Index
A
Aaron, Daniel, xi , 247 n.3
Abel, Lionel, 55 , 163 , 167 , 223 , 234 , 266 n.41
Absolutism,
opposition to: xiii , 9 -10, 19 , 22 -23, 243 n.60;
as faith, 104 -6, 107 -8, 223 -25, 257 n.9, 278 n.7;
as ideology, 102 , 108 -16, 143 , 149 -50, 166 , 204 -11, 216 , 219 -20, 224 -29, 231 -33, 241 n.25, 258 n.20, 275 n.94, 278 n.7;
as romanticism, 124 , 154 -58, 164 -65, 187 -93, 204 , 218 , 221 -29, 260 n.61;
as sociology, 216 , 219 -20;
as total solution, 106 -9, 216 , 278 n.7
Abstract expressionist painting, 136 -39, 160 , 161 , 163
Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, 32 -33
Acheson, Dean, 46 , 144
Action painting, 136 -39, 153 , 162
Adams, Charles, 4
Adams, Henry, 4 -5, 6 , 117 , 235
Addison, Joseph, 3
Adenauer, Konrad, 94
Adler, Mortimer, 22 -23
Adorno, Theodor, 66 , 155 , 216
Advertising Council of America, 135 , 40 -42
Aesthetic pluralism, 13 , 164 , 169 -75, 181 -82, 184 -85, 254 n.115, 267 -68n.65
African-American issues, 99 , 168 , 196 -97, 205 , 208 , 272 n.44
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 4
Algonquin group, 5
American Civil Liberties Union, 199
American Committee for Cultural Freedom, 34 -35, 50 , 60 , 69 , 79 , 90 , 214 -15
American Guide series (WPA), 135
American Jewish Committee, 61 , 63 , 87
American Scholar , 231
Americans for Democratic Action, 91
Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 50 , 69 ;
activities of, 30 -35;
arguments of, 40 -47;
and counter-conference (Freedom House), 29 , 30 , 33 , 40 , 42 -44, 47 , 245 n.92;
formation of, 29 -30;
on visas, 15
American Sociological Review , 212
American Workers Party, 25
Anchor Books, 88
Anderson, Sherwood, 70 , 124
Antioch College, 132
Antioch Review , 103 , 130 -33
Arac, Jonathan, 255 n.124
Arendt, Hannah, 64 -66, 80 , 136 , 163 , 194 , 222
Arnold, Matthew, 3 , 113 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 121 , 123
Aron, Raymond, 97 , 109
Atlantic , 4 , 152
Atlas, James, 234 , 235
Avukah Student Action , 86
B
Babbitt, Irving, 5
Baldwin, James, 196
Bancroft, George, 6
Barlow, Joel, 3
Barone, Enrico, 256 n.141
Barrett, William, 8 , 24 , 234 ;
and Commentary , 64 , 77 ;
on Greenberg, 159 , 162 ;
and Partisan Review , 51 , 54 ;
on Lionel Trilling, 118 -19, 120 , 122 ;
and Waldorf Conference, 46
Barthes, Roland, 179
Beard, Charles, 6
Beats, xiii , 22 , 186 -93, 194 , 195 , 196 , 203 , 264 n.1, 271 n.18
Becker, Carl, 6
Beichman, Arnold, 29
Bell, Daniel, 7 , 8 , 9 , 71 , 72 , 211 -23, 257 n.9, 274 n.87, 275 -76n.97;
on art, 161 ;
and Commentary , 64 , 274 n.86;
and consensus, 215 , 216 -18;
and End of Ideology , 217 -18, 220 , 254 n.107, 262 n.108;
and Glazer, 87 ;
and Hofstadter, 212 , 214 , 274 n.86;
on Hofstadter, 59 , 222 ;
and Hook, 18 , 26 , 125 ;
as Kantian, 162 , 218 ;
on mass culture, 153 ;
and New Left, 205 -10, 214 -15, 227 -28;
on Podhoretz, 276 n.104;
and Politics , 55 , 56 , 213 ;
on Harold Rosenberg, 140 , 143 , 262 n.108;
and Schumpeter, 239 n.15, 276 n.102;
on Shils, 168 , 267 n.50;
and sociology, 165 -66, 216 -18, 219 -20, 264 n.12, 275 nn. 93 and 94;
at University of Chicago, 57 , 167
Bellow, Saul, 9 , 119 , 136
Benda, Julian, 100
Benjamin, Walter, 66
Bennington College, 88
Benson, Allen, 18
Bentley, Elizabeth, 103 , 129
Bernstein, Eduard, 26 , 61
Bernstein, Leonard, 31
Bixler, Paul, 132
Blake, Casey, 269 n.84
Blanding, Sarah Gibson, 31
Bloom, Alexander, xii
Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen, 256 n.141
Boorstin, Daniel, 109 , 216 -17
Bourne, Randolph, 7
Brameld, Theodore, 43 -45
Brandeis University, 80 -81, 83 , 85 , 183 , 204
Brando, Marlon, 31
Brecht, Bertolt, 160
Brinkley, Alan, 236
Brooks, Van Wyck, 5 , 7 , 72 , 157
Brown, Pat, 225
Brown, Sterling, 5
Brownson, Orestes, 4 , 6
Brustein, Robert, 195 , 201
Brym, Robert, 11 , 272 n.44
Budenz, Louis, 103
Burke, Kenneth, 5 , 160
Burnham, James, 25 , 49
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 118
Buttinger, Joseph, 81
C
Calverton, Victor Francis, 6
Cambridge University, 195
Canadian Commonwealth Federation, 56
Cassirer, Ernst, 160
Castro, Fidel, 204
Center for Behavioral Studies, 208
Chambers, Whittaker:
as conservative, 144 -49;
Hausknecht on, 132 , 263 n.125;
