Association, 245
pineapple production, 115 , 245
Pioneer Plantation, laborers at, 193
plantations:
doctors on, 18 ;
housing on, 4 –5, 19 , 55 , 76 , 85 –87;
location of, xii –xiii (maps);
managers of, 15 , 247 ;
mechanization on, 337 ;
overseers on, 18 ;
schools on, 36 –37;
stores on, 45 –46, 317 , 326 .
See also labor contractors; laborers; sugar industry; specific plantations
Portsmouth Treaty, 305
Portuguese immigrants:
settlement of, 20 ;
strike and, 63
Prince Fushimi Memorial Scholarship Association, 103
prison:
activities in, 298 ;
description of, 296 , 317 –18;
people in, 296 –97, 318
Prohibition, 129 , 144 –45, 295 –96
proletarian party movement (Japan), 330
prostitution, allegations of, 238
Puerto Ricans:
recruitment of, 244 ;
strike and, 63
Puerto Rico, as exception, 274
Puna Sugar Company, 338 . See also Olaa Plantation
R
racial conflict, emphasis on, 71 –72, 73
racial discrimination:
of AFL, 258 , 271 , 288 –89;
justification for, 273 ;
ubiquitousness of, 19 –20;
in wage increases, 75 .
See also Johnson Reed Immigration Quota Law
Railroad Brotherhoods, 75 , 114 –15
railroad workers:
in Hawaii vs. mainland, 75 , 193 ;
strikes of, 110 , 112
Raker, John F.:
Hawaii visit of, 308 –9;
House hearings and, 254 , 256 , 262 , 263 , 266 , 271 –72
Realty Syndicate, 247
red flag incident (1908), 67 –68
Reed, David A., 303 –4
Rego, William, 135 –36
religion. See Buddhism; Christianity; missionaries; specific churches
Renown (cruiser), 108
Republican party, sugar planters' support for, 137 –38
rice riots (1918), 44 –47
Robello, Serphine, 343 n14
Rodo[*] (Labor, magazine), 25
Rodo sekai (magazine), 206
Rogers, John M., 261
Rolph, George M., 260
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 331 –33
Roosevelt, Theodore, 17
Rotary Club (Honolulu), 103 , 284
Russo-Japanese War, 17 , 20 , 37 , 38 , 71 , 305
S
Saburi, Sadao, 284
Sacco, Nicola:
arrest of, 1 , 26 ;
draft evasion by, 42 ;
execution of, 323 –24;
trial of, 138 –39, 226 , 297
Saikaiya Hotel (Honolulu), 156
Saikin Hawaii annai (guidebook), 33 –34
Saionji, Kimmochi, 22 , 68
Saito, Y., 206
Saito[*] , I.:
appearance of, 174 ;
Baba on role of, 191 ;
background of, 168 –69, 173 ;
confession of, 268 ;
defense and, 216 ;
employer of, 180 ;
Goto[*] on role of, 206 ;
Hoshino on role of, 196 –97;
Koyama on role of, 209 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 150 –57, 159 –60, 168 ;
Miyazawa on role of, 182 –83;
prosecution and, 215 –16, 218 –20;
Suzuki on role of, 177 –78;
Takizawa on role of, 203 ;
testimony of, 169 –73,
185 , 188 , 189 , 194 , 210 , 225 , 340 ;
Tsutsumi on role of, 198
Saito[*] , Seikan, 214
Sakai, Toshihiko, 43 , 67 –68, 141 , 330
Sakamaki, Ben, 5 , 6 , 345 n7
Sakamaki, George (Joji[*] ), 5 , 8 , 345 n7
Sakamaki, Haru, 5
Sakamaki, Hisao, 6
Sakamaki, Juzaburo[*] (Frank), fig. 1 ;
activities of, 144 , 151 –53, 183 , 220 , 243 ;
background of, 5 –7, 143 , 144 –45;
death of, 332 ;
description of home, 4 –5;
explosion in home of, 2 –3, 118 , 139 –40;
laborers' request for dismissal of, 19 ;
Matsumoto's relations with, 160 –61;
status of, 5 –6, 9 , 217 ;
testimony of, 143 –46, 161 ;
Tsutsumi on, 197 ;
work duties of, 7 –8, 16 –17.
