Soviet Government, Communist Party, and Comintern Officials

Bekzadian, Aleksandr, 1879-1938. Revolutionary and diplomat. Member of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee of the RCP(B) (1919-20). Acting chairman of the Revolutionary Committee and people's commissar of foreign affairs of Soviet Armenia (1920-21). Worked in the Soviet Trade Agency in Germany (1922-26). Vice-chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and people's commissar of trade of the Transcaucasian SFSR (1926-30).

Bliukher, Vasilii, 1890-1938. Military commander. Minister of war, commander, and president of the Military Council of the People's Army of the Far Eastern Republic (1921-22). Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1921-24). Chief of Soviet military mission in south China (1924-27). Commander of Special Far Eastern Army (1929).

Borodin, Mikhail (born Mikhail Grusenberg), 1884-1953. Revolutionary and Comintern official. Comintern emissary to the United States who also served in Mexico and Spain (1919); emissary in Berlin (1921) and Britain (1922). Comintern envoy to the Chinese Communist Party and chief political adviser to the Central Committee of the Guomindang (1923-27).

Bubnov, Andrei, 1883-1940. Revolutionary and party official. Served on the Revolutionary Military Council of the Northeastern Caucasus Military District and on the staff of the First Cavalry Army (1921-22). Chief of the Political Administration of the Red Army and member of the Revolutionary Military Council (1924-29). Full member of the RCP(B) Central Committee and Orgburo (1924); secretary of Central Committee (1925). Led Central Committee commission to investigate the situation in China (1926).

Bukharin, Nikolai, 1888-1938. Revolutionary, party and Comintern leader Member of RCP(B) Central Committee (1917-29); candidate (1919-24) and then full member (1924-29) of Politburo. Member of

ECCI Presidium (1920-29); vice-chairman of the ECCI (1925); then leader (1926-29). Editor of Pravda (1917-29) and Izvestiia (1934-37). Expelled from Politburo (1929). Tried and executed with Rykov (1938).

Chicherin, Georgii, 1872-1936. Soviet diplomat. People's commissar for foreign affairs (1918-30); elected to RCP(B) Central Committee (1925, 1927).

Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 1877-1926. Revolutionary and party leader. Founder and first chairman of Cheka (1917-19), GPU (1919-26), and OGPU (1926). Chairman of the Supreme National Economic Council and candidate member of the Politburo (1924-26).

Frunze, Mikhail, 1885-1925. Military commander. Commanded Red Army in the Crimea and the Ukraine (1920). Member of RCP(B) Central Committee (1921-25). Elected Ukrainian representative to the ECCI (1924), then candidate member of ECCI Presidium. Deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council (1924); chairman of RMC, chief of staff and people's commissar for military and naval affairs (1925).

Humbert-Droz, Jules, 1891-1971. Comintern official. Cofounder of the Swiss Communist Party (1921). Assumed high Comintern functions (1922-28), becoming secretary to the ECCI; member of the Orgburo, the Political Secretariat, and the ECCI Presidium; and director of the Latin Secretariat.

Ioffe, Adolf (born Adolf Abramovich), 1883-1927. Revolutionary and diplomat. Polpred in Germany (1918) and China (1922-23); deputy polpred in Britain (1924) and Austria (1924-25).

Kalinin, Mikhail, 1875-1946. Revolutionary and party leader. Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee and candidate member of the Politburo (1919), then full member (1926-46). Chairman of Central Executive Committee (1919-38) and then of Presidium of Supreme Soviet (1938-46).

Kamenev, Lev (born Lev Rosenfeld), 1883-1936. Revolutionary, party leader, and diplomat. Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee and Politburo (1917-27). Deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1922-25). Candidate member of the ECCI (1921); full member and candidate to the ECCI Presidium (1924). Soviet polpred in Austria (1918) and Italy (1926-27). Member of the triumvirate with Zinoviev and Stalin following Lenin's death, then joined Trotsky and Zinoviev in the Opposition. Expelled from offices (1926-27) and from party (1927), reinstated (1928), and expelled again (1932). Arrested and imprisoned following Kirov murder (1935); tried and executed with Zinoviev (1936).

Katayama, Sen, 1859-1933. Comintern official. Member of the Comintern's American Bureau in Mexico (1921); elected to ECCI and its Presidium (1922-33).

Kopp, Victor, 1880-1930. Diplomat. Soviet representative in Germany (1919-21); representative in negotiations with Poland (1923); member of NKID Collegium (1924-25); polpred in Japan (1925-27) and Sweden (1927-30).