Hook on, 104 , 106 -7, 128 , 141 , 224 , 263 n.125;
Mary McCarthy on, 129 -30;
Middle of the Journey (Trilling) on, 110 -13;
and New Masses , 6 ;
as rationalist, 258 n.13;
Harold Rosenberg on, 130 , 141 ;
and Witness , 103 -7, 115 -16, 194 , 257 n.7
Chiaromonte, Nicola, 56 , 97 , 109 , 140
Chomsky, Noam, 56 , 236
City College of the City University of New York (formerly College of the City of New York), 8 , 18 -19, 37 , 59 , 71 , 86 , 87 , 135 , 212
Civil rights movement, 99 , 272 n.44
Civil Service Commission, U.S., 158
Clair, Louis. See Coser, Lewis
Clement, Travers, 83
Cohen, Elliot, 61 , 63 -64, 117 -18, 163 , 215 , 253 -54n.103
Cohen, Morris, 18 -19, 22 , 117 , 127
Collier, Peter, 257 n.3
Columbia University, 19 , 31 , 57 , 58 , 80 , 87 , 110 , 117 -19, 120 , 166 , 179 , 183 , 187 , 194 , 195 , 212 , 214 , 216 , 274 n.86;
and student radicalism, 205 -8, 214 -15, 222 , 272 n.44
Commager, Henry Steele, 6 , 181
Commentary , 8 , 105 , 165 ;
in 1940s, 58 , 61 , 63 -65, 77 , 87 , 158 , 159 , 213 ;
in 1950s, 77 -79, 83 -85, 87 -94, 100 , 110 , 146 , 163 -64, 192 , 195 , 214 , 253 -54n.103, 274 n.86;
in 1960s, 196 -99, 203 , 219 ;
in 1970s and 1980s, 199 -202, 231 , 233 , 234
Committee for Cultural Freedom (1939), 25 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 50 , 69
Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, 38
Committee for the Free World, 220 , 230 , 233
Common Sense , 56
Communist Eleven trials, 14 -15
Communist Party, 14 , 23 , 101 , 134 , 149 , 160
Congress for Cultural Freedom, 34 , 108 , 167 , 168 , 189 , 214 , 267 n.50
Consensus historians, xiv , 109 , 125 , 216 -17, 275 n.95
Contemporary Jewish Record , 8 , 63 , 87 , 158 , 159
Contextual criticism, 9 , 139 , 179 , 182
Cooney, Terry, xii , 263 n.113
Copland, Aaron, 31
Cork, Jim, 79
Corso, Gregory, 187
Coser, Lewis, xiii , 8 , 9 , 12 , 65 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 78 , 87 , 167 , 236 , 263 n.118;
on Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 29 ;
as Louis Clair, 57 , 79 ;
forming Dissent , 79 -83;
and Dissent in 1950s, 83 -85, 93 , 95 -96, 98 -99;
on mass culture, 156 ;
and New Left, 203 , 204 , 208 ;
on early Partisan Review , 53 ;
and Politics , 55 , 56 -59, 61 , 213 ;
and sociology, 57 -58, 165 -66
Coser, Rose Laub, 57 , 81
Coughlin, Father Charles, 222 , 276 -77n.108
Counterculture, 185 , 192 -93, 195 , 196 , 197 -98, 199 , 201 , 203 , 221 -29, 264 n.1, 276 -77n.108
Counts, George, 15 , 29 , 43 -44
Cousins, Norman, 40 ,41
Cowley, Malcolm, 5 , 6 , 7 , 11 , 37 , 39 , 245 -46n.99
Critic , 80 , 82
Crossman, Richard, 105 , 115
Cultural pluralism. See Aesthetic pluralism
Cultural studies movement, 177 , 184 , 234 , 264 -65n.14, 275 n.94
Customs Service, U.S., 158 -59
D
Dadaism, 136 , 160
Daedalus conference on mass culture, 171 -72
Davidson, Donald, 5
Davis, Herbert, 16
Davis, Robert Gorham, 77 , 105
Debs, Eugene, 37 , 165
Decter, Midge, 64 , 230
de Kooning, Willem, 121 , 162 , 163 , 266 n.41
Dell, Floyd, 5 , 36
Democracy:
aesthetic-cultural, 164 , 169 -75, 181 -82, 185 ;
direct, mass, populist, 151 -52, 164 , 169 -75, 181 -82, 185 , 192 , 209 , 222 , 237 n.4;
and Hook, 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 200 ;
liberalism and, 76 , 95 -99, 110 , 200 ;
participatory, 204 ;
and pragmatic, experimental method, 21 , 43 , 106 , 126 , 170 , 200 , 278 n.7;
representative, 169 -75, 181 , 204 , 209 ;
in the university, 202 -3, 209 , 210
Democratic socialism, 25 , 51 , 53 , 76 , 193 , 200 , 221 , 225 ;
and Dissent , 82 , 95 -99
Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee, 76
Democratic Socialists of America, 76
Denney, Reuel, 58
Dennis, Eugene, 14
Depression, Great, 71 , 193 , 212
Dewey, John, 7 , 225 , 232 ;
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 30 ;
and anti-absolutism, 107 -8, 219 ;
and Bell, 216 , 219 ;
and Committee for Cultural Freedom, 50 ;
and Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, 38 ;
and Hook, 18 -22, 25 , 27 , 61 -62, 95 , 117 , 146 , 169 , 215 , 229 ;
Kazin on, 72 -73;
and tragic sense of life, 126
Dial , 4 , 5
Diamond, Martin, 57
Dickinson, Henry, 97
Didion, Joan, 236
Dies Committee, 50 , 247 -48n.4
Diggins, John, xii , 178
