C

Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de, (controller general), 154

Cambon, Pierre-Joseph, reforms initiated by, 237

Capitalism, 223 ;

and anticapitalist peasant motivations for revolution, 5 -10, 19 -21;

blocked by intendants, 227 -28;

and Burgundian precapitalist village institutions, 10 -11;

debate on origins of, 2 ;

defined, 2 n ;

evidence against state's motivations for, 225 -30;

and decline of communities, 2 -3;

and policymaking on economic reform, 221 ;

and preservation of communal properties by intendants, 140 ;

in Revolutionary government's plans for agrarian reform, 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 ;

and theories on French Revolution's origins, 231 -32;

vs. traditional peasant communal structures, 174 -75, 205 , 225 -30;

transition from feudalism to, 2 , 6 -7

Capitation tax, 25 ;

use of communal funds for, 182

Castles. See Châteaux

Cens: collection of, 31 -32;

defined, 31

Centralized state structure, effect on village autonomy and corporate structure, 1 , 4 , 10

Chamblanc (village), leasing of communal lands in, 138

Chanceaux (village), usurpation of communal forests in, 137

Charles V, 23

Charollais, land enclosure in, 143

Châteauneuf (village), 79

Châteaux, repair of, 159 , 195 -96, 202 ;

disputes on, 159 -62, 191 .

See also Guet et garde

Châtelet (village), communal funds used for royal taxes in, 182

Chaugney (village), 86 , 135 -36

Chaunu, Pierre, 15n , 24n

Chauvirey (village), disputes on seigneurial authority in, 196

Chazelle (village), 195

Chivre (village), debates on communal wood distribution in, 117 -18

Church wardens, accounts of, 63

Clark, George, 209n

Class exploitation, and state capitalist motives, 228 -29, 230

Clément, Maurice, 71n 17

Clère, Jean-Jacques, on lawsuits against seigneurie, 170

Cobban, Alfred, 16n

Code Michaud, and state efforts to curtail seigneurial power, 48 -49

Colbert, Jean Baptiste: fiscal reforms of, 27 -28, 39 , 212 ;

on full participation in village government, 72 -73;

tax policy of, 24n 2;

on village debts, 37 , 38 , 39 ;

on village officials, 76 , 88 n

Collective grazing rights. See Communal pasture rights

Collective responsibility, increased importance of, 40 -42

Collective tax responsibility. See Tax responsibility, collective

Colombet, A., 185n 54

Common lands. See Communal lands, leasing of; Communal lands, partition of; Communal property

Communal funds: court cases against seigneurie defrayed by, 91 , 176 , 181 , 182 -83;

increase in, 176 -83;

managed by village assemblies, 69 ;

and payment of royal taxes, 181 -82;

Communal funds (continued )

power of lawyers on use of, 181 ;

veto power of state officials on, 180 -81.

See also Municipal expenses

Communal institutions: compared with capitalist institutions, 10 ;

defined, 2 ;

effect of state building and capitalism on, 2 -3, 10 -11;

and peasant welfare, 10 , 15 -19;

protected by state officials, 10 , 14 -15, 33 -42, 105 , 113 -14, 115 -23, 123 -33, 140 ;

and theories on anticapitalist motivations for rural revolution, 3 , 5 -6, 8 , 17 -19.

See also Village corporate structure

Communal lands, leasing of, 133 -40;

by auction, 133 , 134 , 136 , 138 , 180 ;

and land shortage as cause for peasant revolts, 173 -74;

vs. partition of, 130 , 131 -32, 139 ;

peasant attitudes on, 138 -39;

promoted by intendants, 134 -36, 137 -38;

reasons for state encouragement of, 140 ;

royal edicts on, 133 ;

vs. sale of, 180 ;

and sources of communal revenue to defray court expenses, 178 -79, 183

Communal lands, partition of, 123 -33;

financial risks of, 238 -39;

intendant opposition to, 216 ;

intendant vs. royal policies on, 123 -33;

and limits on agrarian reform, 216 , 239 ;

obstacles to royal legislation on, 129 -32;

and overgrazing by livestock, 123 -34;

policies of Revolutionary government on, 236 -37, 239 ;

and proof of community ownership, 124 , 125 , 127 -29;

role of village assemblies in, 124 -25, 129 ;

and usurpation of communal properties, 125 -27, 128 , 129 ;

and village debts to finance French Revolution, 237 , 239

Communal pasture rights: agricultural efficiency curtailed by, 141 -43, 217 , 218 ;

authority of village assemblies on, 228 ;

and implementation of enclosure legislation, 151 , 152 ;

and limits to agrarian reform, 217 , 218 , 227 -28;

recommendations for abolition of, 143 -44, 145 -47;

and right of parcours,145 -46, 149

Communal property: abolishment by Revolutionary government, 234 -37;

vs. agricultural reform, 215 -18;

auction of, 18 ;

authority of village assemblies on, 69 ;

as collateral for village loans, 34 -35, 41 ;

commercialization of, 2 -3, 140 ;

compatible with commercial agriculture, 18 , 140 ;

vs. enclosure, 152 ;

and evidence against state motivations for capitalism, 225 -30;

expropriation and sale of, 35 -36, 41 ;

increased value of, 177 -78;

lease income vs. partition of, 130 , 131 -32, 139 ;

medieval state on, 207 ;

nationalized by Revolutionary government, 237 ;

poor peasants benefited by, 10n , 152 -53;

preserved by state officials and royal policies, 2 -3, 14 -15, 35 -42, 115 -33, 140 , 152 -53, 216 -18;

protected by Revolutionary government, 238 -40;

royal edicts on sale or leasing of, 41 -42, 49 -50, 54 , 133 ;

sale of, royal officials and, 179 -81;

sale of, under Revolutionary government, 236 , 239 ;

state fiscal policies, and state support of, 115 -33 passim, 227 , 232 ;

in state policies on verification and liquidation of village debts, 36 -40, 42 ;

wealthy peasants benefited by, 3n , 228 .