See also conspiracy trial; explosion
Sakamaki, Masa, 5 , 345 n7
Sakamaki, Noboru, 5 , 345 n7
Sakamaki, Paul (Tokuo), 5 , 8 , 345 n7
Sakamaki, Shunzo[*] (Shunzo), 5 , 345 n7
Sakamaki, Yuroku[*] (Charles), 5 , 345 n7
San Francisco:
earthquake in, 23 ;
immigration law and, 307 ;
mayor of, 237 ;
school segregation in, 17
San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper):
on House hearings, 268 ;
on "Japanese colonization," 124 ;
on military exercises, 321 ;
on Oahu strike, 269
San Francisco Peace Treaty, 337
San Francisco School Board, 17
Sarminento, Juan, 48 , 76 –77
Sato[*] , Sazo[*] :
appearance of, 142 ;
death of, 327 ;
on explosion, 155 ;
Hoshino on role of, 197 ;
indictment of, 221 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 156 , 223 ;
Suzuki on role of, 174 –76, 223 ;
testimony of, 209 –10, 221
Sato, Yokichi[*] , 148 , 155 , 213 , 221 , 223
Sawayanagi, Seitaro[*] , 30
Scharrenberg, Paul, 237 , 259 , 260 , 287 –90
schools, segregation in, 17 . See also Japanese-language schools
Seaside Club (Hilo), 151
Seibu group (companies), 342 n3
Senate, Phelan's speech for, 284
Senate Committee on Immigration and Naturalization:
Hawaii's labor problems hearings, 233 –35, 272 –74, 284 –85;
immigration quota hearings, 301 –5, 306
Senate Committee on the Philippines, 250
Shakaishugi (Socialism, newspaper), 341 n3
Shaw, Guy L., 253 , 264
Sheldon, William, 78
Sheppard, L. E., 290
Shibayama, Tokuzo[*] , 117 –18, 130
Shibusawa, Eiichi:
federation leaders' meeting with, 279 –80;
immigration quota bill and, 306 ;
on Japanese immigrant laborers, 258 ;
Okumura's meeting with, 243 ;
role of, 43 , 61 ;
at Washington Conference, 277
Shidehara, Kijuro[*] :
on American flag incident, 313 ;
Chinese immigration and, 276 –77;
meetings of, 239 –41, 251 , 257 , 278 ;
at Washington Conference, 275
Shingle, Robert, 235
Shirai, S., 346 –47n28
Shivers, Robert, 335
Shortridge, Samuel M., 303 , 304 , 305 –6
Shunyo-maru[*] (steamship), 33 , 192
Siberia, Japanese occupation of, 111 , 112 –13, 239 , 275
Siberia-maru (ship), 96 , 267
silk industry, description of, 29
Sino-Japanese War, 37 . See also China
Smith, John Mott, 118 , 130
socialism:
advocates of, 21 –24;
Palmer raids and, 59 ;
red flag incident and, 67 –68;
in WWI, 43 –44
Socialist Party (Japan), 336 –37
socialist revolutionary party, 24 –25
Society for Formation of Labor Unions (Rodo[*] Kumiai Kiseikai, Japan), 258
Society for the Study of Socialism (Japan), 21 , 24
Soga[*] , Yasutaro[*] :
background of, 102 –3;
in first Oahu strike, 73 ;
Foreign Language School Bill and, 293 , 296 , 324 ;
immigration act and, 310 , 316 –17;
on military exercises, 320 ;
newspaper of, 91 , 326 ;
on prison, 349 n50;
on religious leaders in Japan, 322 ;
on strike, 339 –40;
on Washington Conference, 275 ;
WWII relocation of, 333 –34
Sogobeya, Goro[*] , 313
Soma[*] Inn, 163
Soto[*] sect, 39 , 120 , 129 , 141 , 344 n58
Soviet Union (USSR):
establishment of, 32 , 43 ;
nonintervention in, 111 ;
U.S. reports on, 27
Stafford, Harold:
background of, 214 ;
closing arguments by, 214 –16;
foreign-language schools control act and, 245 ;
judicial requests by, 210 –11;
Stafford, Harold
letter to nisei, 287 ;
praise for, 225 ;
role of, 142
Stephens, William D. (Calif. governor), 124
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 246
strikes:
in China, 322 ;
extent of, 47 –49;
government reports on, 27 ;
in Japan, 79 , 323 , 330 ;
money-raising for, 61 ;
origins of, 18 –19, 25 , 47 ;
of railroad workers, 110 , 112 ;
"silent send-off" tactic in, 96 , 182 .