Dissent , xiii , 8 , 53 , 59 , 69 , 70 , 76 , 134 , 178 , 218 , 220 , 234 , 253 n.98, 253 -54n.103;
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 29 ;
on the Beats and counterculture, 187 , 190 ;
founding of, 79 -83;
on mass culture, 156 ;
and New Left, 203 , 204 -5, 225 ;
in 1950s, 83 -85, 87 -88, 91 , 92 -99, 110 , 131 , 146 , 263 n.118
Dorner, Hannah, 14 -15
Dos Passos, John, 30
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 105 , 106 , 128 , 257 n.7
Draper, John, 19
Dreiser, Theodore, 121 , 123 -24
Dulles, John Foster, 94
Dunbar, Paul Lawrence, 5
Dupee, F. W., 38 , 50 , 194 , 205 , 208
Dwight, Timothy, 3
E
Eastman, Max, 5 , 26 , 27 , 36
Edman, Irwin, 31
Einstein, Albert, 28 , 31
Eliot, Thomas Stearns, 5 , 161 , 168
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 4 -5, 7 , 20 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 74
Encounter , 8 , 82 , 110 , 189
End of ideology, 108 , 168 , 211 , 217 -18, 220 , 224 , 254 n.107, 258 n.20, 262 n.108;
ideology defined, 241 n.25
Enlightenment, 126 , 231 -32
Enquiry , 57
Epstein, Jason, xi , 88 , 194 , 195 , 236
Epstein, Joseph, 231
Esquire , 156 , 168
F
Fadayev, Alexander, 32 , 46
Fadiman, Clifton, 64
Fallows, James, 236
Farrell, James T., 29 , 30 , 34 , 56 , 121
Fast, Howard, 17 , 30 , 31 , 41
Faulkner, William, 70 , 195
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 15
Federal Writers Project, 135
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 187
Feuer, Lewis, 20 , 24 , 88 , 205
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 20
Fiedler, Leslie, 127 -28, 130 , 134 , 144 -45, 148 -49, 197
Filler, Louis, 132 -33
Fischer, Louis, 33 , 106
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 122
Ford, James W., 23
Formalism:
in art, 161 , 182 ;
in literature, 9 , 70
Forster, E. M., 117
Fortune , 36 , 37 , 214
Foster, William Z., 23
Franco, Francisco, 146
Frank, Waldo, 5 , 36 , 91
Frankfurt School (Institut für Sozialforschung), 65 -66, 97 , 155 , 177 , 216
Franklin, Benjamin, 3
Franklin, James, 3
Free Speech Movement, 168
Freedom House Conference. See Americans for Intellectual Freedom, counter-conference
Freeman , 5
Freeman, Joseph, 6
French Revolution, 231 -32
Friedman, Milton, 26 , 168
Freud, Sigmund, 124 , 126 -27, 179 -80
Fromm, Erich, 66 , 83
Frost, Robert, 121
Fuller, Margaret, 4
Future of Freedom Conference, 108
G
Gans, Herbert, 157 , 182 -83, 267 -68n.65, 268 n.68
Geertz, Clifford, 178
Geltman, Emanuel, 57 , 80 -81, 83 , 204
Genteel Tradition, 4 -5
George, Henry, 6
Gide, André, 120
Gilbert, James Burkhart, xi , xii , 25
Gillin, John, 31
Ginsberg, Allen, 187 , 189 , 192 , 193 , 194
Gitlin, Todd, 204
Gitlow, Benjamin, 103
Glazer, Nathan, 8 , 9 , 64 , 71 , 72 , 86 -90, 163 , 165 -66, 212 , 213 , 236 , 267 n.62;
and complexity, 219 , 224 -25;
and Dissent , 84 -85, 87 -88, 94 , 253 -54n.103;
and New Left, 203 , 204 , 210 ;
and Politics , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58
God That Failed , 33 , 103 , 105 -6, 148 , 194 , 200
Gold, Michael, 6 , 121
Goodman, Paul, 64 , 196 ;
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 29 , 30 ;
on the Beats and counterculture, 188 , 190 , 224 , 271 n.18;
and Dissent 82 , 83 ;
and New Left, 208 ;
and Partisan Review , 50 , 63 ;
and Politics , 55 , 56 , 57
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 233
Gramsci, Antonio, 175 -76, 177 , 216
Great Society, 233
Greenberg, Clement, 8 , 9 , 63 , 64 , 158 -64, 266 nn. 41 and 42;
art, 137 , 139 -40, 160 -62, 265 -66n.32, 269 n.84;
on mass culture, 151 , 153 , 157 , 158 , 163 -64, 183 ;
and World War II, 51
Grimms' tales, 171
Gunn, Giles, 122 , 178 , 260 n.61, 275 n.95
Gutman, Herbert, 177
H
Hall, Stuart, 177 , 178 , 184 , 275 n.94
Hamilton, Alexander, 6
Hardwick, Elizabeth, 236
Hardy, Thomas, 70
Harlem Renaissance, 5
Harper's , 4 , 152
Harrington, Michael, 76 , 83 , 204
Harris, Zellig, 56
Hartz, Louis, 216
Harvard University, 6 , 18 , 31 , 33 , 37 , 88 , 97 , 117 , 126 , 214
Hatch, Robert, 148
Hausknecht, Murray, 130 -34, 140 , 147 , 165 -66, 204 -5, 262 n.108, 263 n.125, 267 n.62
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 12 , 117 , 124 , 158
Hayden, Tom, 203 , 204
Hayek, Friedrich, 96 -97, 256 n.141