See also Communal lands, leasing of; Communal lands, partition of

Communal rights: court cases on outsiders' use of, 15 ;

evolution of, 14 ;

and partition of common wastelands, intendants against, 123 -33;

and provincial financial solvency, 148 -49;

state preservation of, 115 -33, 205 -6, 227 ;

and state revenue for royal taxes, 110 , 112 -13;

state support of, in Middle Ages, 207 ;

on wood distribution, protected by intendants, 115 -23.

See also Communal woods

Communal wealth, increase of, 176 -83;

and financial support for peasant opposition to seigneurie, 176 , 182 -83;

and payment of royal taxes, 181 -82;

sources of, 176 -81.

See also Communal funds

Communal woods: and increased wood prices, 177 -78, 182 ;

managed by local elected officials, 70 ;

jurisdiction of Maîtrise des Eaux et Forks and intendants on, 179 -81;

peasant disputes on seigneurial

rights to (triage ), 162 -63, 178 ;

and peasant protests on basis of historical ownership of, 167 ;

sale of curtailed by state officials, 179 -81;

sale of relative to peasant court cases against the seigneurie, 178 , 183

Communal woods, distribution of, 96 , 112 -23;

intendant vs. state policies on, 115 -23;

out-of-court settlements on, 121 -22;

parlementary legislation on, 114 -15, 118 -19;

peasant protest on royal edicts on, 115 -22;

role of village assemblies on, 113 , 115 , 121 ;

royal edicts on, 112 -13, 114 ;

and unequal allotments to rich and poor peasants, 113 , 116 , 117

Conscription of peasants, 24

Constituent Assembly: and changes in legal theory, 188 , 193 ;

and debates on communal properties vs. agrarian reform, 234 -35;

feudal dues eliminated by, 18 , 157

Contrainte solidaire,40 -42;

arguments for and against, 221 -23, 224 ;

communal property safeguarded by, 41 -42;

conflict between state policymakers and intendants on, 221 -23;

defined, 40 , 226 ;

historical background of, 208 ;

intendant support of, 213 , 223 , 224 , 226 ;

and obstacles to agricultural improvement, 214 , 227 ;

and village collective financial liability, 226 -27

Controller generals, 99 ;

authority of, 219 ;

conflicts with intendants on royal reform measures, 221 -23;

state financiers criticized by, 229

Cormaranche (village), 166

Corvée royale,51n

Corvol, Andrée, 180n

Côte-d'Or, 12 ;

collection of national vs. local taxes in, 238 ;

intendancy of, 50 -51

Councils of Notables, 101 , 227 , 232 ;

vs. absolutism, 98 ;

advocated by enlightened political reformers, 75 , 98 ;

arguments for, to replace village assemblies, 67 , 93 -94, 97 -98;

authority, membership, and jurisdiction of, 98 -99;

vs. authority of intendants in village assemblies, 78 , 98 , 104 ;

bureaucratic policies on, 73 -76, 87 , 94 -95;

justification for, 73 -74, 90 -91, 93 -94, 97 ;

pressures for creation of, 90 -91, 93 -94, 97 -98, 103 ;

and role of wealthy inhabitants in local government, 73 -75, 90 -91, 94 -95, 97 -98;

royal edict of 1787 for establishment of, 98 ;

and royal preference for village assemblies, 94 -95;

and state surveillance of village officials, 89 , 90 -91

Cours d'assises (Grands Jours): defined, 62 ;

and seigneurial administrative power, 61 -64

Court cases against seigneurie, 156 -58, 188 -93;

communal revenues to defray costs of, 176 -83;

on communal wood distribution, 16n 23, 121 -22;

conditions permitting initiation of, 171 , 176 ;

costs of, 85 , 91 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 176 -83;

and determination of general will, 83 -84, 93 ;

on feudal dues, 3 -4, 20 , 156 -58;

and French Revolution, 157 -58, 162 -63, 171 , 187 -93, 227 ;

and full participation in village assemblies, 85 -86, 93 ;

and growth of legal profession, 183 -93;

increased number of, 227 ;

intendant encouragement for, 101 , 160 , 169 , 170 , 189 , 193 -98, 201 -2, 227 ;

and intendant supervision of village assemblies, 91 -92, 93 ;

and lawyers as revolutionary activists, 187 -93;

legal, moral, and historical justification of seigneurial rights questioned in, 165 -71, 189 -92, 227 ;

motivations of lawyers for, 186 -87;

vs. "seigneurial reactions" theory, 164 -65

Court life at Versailles, 25 -26

Courts, local: and decline of seigneurial authority, 62 ;

judicial authority of, undermined by state officials, 54 -55;

police powers of, 62 ;

reduced power of, 30 ;

and state building in Middle Ages, 206 -7

Courts, royal, 181 , 206 -7

Creditors, state, 26 -27, 28 ;

and growth of bureaucratic authority, 211 -12;

limits on political participation of, 26 -27, 229 -30;

and protection of communal properties by Revolutionary government, 237 -38;

and state protection of village resources, 210 -11

Creditors of village expenses, 34 -35, 41 -42

Crépey (village), 119

Crop rotation, 106 , 109 , 142 , 227 , 234 , 236 , 239

Cuiseau (village), magistrates of, 54

Cuisery (village), local government of, 73 -74

Curés: protests on droit d'indire initiated by, 190 -91, 201 -2;

village lawsuits against, 183