See also Oahu Island strike (first) (1909); Oahu Island strike (second) (1920)
sugar:
beet vs. cane production of, 260 –61;
price of, 93 , 114 , 126 , 132 , 134 –35, 228 ;
tariffs on, 250
sugar industry:
control of stock in, 80 –81;
dynamite used in, 11 ;
expansion of, 14 ;
fear of Japanization in, 67 –72;
innovation in, 10 ;
investment in, 246 –47;
postwar changes in, 337 –38;
profiteers arrested in, 114 ;
rainfall needed for, 93 –94;
terminology in, 16 .
See also laborers; plantations; sugar planters
sugar planters:
annexation sought by, 15 –16;
Filipinos' relations with, 48 ;
Japanese as threat to, 20 –21;
other business interests of, 247 –48;
paternalism of, 56 , 254 ;
political connections of, 137 –38, 262 ;
power of, 16 , 44 , 55 , 73 –74, 262 ;
profits for, 131 –36, 260 –61;
racial discrimination of, 19 –20;
railroads operated by, 75 ;
strike described by, 254 –55;
worker negotiations with, 126 .
See also Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (HSPA)
Suigoro[*] restaurant (Waiau), 121 , 124 –25, 127 , 194 –95, 198 , 225
Sumitomo Bank, 56 –58, 84 , 99
Sumizawa, Suzuki on, 213 –14
Suzuki, Bunji:
convention attended by, 43 , 237 , 258 –59;
Kagawa's link to, 323 ;
rice costs and, 45 ;
role of, 31 ;
support for, 279
Suzuki, D., 171
Suzuki, J., 171
Suzuki, Mosaburo[*] , 44 , 330 , 336
Suzuki, Seiichi:
background of, 176 –77;
defense on role of, 216 ;
employer of, 180 ;
Sato[*] on role of, 210 ;
testimony of, 174 –76, 177 –78, 212 –14, 223 ;
Tsutsumi on role of, 198 –200
syndicalism, advocates of, 24
T
Tabata, H., 170
Taiwan, Japanese control of, 71
Taiyo-maru[*] (ship), 279 , 305
Takahashi, Korekiyo, 310
Takano, Fusataro[*] , 258
Takeda (doctor), 153
Takematsu (picket leader), 169 , 187 , 189
Takeuchi, Tetsugoro[*] , 25
Takizawa, Kan'ichi:
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
background of, 203 ;
as dangerous, 203 , 348 n38;
indictment of, 140 , 221 , 281 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 148 –49, 155 , 163 ;
postprison life of, 327 ;
Saito[*] on role of, 169 , 171 –72;
testimony of, 203 –4, 221
Tanaka, Kikuzo[*] , 33
Taniguchi, M., 150 , 170
teachers:
examinations for, 40 –41, 138 ;
on language education, 39 –40;
legal assistance for, 104 ;
organizations for, 35 –36, 39 , 41 ;
role of, 26 , 33 , 164 , 187 , 201 , 291
Teapot Dome scandal, 295
temples, as emergency shelters, 86
Tenyo-maru[*] (ship), 122
Terasaki, Teisuke:
on conspiracy trial, 227 , 280 –81;
diary of, 60 , 89 ;
on Dillingham, 285 ;
on immigration act, 309 ;
on labor union, 62 ;
on Matsumura, 165 ;
on mediation, 91 , 118 , 130 ;
on newspaper, 292 ;
role of, 103 –4;
on strike, 63 , 67 , 73 , 97 , 108
Terauchi Masatake, 45
Territory of Hawaii Board of Education, 291 , 324
Territory of Hawaii v. I. Goto et al. See conspiracy trial, appeal after
Thompson, Frank:
associates of, 180 ;
defendants' appeal and, 318 ;
employees of, 172 –73, 180 ;
House hearings and, 260 , 266 –67;
machinations of, 76 –78, 165 –66, 178 , 219 –20, 268 , 270 ;
newspapers watched by, 73
Thompson Cathcart law firm, 180 , 183
Thurston, Lorrin A., 246