Heidelberg University, 65
Heilbroner, Robert, 6 , 97
Hellman, Lillian, 30
Hemingway, Ernest, 189 , 212 , 245 -46n.99
Hentoff, Nat, 196
Herbert, James, 265 -66n.32
Herder, Johann, 176 , 267 -68n.65
Hicks, Granville, 5 -6, 100 , 102 -3, 114 -15
Hiss, Alger, 111 , 127 -28, 130 , 144 , 148 , 152
Hitchens, Christopher, 201
Hitler, Adolph, xii , 23 , 52 -53, 105 , 146 , 167
Hocking, Ernest, 31
Hofmann, Hans, 159
Hofstadter, Richard, 6 , 55 , 59 , 60 , 179 , 241 n.24, 269 -70n.89;
and Bell, 212 , 214 , 274 n.86;
Bell on, 59 , 125 , 222 ;
on complexity and the tragic sense of life, 125 ;
and consensus, 216 -17;
and fear of the masses, 222 , 263 n.113;
and New Left, 205 -7, 222
Hoggart, Richard, 177
Holocaust, 222
Hook, Sidney, xiii , 7 , 8 , 15 -35, 72 , 97 , 236 , 247 n.1;
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom (Waldorf Conference), 1 -3, 15 -17, 28 -34, 41 -47;
and Bell, 212 , 214 -16;
and counterculture, 224 ;
and Dissent , 84 -85, 88 , 92 , 146 ;
on ex-Communism, 104 , 107 -8, 110 , 127 -28, 133 , 134 , 145 -47, 258 n.19, 263 nn. 118 and 125;
and Howe, 23 , 63 , 76 , 250 n.46, 252 n.79;
and Macdonald, 35 , 63 , 250 n.45;
on mass culture, 151 , 170 -75, 181 , 267 n.62;
and New Left, 202 , 206 , 207 , 209 -10, 228 -29;
and Partisan Review , 49 -55;
and Podhoretz, 194 , 200 , 202 , 230 ;
and Harold Rosenberg, 135 , 140 -43, 262 n.108;
and tragic sense of life, 102 , 125 -26, 219 ;
and Lionel Trilling, 117 , 119 , 120 ;
and World War II, 38 , 50 -55, 66 ;
in 1930s and 1940s, 61 -64, 67 , 110 , 121 , 127 ;
in 1950s, 79 , 84 -85, 90 -91, 93 , 100 -101, 115 , 116 , 133 ;
in 1970s and 1980s, 230 , 234 , 278 n.7
Hoover, Herbert, 73 , 232
Hoover, J. Edgar, 263 n.125
Horkheimer, Max, 65 -66, 87 , 155 , 216
Horowitz, David, 257 n.3
Hoselitz, Bert, 83
House Committee on Un-American Activities, U.S., 104 , 105 , 110
Hovde, Bryn, 33
Howe, Irving, 8 , 9 , 12 , 69 -86, 121 , 122 , 161 , 163 , 194 , 220 , 223 , 234 ;
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 29 , 30 ;
on the Beats, 191 ;
on Morris Cohen, 18 ;
and Commentary , 64 , 77 -79, 115 ;
on conformity in 1950s, 77 -79, 121 ;
and Dissent in 1950s, 79 -85, 92 -96, 98 -100;
on ex-Communism, 104 -5, 106 -7, 146 , 257 n.7;
and Hook, 23 , 26 -27, 63 , 76 , 250 n.46, 252 n.79;
and Labor Action , 57 , 135 ;
on mass culture, 154 , 174 , 267 n.62;
and New Left, 203 , 204 , 208 -11, 223 , 225 ;
on Partisan Review and World War II, 51 , 53 ;
and Politics , 55 , 60 -61
Howells, William Dean, 4
Huberman, Leo, 93 , 95
Hughes, Langston, 5
Hulsenbeck, Richard, 136 -37
Hunter College, 118
Hurston, Zora Neale, 5
Hurwitz, Henry, 117
I
Ideology, end of. See End of Ideology
Imagist poetry, 37
Institute for Social Research, 216 .
See also Frankfurt School
Institute of Defense Analysis, 205
International Menorah Society, 117
Irving, Washington, 3
J
Jackson, Donald, 105
Jacoby, Russell, 234 -36
James, Henry, 4 , 103 , 117 , 124 , 161
James, William, 18 , 19 , 126 , 219
Jarrell, Randall, xi
Jaspers, Karl, 65
Jeffers, Robinson, 160
Jefferson, Thomas, 6 , 92 , 169 , 174 , 175
Jewish Theological Seminary, 23 , 31 , 194
John Reed Club, 49
Johnson, James Weldon, 5
Johnson, Lyndon, 182 , 226
Josephson, Matthew, 5
Joyce, James, 121 , 161
K
Kafka, Franz, 121
Kahn, Albert, 41
Kallen, Horace, 29 , 126
Kant, Immanuel, 162 , 218
Kapitsa, P. L., 32
Kaplan, Rabbi Mordecai, 31
Kazin, Alfred, 8 , 9 , 59 , 64 , 72 -74, 77 , 80 , 234 , 235 , 257 n.9;
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 29 -30;
and Arendt, 65 ;
on the Beats,
189 , 191 ;
on ex-Communism, 105 , 128 ;
and Glazer, 89 ;
and identification with American culture, 55 , 72 -74;
and literary criticism, 12 , 69 , 72 -74, 161 ;
and Macdonald, 60 ;
on mass culture, 155 -56, 267 n.62;
and Plaza Conference, 230 -31;
and Lionel Trilling, 119 -20, 121
Kelland, Clarence Burlington, 46
Kennedy, John F., 182 , 226
Kenyon Review , 191
Kerouac, Jack, 187 -89, 193 , 194
Kerr, Clark, 225
Keynes, John Maynard, 95 -96, 109 , 126 , 218
Khrushchev, Nikita, 93 , 165 , 191
Kirchwey, Freda, 41 -43, 45 -47, 114
Kirk, Grayson, 205
Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 231
Kissinger, Henry, 201