Krasin, Leonid, 1870-1926. Diplomat and government official. Conducted negotiations and signed trade agreement with England (1920-21); attended Genoa and Hague conferences (1922); participated in Anglo-Soviet negotiations (1923); polpred in France (1924-25) and England (1925-26).

Krestinskii, Nikolai, 1883-1938. Revolutionary and diplomat. Member of RCP(B) Central Committee (1917-21). People's commissar of finance (1918-21). Polpred in Germany (1921-30).

Kuibyshev, Nikolai, 1893-1938. Military commander. Infantry division commander on the Southern Front (1920), corps commander (1921). Commandant and commissar of Kronstadt (1922-23); head of the Higher Infantry School of the Soviet Army (1923-25). Assistant commander of the Turkistan Front (1925-26), then corps commander. Chief of the Command Directorate of the Red Army and assistant commander of the Moscow Military District (1927-28). Commander of the troops of the Siberian Military District (1928-36). Brother of V. Kuibyshev.

Kuibyshev, Valerian, 1888-1935. State official and party leader. Deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Labor and Defense (1923-35). Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council (1926-30). Elected to Central Committee and Politburo (1927).

Kun, Béla, 1885-1937. Revolutionary and Comintern official. Organized revolution in Budapest (1919); launched "March Action" in Germany (1921). Member or candidate member of ECCI Presidium (1921, 1926, 1931).

Kuusinen, Otto, 1881-1964. Comintern official. Named secretary of the Comintern (1921); elected to ECCI and its Presidium (1922), positions that he retained until the Comintern's "dissolution" (1943).

Lenin, Vladimir (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov), 1870-1924. Revolutionary and government, party, and Comintern leader. Founded Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party (1903); led Bolsheviks in overthrow of Provisional government (1917). Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1917-24). Founded Communist International (1919) and was active in Comintern affairs until incapacitated by a series of strokes (1922-23).

Litvinov, Maksim, 1876-1951. Diplomat. Headed numerous special diplomatic missions in Western Europe (1917-21). Member of NKID Collegium (1918-34); deputy people's commissar for foreign affairs (1921-30). Member of Soviet delegation to Genoa Conference (1922); led delegation to Hague Conference (1922); chairman of Moscow Disarma-

ment Conference (1922); led Soviet delegation to Preparatory Commission on Disarmament (1927-30); signed Moscow (Litvinov) Protocol (1929). People's commissar for foreign affairs (1930-39).

Manuilskii, Dmitrii, 1883-1959. Comintern official. Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party Central Committee (1921). Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1923). Member of the ECCI and its Presidium (1924-43) and of the Comintern's Political Secretariat (1926-43).

Menzhinskii, Viacheslav, 1874-1934. Party activist and government official. Head of the Cheka's Special Department (1920) and chief of the Secret Operational Department (1921). Deputy chairman of the (O)GPU (1923-26) and chairman of (O)GPU (1926-34). Member of the CPSU Central Committee (1927, 1930).

Mif, Pavel (born Mikhail Firman), 1899-1937. Comintern official and specialist on Far Eastern revolutionary movements. Comintern representative in Shanghai (1926); deputy director of Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow (1927); director (1928).

Mikoian, Anastas, 1895-1978. Government official and party leader. Candidate member of the Politburo and commissar of foreign and domestic trade (1926-30).

Molotov, Viacheslav (born Viacheslav Skryabin), 1890-1986. Party leader. Candidate member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1920); full member, member of the Central Committee Secretariat, and candidate member of the Politburo (1921); full member of Politburo (1925). Member of RCP(B) delegations to Third and Fifth Comintern congresses (1921, 1925); candidate member of ECCI Presidium (1926-28); member of Presidium and Secretariat (1928-1930).

Ordzhonikidze, Grigorii ("Sergo"), 1886-1937. Revolutionary and party leader Chairman of Military Revolutionary Council of the Caucasus Front (1920). Head of Transcaucasian Regional Committee of the RCP(B) (1922-26). Member of RCP(B) Central Committee (1921-26); candidate member of Politburo (1925); chairman of the party's Central Control Commission (1926).

Pavlov, Pavel, 1892-1924. Military commander. Deputy commander in Bukhara, suppressing the basmachi (1922-23). Elected member of the Bukhara Central Committee (1923). Chief military adviser to Sun Yatsen (1924).

Piatakov, Georgi, 1890-1937. Party official. Candidate member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1921), full member (1923). Attended Third ECCI Plenum as RCP(B) delegate and participated in preparations for the German October (1923).

Piatnitskii, Iosif (born Osip Aronovich), 1882-1939. Comintern official.