Tobei (magazine), 5
Tobei annai (Guide to Going to America, Katayama), 21 –22, 181 , 206
Tobeikyokai[*] kikanshi (Going to America Society Magazine), 341 n3
Togashi, Tomiji, 6 , 213
Togo[*] , Capt. Heihachiro[*] , 82
Tohoku[*] Hotel, 158 –59, 171 –72
Tokimatsu, role of, 213
Tokiwaen restaurant (Oahu), 95 , 99 , 175
Tokonami, Takejiro[*] , 113
Tokugawa, Ietatsu, 275
Tokutomi, Soho[*] , 311 , 332
Tokyo, U.S. Embassy in, 313
Tokyo (magazine), 311
Tomota, Shunji:
appearance of, 142 ;
on explosion, 155 ;
indictment of, 221 , 281 ;
lack of testimony by, 221 ;
Matsumoto on role of, 156 ;
postprison life of, 327
tourist industry, 111 , 337 , 338
Toyama[*] , Mitsuru, 310
Toyohira, Ryokin[*] , 97
Toyo[*] Steamship (company), 33
Treasure Island (Stevenson), 246
Trotter, Frederick, 76
Tsuchiya, Seiichi, 106
Tsuda, Bunkichi, 211 –12
Tsutsumi, Chiyo (Noboru's wife):
background of, 31 –33;
children of, 32 , 282 ;
death of, 331 ;
living situation of, 321 –23, 330
Tsutsumi, Hideo, 342 n1
Tsutsumi, Koto, 31
Tsutsumi, Masao, 321
Tsutsumi, Michiko, 32 , 33 , 321 –22, 323 , 330
Tsutsumi, Mihoko, 336 –37
Tsutsumi, Noboru, figs. 3 and 4 ;
alibi of, 194 –95;
alleged warship statement by, 79 –85, 264 ;
appearance of, 142 , 148 ;
appointment for, 57 –58;
arrival of, 33 –36;
Baba's relation with, 191 ;
background of, 28 –33, 200 –201;
baptism of, 281 –82;
criticism of, 100 –101, 243 –44;
death of, 336 –37;
on explosion, 155 ;
federation and, 57 , 127 –30, 157 ;
goals of, 297 ;
government reports on, 241 ;
Hamamoto on role of, 195 ;
history written by, 330 ;
incarceration of, 296 –98, 317 , 349 n12;
income for, 201 –2;
indictment of, 140 , 220 –21;
instructions from, 148 –49;
labor organizing and, 45 –47, 49 , 83 –85, 95 , 108 –9, 185 ;
Matsumoto's altercation with, 157 –58, 163 , 166 ;
mediation plan and, 92 , 117 –18;
Miyazawa's relation with, 182 ;
Mizutari on role of, 193 –94;
name of, 342 n4;
as newspaperman, 41 , 53 ;
postprison life of, 321 –23, 330 –31, 336 –37;
request to judge, 226 ;
Saito[*] on role of, 169 , 171 –72;
stop strike order and, 118 –19, 121 ;
strike vote and, 56 –57, 61 –62, 65 –66;
as suspicious person, 26 –27;
Suzuki on role of, 174 –78, 213 ;
testimony of, 197 –202, 221 , 225 , 346 –47n28;
Tsuda on role of, 211 –12;
on U.S.-Japanese cooperation, 39 –40;
on wages and conditions, 54 –55, 60 –61
Tsutsumi, Norio, 323
Tsutsumi, Taizo[*] , 31 , 32 , 33
Tsutsumi, Takashi, 27 –28
Tsutsumi, Tamotsu, 331
Tsutsumi, Toshio, 33 , 321
Tsutsumi, Tsuruyo, 331 , 336 –37
Tsutsumi, Yasujiro[*] , 342 n3
Twenty-one Demands, 38 , 71
U
Uchida, Kosai[*] (foreign minister):
Americanization and, 243 ;
instructions from, 122 ;
reports to, 82 , 85 , 91 , 109 , 111 , 118 ;
on Washington Conference, 277 –78
Uchida, Yasuya, 106 , 113
Uchimura, Kanzo[*] , 311
Ueda, Sachiko, 189
Umemoto (federation director), 194
United States:
anti-Japanese feelings in, 10 , 12 , 71 –72, 111 –12, 123 ;
arms race and, 274 –76;
exports of, 328 ;
Far Eastern policy of, 275 –76;
geography knowledge in, 251 –52;
ideals of, 304 –5;
imperialism of, 16 ;
indentures in, 15 , 17 , 256 .