Knight, Frank, 6 , 97 , 168 , 239 n.15
Koestler, Arthur, 97 , 106 , 109 , 140 , 219 , 258 n.19
Kramer, Hilton, 236
Krim, Seymour, 136 , 140
Kristol, Irving, xiii , 7 , 8 , 9 , 26 , 57 , 71 , 72 , 88 , 221 , 227 -28, 267 n.50;
and Commentary , 64 , 274 n.86;
and Encounter , 110 ;
and ideology, 108 , 231 -32;
and Politics , 55 ;
and Public Interest , 219
Kronstadt rebellion, 212 , 219
Krueger, Maynard, 213
Kurtz, Paul, 21
Kuttner, Robert, 236
L
Labor Action , 57 , 61 , 135
Lange, Oscar, 97
Lardner, Ring, 5
Lasch, Christopher, 178 , 179 -82, 269 n.84
Laski, Harold, 14 , 56
Lasky, Melvin, 26 , 71
Laughlin, James, 162
Lazarsfeld, Paul, 87
Lea, Henry, 19
League Against Totalitarianism, 50
League for Cultural Freedom and Socialism, 50 , 69
League of Professional Groups for Foster and Ford, 23
Lears, T. J. Jackson, 180
Leavis, Frank Raymond, 9 , 123
Lecky, William, 19
Ledeen, Michael, 220
Lekachman, Robert, 7 , 97
Lenin, Nikolay, 37 , 85
Lerner, Max, 80 , 225
Letters tradition, 4 -8, 235 -36
Levitas, Sol, 215
Lewisohn, Ludwig, 117
Liberator , 5
Library of Congress, 191
Lippmann, Walter, 7 , 56 , 119 , 126
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 8 , 9 , 12 , 57 , 71 , 87 , 165 -66, 204 , 211 , 214
Locke, Alain, 5
London, Jack, 18
London School of Economics, 97
Long, Huey, 276 -77n.108
Lost Generation, 5 , 160
Lowell, Amy, 5
Lowell, James Russell, 4
Lowell, Robert, 208
Lowenthal, Leo, 66 , 155 , 216
Luce, Henry, 36
Lukes, Steven, 267 n.51
Luxemburg, Rosa, 160
Lynd, Robert, 20 , 31 , 80
Lynd, Staughton, 196 , 204
Lynn, Kenneth, 245 -46n.99
Lyons, Eugene, 50
M
McCarthy, Joseph, xii , 39 , 78 , 79 , 84 , 276 -77n.108
McCarthy, Mary, 8 , 9 , 37 , 38 , 64 , 72 , 142 , 168 , 234 , 236 , 247 n.1;
and The Critic , 80 ;
on ex-Communism, 128 -30;
and Partisan Review , 50
McCarthyism, 44 , 78 -79, 87 , 104 , 133 , 166 , 168 , 214 , 232
McClure's , 7
Macdonald, Dwight, xi , 8 , 9 , 35 -41, 72 , 135 , 230 , 234 , 235 , 247 n.1;
Macdonald, Dwight (continued )
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 16 , 29 -30, 33 , 34 , 40 -41, 46 -47;
and Arendt, 65 ;
and Bell, 213 -14, 262 n.108;
on Commentary , 64 ;
and Dissent , 81 -82, 85 ;
and Encounter , 110 ;
and Glazer, 87 ;
and Hook, 23 , 63 , 250 n.45;
and literature, 121 ;
on mass culture, 152 , 153 , 154 -55, 156 , 157 , 169 , 174 , 183 ;
and New Left, 207 -8;
and Partisan Review , 49 -55, 139 -40, 159 ;
and Politics , 55 -61, 66 -69, 75 -76, 79 -82, 213 , 249 nn. 24 and 25;
Riesman on, 58 , 78 ;
and Harold Rosenberg, 136 , 142 , 262 n.107;
and World War II, 38 , 50 -55
Macdonald, Nancy, 55 , 56 , 135 , 249 n.25, 262 n.107
McGovern, George, 199 , 201
MacLeish, Archibald, 91 , 121 , 157 , 255 n.124
Mad , 264 n.1
Madisonianism, 76 , 125 , 175
Mailer, Norman, 8 , 9 , 31 , 55 , 69 , 72 , 80 , 83 , 198 ;
on the Beats and counterculture, 187 -90;
and New Left, 208
Malraux, André, 97 , 109
Mannheim, Karl, 216
Maratain, Jacques, 22 -23
Marcus, Steven, 194
Marcuse, Herbert, 66 , 181
Market socialism, 95 -97, 256 nn. 139 and 141
Marquart, Frank, 56 , 83
Marsalka, John, 14
Marshall, Margaret, 40 -42, 46 , 79
Marx, Karl,
influence of, 72 , 85 , 166 , 217 , 241 n.25;
on Coser, 58 ;
on Dewey and Hook, 20 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 117 ;
on Dissent , 95 -96;
on Macdonald, 37 ;
on mass culture, 154 , 155 ;
on Lionel Trilling, 119 , 120 , 126 -27
Marx-Engels Institute, Moscow, 19
Masses , 5 , 7
Masses, fear of the, xiii , 13 , 151 -52, 157 , 164 -65, 169 -75, 185 , 192 , 219 , 222 , 237 n.4, 263 n.113, 276 -77n.108
Matthews, Joseph B., 103
Melville, Herman, 74 ;
and Billy Budd , 112
Mencken, Henry Lewis, 5 , 37
Menorah Journal , 8 , 63 -64, 117 , 127
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 32
Merton, Robert, 87 , 166
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 73
Mill, John Stuart, 225
Mills, C. Wright, 58 -59, 79 , 82 , 83 , 87 , 94 , 168 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 274 n.86
Milton, John, 3
Mises, Ludwig von, 96 -97, 256 n.141
Modernism, xiv , 121 -22, 137 -39, 142 -43, 154 , 160 -61, 180 , 182 , 184 , 221 , 223 , 247 n.3, 269 n.84
Modern Monthly , 6
Monthly Review , 93
Moore, Barrington, 213
Moore, Marianne, 160