Treasurer of the Comintern and chief of the OMS (1921); member of the Comintern Orgburo (1922-35); member of the ECCI Secretariat and candidate member of ECCI (1923-35).

Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 1886-1937. Economist and state and party official. Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee and of its Secretariat, Orgburo, Politburo, and Central Control Commission (1920); lost seats (1921). Vocal member of the Opposition (1921-26), publishing extensively on the Soviet economy. Chairman of the Central Committee's Finance Committee and Collegium member of the People's Commissariat of Finance. Expelled from the CPSU and exiled to Uralsk (1927-28) but readmitted in 1929.

Radek, Karl (born Karl Berngardovich), 1885-1939. Revolutionary and party leader Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1919-24). Secretary of the Comintern, member of the ECCI (1920), and of the ECCI Presidium (1921-25). Head of Sun Yat-sen University (1926-27).

Rakovskii, Christian, 1873-1941. Revolutionary and diplomat. Prime minister of the Ukrainian government (1918-23). Cofounder of the Communist International (1919). Member of RCP(B) delegations to Second and Third congresses (1920, 1921). Member of RCP(B) Central Committee (1919-27). Soviet representative in England (1923-25), then in France (1925-27). Expelled from the CPSU and deported to Astrakhan (1927).

Raskolnikov, Fedor (aka Petrov), 1892-1939. Revolutionary and diplomat. Commander of Caspian Sea flotilla and of Baltic Fleet during the Civil War. Polpred in Afghanistan (1921-24). Candidate member of the ECCI and full member of its Orgburo (1924-27), during which time he was appointed director of the Eastern Department of the Comintern Secretariat and editor of the Communist International . Member of the ECCI Political Commission (1925) and Secretariat (1926).

Reisner, Larissa, 1895-1926. Revolutionary and poet. Commissar to Fifth Red Army during the Civil War. Married to Raskolnikov during his term in Afghanistan, separated in 1923. Accompanied Radek to Germany and acted as liaison between Comintern and KPD leaders during the German October (1923). Undertook other missions in the Urals, the Don Basin, and Persia.

Rothshtein, Fedor, 1871-1953. Diplomat and Comintern official. Confidential Comintern emissary in Great Britain (1919-20); Soviet polpred in Persia (1920). Member of NKID Collegium (1923-30). Appointed NKID press director (1925), and wrote for Comintern press.

Roy, Manabendra N., 1887-1954. Revolutionary and Comintern official. Delegate of the Mexican Communist Party to the Second Comintern Congress (1920). Headed the Far Eastern Bureau of the Comintern in Tashkent (1921). Member of the ECCI (1921-24), candidate member

(1924-25), member of the ECCI and its Presidium (1925-27). Replaced Borodin as head of Comintern delegation to China (1927). Expelled from Comintern (1929).

Rykov, Aleksei, 1881-1938. Revolutionary and government and party leader. Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1905-30) and Politburo (1924-30). Chairman of Supreme Council of the National Economy (1918-21). Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1924-30). Delegate to Second (1920) and Third (1921) Comintern congresses. Member of ECCI (1924-30). Lost important government, party, and Comintern positions (1930). Expelled from party (1937); tried, sentenced, and executed with Bukharin (1938).

Shumiatskii, Boris, 1886-? Comintern official and diplomat. Helped organize the Comintern Secretariat for the Far East in Irkutsk (1920-21) and attended Third Congress of Comintern as delegate thereof (1921). Secretary at the Congress of Revolutionary Organizations and Peoples of the Far East (1922). Polpred in Persia (1922-25).

Sneevliet, Hendricus (aka H. Maring), 1883-1942. Founding member of Indonesian Communist Party (1920). Member of ECCI (1920); Comintern emissary to China (1921-23). Assisted in founding Chinese Communist Party (1921). Worked in Far Eastern office of Comintern (1923). Active in Dutch Communist Party (1924-27).

Sokolnikov, Grigori, 1888-1939. Revolutionary, party leader, and government official. Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1917-27). Leader of various revolutionary military councils during Civil War. Deputy and then commissar of finance (1921-26). Delegate to Second Congress of the Comintern (1920). Sent to Turkistan as head of Central Asian Bureau of the Comintern (1920). Candidate member of the ECCI (1924). Participated in United Opposition. Polpred in England (1929-32).

Souvarine, Boris (aka Varine), 1895-? Comintern official. Founding member of the French Communist Party. French delegate to the Third Comintern Congress (1921); elected member of the ECCI, the Presidium, and, later, the Secretariat. Defended Trotsky and was expelled from all Comintern positions and from the PCF (1924).