See also assimilation; California; citizenship; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); Hawaii; immigrants
U.S. Army, 236 , 320 –21
U.S. Congress, Oahu strike's impact on, 12 . See also House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization; Senate Committee on Immigration and Naturalization
U.S. Constitution, proposed amendment to, 302
U.S.-Japan relations:
Americanization movement and, 243 ;
Chinese immigration and, 233 ;
crisis in, 329 –32;
discussions on, 239 –41, 251 , 257 , 278 ;
immigration quota bill and, 305 –7;
issues in, 124 , 239 , 277 , 280 ;
Japan's misperceptions of, 315 ;
Phelan's speech on, 112 , 347 n5.
See also Johnson Reed Immigration Quota Law; Washington Conference
U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, 337
U.S. Navy:
exercises of, 320 –21;
expansion of, 111 –12, 236 ;
workers supported by sailor from, 110 .
See also Pearl Harbor
U.S. Supreme Court:
appeal denied by, 318 ;
on Foreign Language School Bill, 324 –25;
on Ozawa case, 292
United Workers of Hawaii (UWH), 288
V
Van Reed, Eugene, 13 , 18
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo:
arrest of, 1 , 26 ;
draft evasion by, 42 ;
execution of, 323 –24;
trial of, 138 –39, 226 , 297
W
wages:
bonus system in, 55 , 56 , 126 , 131 –32, 184 , 231 ;
calls for increased, 41 , 44 –45, 47 –49, 51 –58, 65 , 133 ;
for contract workers, 15 ;
discrimination in, 19 , 25 , 75 ;
for first-year arrivals, 13 ;
gender differences in, 54 , 109 , 131 , 133 ;
increased by HSPA, 131 –33, 156 ;
for mainland laborers, 54 ;
planters' evidence of sufficient, 69 –70;
poststrike, 126 ;
postwar increase in, 338 ;
reduced by HSPA, 228 –29
Wahiawa Plantation, pickets at, 147 , 187
Waiakea Plantation:
labor contractors at, 223 –24;
laborers at, 208 ;
store at, 317 , 326
Waialua Plantation:
evictions from, 86 , 191 , 327 ;
fire at, 186 ;
influenza epidemic and, 87 –88;
labor contractors at, 188 –89;
laborers at, 147 , 162 , 188 , 190 , 192 ;
location of, xii –xiii (maps);
organizing at, 44 , 52 , 95 ;
strike at, 19 , 94 , 164 –65, 199 ;
strikebreakers at, 95 –96
Waianae Plantation:
location of, xii –xiii (maps);
rally at, 95
Waiau:
hotel in, 121 , 192 ;
restaurant in, 121 , 124 –25, 127 , 194 –95, 198 , 225
Waikiki, development of, 234
Waikiki Water Company, 248
Waimanalo Plantation:
fire at, 186 ;
labor organizer at, 48 , 221 ;
location of, xii –xiii (maps);
strikebreakers at, 96
Wainaku Plantation, contractor at, 152
Waipahu Plantation:
evictions from, 86 ;
explosion at, 187 ;
fire at, 186 ;
laborers at, 168 –69;
location of, xii –xiii (maps);
parade participants from, 109 ;
photography studio at, 113 ;
pickets at, 169 , 204 ;
rally at, 95 ;
stockholders of, 248 ;
strike at, 19 , 63 , 64 , 66 , 200 , 203 –4;
strikebreakers at, 95 –96, 327 ;
traitors at, 83 ;