More, Paul Elmer, 5
Morris, George, 38 , 50
Moscow Trials, 8 , 38 , 47 , 52 , 68 , 112 , 130 , 146
Mount Holyoke College, 69
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 88
Mumford, Lewis, 7 , 20 , 235
Murdock, Kenneth, 31
Mussolini, Benito, 146
Muste, A. J., 25 , 33 , 40 , 43 , 83
Myth-symbol school of American studies, 275 n.95
N
Nashville Agrarians, 5 , 7 , 154
Nation , 7 , 24 , 38 -39, 79 , 84 , 114 , 159 -60, 167 , 196 , 201 ;
and Waldorf Conference, 40 -43, 44 -45
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 15
National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions, 14 -15, 45
National Endowment for the Arts, 143
National Interest , 8 , 233
National Recovery Administration, 62
Naturalism, literary, 50
Nazism, 25 , 56 , 65 , 68 , 276 -77n.108
Nazi-Soviet Pact, 68 , 102
Neoconservatism, xiii , 122 , 185 , 199 -202, 211 , 219 , 220 , 225 , 231 -33, 237 -38n.4, 245 -46n.99, 254 n.107
Neumann, Franz, 66 , 216
Nevins, Allan, 6 , 216
New Criterion , 8 , 233
New Criticism, 70 , 124 , 161 , 191 , 275 n.95
New Deal, 31 , 36 , 62 , 135 , 145 , 147 , 183
New England Courant , 3
New Humanism, 5
New International , 86
New Leader , 8 , 39 , 86 -87, 212 , 213 -14
New Left, xiii , 22 , 103 , 165 , 168 , 186 , 191 , 193 , 196 , 202 -11, 225 -29, 231 , 257 n.3, 272 n.44, 276 -77n.108;
and Berkeley, 205 ;
and Columbia, 205 -8;
in culture, 175 , 177 , 179 , 233 , 234 , 235
New Masses , 6 , 49 , 121
New Republic , 5 , 6 , 7 , 22 , 38 -39, 107 , 167
New School for Social Research, 29 , 33 , 135
New Yorker , 40 , 67 , 82 , 122 , 135 , 140 , 142 , 152 , 156 , 195
New York Herald Tribune , 2 , 33
New York Post , 42 , 58
New York Public Library, 135
New York Review of Books , 8 , 168 , 199
New York Times , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 43 -44, 104 , 136
New York Times Magazine , 28 , 108 , 234
New York University, 2 , 19 , 24 , 43 , 51 , 97 , 183
Niebuhr, Reinhold, xiv , 20 , 22 , 91 -92, 102 , 125 -26, 142 , 215 -16, 219 , 222
Nixon, Richard, 197 , 226
Norris, George, 225
North American Review , 4
Norton, Charles Eliot, 4
Norton, Mary Herter, 53 -54
O
O'Brien, Conor Cruise, 201
Office of War Information, 56 -57, 135
Oglesby, Carl, 204
Oppenheimer, Robert, 168
Orlans, Harold, 56 , 80 , 83 , 86
Ortega y Gasset, José, 164
Orwell, George, 40 , 97 , 109 , 200
P
Pachter, Henry, 83
Paine, Thomas, 125
Pantukhov, Igor, 159
Pareto, Vilfredo, 256 n.141
Parker, Dorothy, 5
Parker, Theodore, 4
Parkman, Francis, 6
Parrington, Vernon, 6 , 123 -24
Parsons, Talcott, 11 , 165 -66, 216 , 267 n.51, 275 n.93
Partisan Review , 8 , 24 , 25 , 37 , 38 , 72 , 105 , 134 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 219 , 236 , 250 n.46;
on the Beats, 187 , 188 , 189 , 192 ;
founding of, 49 -51, 129 , 139 -40;
and World War II, 38 , 50 -55, 248 n.8;
in 1940s, 56 , 57 , 61 , 63 , 66 , 77 , 82 , 86 , 110 , 121 , 127 , 158 , 159 , 162 , 223 ;
in 1950s, 77 -79, 90 , 91 -93, 95 , 122 , 164 , 171 , 195 , 230 ;
in 1960s, 178 , 179 , 197 ;
in 1970s and 1980s, 180 , 220 , 234
Pavlenko, P. A., 46
Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 4
Peacemakers, 43
Peace Through Liberty Day, 34
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 19
Perspectives , 162
Petersen, William, 84 , 85 , 88
Phillips, William, 8 , 24 , 26 , 38 , 48 , 69 , 72 , 121 , 122 , 159 , 168 , 197 -98, 220 , 234 , 250 n.46;
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 29 ,
Phillips, William (continued )
32 ;
on mass culture, 157 , 170 ;
and Partisan Review , 49 -55, 127 , 139 -40, 160 , 247 n.3;
and World War II, 50 -55, 66
Picasso, Pablo, 121
Plastrik, Stanley, 57 , 80 -81, 83 , 92 , 204 , 263 n.118
Plaza Conference, 230 -31, 234
PM , 38 -39
Podhoretz, Norman, xiii , 8 , 26 , 55 , 117 , 122 , 163 , 193 -203, 211 , 221 , 225 , 236 , 274 n.86, 276 n.104;
and the Beats, 188 -90, 192 , 194 ;
and New Left, 203 ;
and Vietnam, 196 -200;
in 1970s and 1980s, 230 -31, 233 , 234
Poe, Edgar Allan, 105
Politics , 8 , 38 , 55 -61, 67 -69, 75 -76, 79 -82, 86 , 213 , 249 nn. 24 and 25
Pollock, Jackson, 121 , 161 , 162
Polsky, Ned, 190
Pope, Alexander, 3
Popper, Martin, 1 , 2
Populism, opposition to, 13 , 141 , 181 , 192 , 214 , 222 , 237 n.4, 263 n.113