Stalin, Josef (born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili), 1879-1953. Revolutionary and party leader. Member of the Central Committee and Politburo (1917-53). Member of the Revolutionary Military Council (1920-23). People's commissar for nationalities (1921-23). General secretary of the Central Committee (1922). Active in Comintern affairs, particularly as member of the ECCI Presidium beginning with the Fifth Congress (1924). Following Lenin's death, combined with Zinoviev and Kamenev against Trotsky, and then with Bukharin against Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Trotsky (1926-27); led Central Committee majority that defeated Bukharin, Tomskii, and Rykov (1928-30).

Stasova, Elena, 1873-1966. Comintern official. Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1917-20). Assisted in preparing the Congress of the Peoples of the East (1920). Appointed Comintern representative to the KPD, worked within the Orgburo of the KPD Central Committee (1921-26).

Surits, Yakov, 1882-1952. Diplomat. Polpred in Afghanistan (1919-21). Member of the Turkistan Commission and commissar for foreign affairs for Turkistan and Central Asia (1921-22). Polpred in Norway (1922-23) and Turkey (1923-24).

Tomskii, Mikhail, 1880-1936. Revolutionary and party and government leader Member of the RCP(B) Central Committee (1919-29) and Politburo (1922-29). Chairman of the Central Council of Soviet Trade Unions (1919-28). Expelled from party (1928); subsequently recanted. Threatened with trial during the purges, he committed suicide (1936).

Trotsky, Leon (born Lev Davidovich Bronstein), 1879-1940. Revolutionary and party leader Member of the Central Committee and Politburo (1917-26). Commissar for foreign affairs (1917-18); commissar for military affairs (1918-25) and organizer of Red forces in the Civil War. Active in Comintern affairs beginning with the Third Congress (1921), first as candidate, then as full member of the ECCI until his removal (1927). Defeated in contest to succeed Lenin. Expelled from party (1927) and banished from USSR (1929). Murdered by Stalinist agent in Mexico (1940).

Tuchachevskii, Mikhail, 1893-1937. Joined RCP(B) in 1918. Red Army commander in Civil War against Generals Kolchak and Denikin and against Poland. Chief of staff (1925-28).

Unszlicht, Józef, 1879-1937 or 1938. Party activist and military expert. Representative of the Polish Communist Party at founding Congress of the Comintern (1919). Appointed deputy director of the (O)GPU (1921). Member of RCP(B) Control Commission (1924); candidate member of Central Committee (1925, 1927). Member of the Revolutionary Military Council and chief of logistics for the Red Army (1923-25); deputy chairman of RMC (1925-30).

Vishinskii, Andrei, 1883-1954. Government official and diplomat. Public prosecutor of the Criminal-Judicial Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court (1923-25). Rector of Moscow State University (1925-28). Presiding judge at the Shakhty case (1928) and other show trials.

Voikov, Petr, 1888-1927. Diplomat. Polpred in Poland (1924-27), murdered in Warsaw.

Voitinskii, Grigori, 1893-1953. Comintern official. Chief of the Comintern's Far Eastern Secretariat (1921-24); Comintern emissary to China (1924-25, 1927).

Voroshilov, Kliment, 1881-1969. Military commander and party leader. Deputy commander on southern front during the Civil War; commander of the North Caucasus Military District (1921-24). Commander of the Moscow Military District and member of the Revolutionary Military Council (1924-25). People's commissar for military and naval affairs and chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council (1925-34). Member of the Central Committee of the RCP(B) (1921-61) and its Politburo (1926-60).

Vorovskii, Waclaw, 1871-1923. Revolutionary, Comintern official, and diplomat. Representative of the RCP(B) to the ECCI and the Comintern Secretariat (1919-20). Polpred in Italy (1921-23); secretary-general of the Soviet delegations at the Genoa and Lausanne conferences (1922-23); murdered in Lausanne (1923).

Yurenev, Konstantin. Diplomat. Polpred in Bukhara (1922-23), Latvia (1923-24), Czechoslovakia (1924-25), Italy (1925-27), and Persia (1927-33).

Zinoviev, Grigorii, 1883-1936. Revolutionary and party leader. Head of Petrograd/Leningrad Soviet and member of Politburo (1921-26). President of the ECCI (1919-26). Allied with Stalin and Kamenev against Trotsky following Lenin's death; then allied with Kamenev and Trotsky against Stalin and Bukharin (1926-27). Expelled from various offices and from party (1926-27); recanted and was readmitted to party (1928) but expelled again (1932). Imprisoned following Kirov murder (1935); tried, sentenced, and executed with Kamenev (1936).