union dissolved at, 281
Wakabayashi (pineapple dealer), 119 , 121
Wakikawa, Seiei, 102 –3, 320
Walter-McCarran Immigration and Naturalization Act (1952), 339
Washington (state), depression's effects on, 328
Washington, D.C., cherry trees in, 300
Washington Conference:
immigration concerns and, 277 –79, 312 ;
proposals in, 274 –75;
Senate hearings postponed for, 274 ;
treaty from, 275 –76, 282 , 331
Waterhouse, John:
background of, 119 ;
on 1920 economy, 134 ;
family of, 176 ;
on Filipino immigration, 94 ;
Isobe's confrontation with, 124 –25;
motives of, 123 –24;
negotiations and, 55 , 118 –19, 121 , 130 , 148 , 192 ;
poststrike posters distributed by, 126 ;
questions about, 127 ;
on strike, 71 , 125 ;
on sugar profits, 131 , 250 ;
workers criticized by, 133 –34
Wilson, J., 287
Wilson, Woodrow:
Alien Land Law and, 285 ;
idealism of, 137 , 251 ;
immigration quota bill and, 301 ;
on labor conference, 51 ;
League of Nations and, 59 ;
on racial equality, 236 ;
reelection of, 42
Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
women, suffrage for, 137
women workers:
as percentage, 109 ;
wages of, 54 , 109 , 131 , 133
Woodlawn Stock and Dairy Company, 247
workers. See laborers
World War I:
as context, 32 –33, 35 –36;
German-language schools closed during, 38 ;
U.S. labor movement during, 42 –44
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 310
Wright, George W.:
background of, 261 ;
credibility of, 267 –68, 270 –71;
Filipino strike and, 319 ;
job for, 326 ;
leadership of, 259 , 261 –62;
Scharrenberg's meeting with, 288 ;
testimony for House hearings, 262 , 264 –67
Y
Yada, Chonosuke[*] :
appointment for, 79 , 122 –23;
associates of, 164 , 305 ;
conflicts with, 196 , 203 , 348 n38;
departure of, 227 –28, 253 , 279 ;
on federation after strike, 131 ;
on Harding's election, 251 ;
influence on, 280 ;
Isobe's mediation and, 127 ;
on Japanese-language press bill, 138 ;
on 1920 economy, 135 ;
strike condemned by, 123 ;
on wage increase, 132
Yakumo (cruiser), 82 , 96 , 236 , 264
Yamagata, Aritomo, 22
Yamaguchi, Kumano, 105 –6
Yamakawa, Manjiro[*] , 70
Yamamoto, Tsuneichi, 41 , 84 , 97 –98
Yamamura, Kohachi[*] , 145 –46, 172
Yamato shinbun (later Nippu jiji , newspaper), 102 , 311
Yamazaki, Keiichi, 227 –28, 253 , 255 –56, 303
Yanagihira, Byakuren, 330
Yanagiya, Sangoro[*] , 314
Yao, Kizaburo[*] , 336
Yap (island), Japanese mandate over, 239
Yokohama Specie Bank, 61 , 255
Yokoo, Eijuro[*] :
on explosion, 155 ;
fired from job, 126 ;
indictment of, 152 , 221 ;
mediation and, 148 ;
return to Japan, 223 ;
strike declaration read by, 122 ;
Suzuki on role of, 176 ;
Tsuda on role of, 211
Yokoo, Toyo, 148 , 152 , 223
Yoshimura (laborer), 151 –52, 169 , 215
Young Hotel (Waiau), 121 , 192
Yuaikai[*] (Friendly Society, Japan), 31 , 43 , 45 , 237 , 258 –59, 279 , 323