Port Huron Statement, 203 , 205
Postmodernism, 9 , 178 -79, 182 , 216 , 234 , 275 nn. 94 and 95;
and Hook, 27 -28;
and Howe, 70 ;
and Harold Rosenberg, 139
Pound, Ezra, 5
Pragmatism, xi ;
against ideology, xii , xiv , 106 -7, 109 , 112 , 115 , 143 , 149 , 193 , 221 , 226 -29, 278 n.7;
and Bell, 217 , 218 , 219 ;
and culture, 137 , 170 ;
and Dewey, 19 -22, 72 , 126 ;
and Glazer, 224 -25;
and Hook, 19 -23, 27 -28, 43 , 76 , 79 , 125 -26, 170 , 224 , 252 n.79, 278 n.7;
and Howe, 76 , 106 -7, 252 n.79;
and Kristol, 219 , 231 -32;
and Macdonald, 37 ;
and proper radicalism, 226 -29;
and Rahv, 106 -7;
and tragic sense, 124 -26;
and Lionel Trilling, 112 , 124 -26
Prescott, William, 6
Princeton University, 37 , 135 , 205
Progressive historians, 125
Public Interest , 8 , 88 , 219 , 220 , 226
R
Rahv, Philip, 8 , 63 , 64 , 70 , 72 , 117 , 223 , 234 , 247 n.1, 250 n.46;
on ex-Communism, 105 , 106 ;
on Hook, 26 ;
Kazin on, 60 ;
and Partisan Review , 38 , 49 , 69 , 78 , 127 , 139 -40, 160 , 247 n.3, 250 n.46;
and Lionel Trilling, 120 , 121 , 122 ;
and World War II, 50 -55, 66 , 247 n.1;
in 1950s, 77 , 91
Ransom, John Crowe, 5 , 124 , 191
Readers' Digest , 152
Reagan, Ronald, 231
Reed, John, 7 , 36
Reed College, 187
Reuther, Walter, 70
Rexroth, Kenneth, 187 , 191
Rieff, Philip, 180 , 213
Riesman, David, 57 -58, 66 , 78 , 87 , 101 , 115 , 165 -66, 167 , 208 , 213 , 222 , 276 -77n.108;
on mass culture, 151 , 170 , 171 , 173 , 174 -75, 181
Roberts, Kenneth, 267 -68n.65
Rockwell, Norman, 152
Rodman, Selden, 56
Romanticism:
defined, 237 n.3;
of New York group, occasional, 154 -57, 187 -93, 218 ;
opposition to, xiii , 13 , 73 , 164 -65, 187 , 204 , 218 , 221 -29, 260 n.61
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 144
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 31
Rosenberg, Bernard, 78 , 80 -81, 83 , 98 , 165 -66, 204 ;
on mass culture, 153 -54, 155 , 156 , 157 , 164 -65, 267 n.62
Rosenberg, Harold, 8 , 9 , 72 , 134 -43, 167 , 234 ;
on action painting, 136 -39, 153 , 162 ;
and Americans for Intellectual Freedom, 29 , 30 ;
and art, 136 -39, 142 -43, 158 , 160 , 161 , 162 ;
and Bell, 140 , 262 n.108;
and Commentary , 64 ;
on containment, 93 -94;
and Coser, 57 ;
and
Dissent , 83 ;
on ex-Communism, 128 , 130 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 -49;
and Greenberg, 137 , 139 , 140 , 162 -63;
and Hook, 93 , 140 -42, 262 n.108;
on intellectuals, 12 , 99 -100, 227 , 235 ;
on mass culture, 152 -53, 156 , 157 , 263 n.113;
and Partisan Review , 49 -50, 63 ;
on tradition of the new, 137 -39, 142 -43, 184 ;
on Lionel Trilling, 119 -20, 121
Rovere, Richard, 50 , 79 , 80
Royce, Josiah, 18
Rozhansky, Ivan, 32
Rudd, Mark, 205
S
Saint Lawrence University, 135
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 32
Saturday Review , 28
Schapiro, Meyer, 8 , 9 , 52 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 72 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 160 , 161 , 162
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 6 , 33 , 59 -60, 80 , 236
Schuman, Frederick, 16 , 242 n.36
Schumpeter, Joseph, 6 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 108 , 182 , 239 n.15, 256 n.141, 276 n.102
Schwartz, Delmore, 24 , 120 , 159 , 191
Seligman, Ben B., 7 , 83 , 95 -97
Selznick, Philip, 87 , 205
Seven Arts , 5
Shachtmanites, 57 , 61 , 8l, 249 n.29
Shakespeare, William, 171
Shapley, Harlow, 1 -2, 14 -17, 32 , 42 -43, 44 , 47 , 228
Shils, Edward, 7 , 165 -69, 213 , 219 , 239 n.15, 262 n.108, 267 nn. 50 and 51;
on mass culture, 151 , 154 -56, 168 , 171 , 175 ;
and sociology, 165 -66
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 14 , 46
Silone, Ignazio, 97 , 105 -6, 109 , 140 , 219 , 258 n.19
Simmel, Georg, 58 , 166
Simons, Henry, 6 , 97
Singer, Milton, 213
Slesinger, Tess, 64
Smith, Adam, 223
Smith College, 16 , 88
Snyder, Gary, 187 , 192
Social Democratic Federation, 212
Social democrats, 26 , 30 , 62 , 86 , 91 , 99 , 107 , 207 , 211 , 212 , 215 , 221
Socialist Party, 18 , 23 , 62
Sociology:
conflict theory, 57 -58, 165 -66, 216 ;
ethnographic and community studies, 87 ;
structural functionalism, 165 -66, 216 , 219 , 267 n.51, 275 n.93;
Weberian, 166
Solow, Herbert, 64
Sontag, Susan, 8 , 139 , 178 -79, 182 , 194 , 197
Sorbonne, 56 , 57
Spectator , 3
Spender, Stephen, 109
Sperber, Manes, 140 , 219
Stalin, Joseph, xii , 24 , 52 , 55 , 93 , 146 -47, 148
Stanford University, 205 , 208 -9
State Department, U.S., 1 , 15 -16, 30 , 94
Stearns, Harold, 5 , 37
Stedman, Edmund Clarence, 4
Steffens, Lincoln, 7 , 36
Stein, Gertrude, 5
Steinfels, Peter, xii
Stoddard, Richard Henry, 4
Stravinsky, Igor, 121
Students for a Democratic Society, 204 -6, 208 , 209
Sunday, Billy, 103
Swados, Harvey, 55 , 82 , 83
Sweezy, Paul, 93 , 95
Swope Plan, 62
Symposium , 49
Syracuse University, 158
T
Tate, Allen, 5 , 124
Teachers College, 15
Thackrey, T. O., 42
Third camp:
in democratic socialism, 65 , 66 , 68 , 85 , 90 , 92 -94;
at Dissent , 92 -94;
on World War II, 51 , 53 , 55 , 60
Thomas, Norman, 29 , 62 , 91
Thompson, E. P., 177 , 178
Thoreau, Henry David, 4 , 39 , 74 , 187
Tikkun , 234
Time , 75 , 264 n.1
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 89 , 157 , 164 , 217
Tolstoy, Leo, 27
Toomer, Jean, 5
Tragic sense of life, xiii , 102 , 104 , 124 -26, 142 , 175 , 199 , 216 , 219 , 224 -25, 237 -38n.4
Treasury Department, U.S., 135
Trilling, Diana, 35 , 38 , 64 , 90 , 114 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 215 ;
and New Left, 206 , 207 , 208
Trilling, Lionel, 8 , 9 , 63 , 72 , 116 -27, 135 , 160 , 161 , 234 , 236 , 260 n.61;
on adversary culture, 122 , 222 -23;
and Bell, 214 ;
on complexity and the tragic sense of life, 124 -26, 142 , 219 ;
and Howe, 69 , 70 , 121 ;
on intellectuals, 12 ;
and liberal conservatism, 99 , 115 ;
and Menorah Journal , 64 ;
and Middle of the Journey , 103 , 110 -13, 121 , 194 ;
and New Left, 205 -6;
and Partisan Review , 52 ;
and Podhoretz, 194 , 198 , 122 ;
and Riesman, 58
Trotsky, Leon, 37 , 38 , 70 , 119 , 160 , 265 -66n.32
Trotskyism, xii , 8 , 23 , 24 -25, 30 , 33 , 37 , 50 , 51 -53, 71 , 75 , 86 , 107 , 167 , 239 n.16, 249 n.29
Truman, Harry, 39
Trumbull, Jonathan, 3
Tugwell, Rexford, 31
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 6
Twain, Mark, 4
U
Union of Soviet Writers, 32
United Auto Workers, 56 , 70
United Nations, 231
University of Birmingham, 177
University of California: at Berkeley, 21 , 88 , 183 , 205 , 207 , 222 , 272 n.44;
at Los Angeles, 14
University of Chicago, 6 , 31 , 57 , 83 , 97 , 135 , 136 , 142 , 167 , 205 , 212 -14
University of London, 14
University of Maryland, 58
University of North Carolina, 31
University of Pennsylvania, 56 , 87
University of Southern Illinois, 135
University of Vienna, 96
University of Washington, 83
University of Wisconsin, 118 , 207
V
van den Haag, Ernest, 171
Vanity Fair , 5
Vassar College, 31 , 37
Veblen, Thorstein, 6
Vietnam War, 94 , 196 -97, 198 , 200 , 233 , 272 n.44
Village Voice , 187 -88, 201
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 43
W
Wadleigh, Julian, 128
Wald, Alan, xii
Waldorf Conference, 1 -3, 13 -17, 28 -35, 40 -49, 51 , 55 , 68 , 69 , 76 , 104 , 150 , 185 , 226 , 228 -29, 230 , 241 n.28, 242 n.37, 244 -45n.85, 246 n.112
Wallace, Henry, 39 , 45
Wall Street Journal , 231
Walzer, Michael, 8 , 83 , 178 , 194 , 204 , 220 , 236
Warren, Robert Penn, 5
Warshow, Robert, 64 , 77 -78, 163
Weber, Max, 58 , 166 , 216 , 219
Welch, Lew, 187
Whalen, Philip, 187
Wharton, Edith, 117
Wheelwright, John, 160
Wheelwright, Philip, 49
White, David Manning, 154 , 155
White, Morton, 126
Whitman, Walt, 4 , 74 , 187 , 192
Wilder, Thornton, 121
Wieser, Friedrich von, 256 n.141
Williams, Raymond, 139 , 173 , 176 -77, 178 , 216 , 241 n.25, 264 -65n.14, 267 -68n.65
Williams, William Carlos, 192
Wills, Garry, 236
Wilson, Edmund, 5 , 6 , 7 , 26 , 35 , 37 , 41 , 122 -23, 182 , 235 , 238 n.12, 260 n.61
Wilson, Everett, 132
Wilson, Woodrow, 165
Wolfe, Bertram, 29 , 33
Wolfe, Tom, 236
Woodbridge, Frederick J. E., 19
Woodcock, George, 83
Woollcott, Alexander, 5
Works Progress Administration, 135 , 159 , 183
World Congress of Partisans of Peace, 34
Wreszin, Michael, 249 nn. 24 and 25 , 262 n.107
Wright, Richard, 6 , 32
Wrong, Dennis, xiv , 59 , 165 -66, 227
Y
Yale University, 14 , 36 , 37 , 58 , 63 , 118 , 196
Young People's Socialist League, 56 , 71 , 212