The Calligraphic State "d0e10361"

INDEX

References to illustrations are printed in italic type.

A

al-'Abbas Ibn al-Imam, 194 , 309 n32

'Abd Allah b. Miftah, 40

'Abd al-Qadir bin Abd Allah, 93 , 307 n20

al-'Abdin, 'Ali Zain, 50

'Abduh, Muhammad, 150

Abu Bakr, 48 , 272 n28, 276 n40

Abu Da'ud, 45

Abu Hanifa, 18 , 143 , 299 n9

Abu Shuja'. See Al-Mukhtasar

Aden, 21 , 41 ;

British in, 8 , 47 , 59 , 65 , 66 , 101 , 110 , 224 , 254 ;

education in, 112 -13;

nationalism in, 52 , 111 -12, 119 ;

newspapers in, 293 n23;

and trade, 9 , 12 , 47 , 111 -12, 241

'Afif, Ahmad Jabir, 9

Ahmadiyya school (Ta'izz), 114 , 116 , 130

al-Akwa', 'Ali b. Husayn, 110 , 114

al-Akwa', Isma'il b. 'Ali, 5 , 40 , 110 , 125 , 141 , 173 , 185 , 193 , 269 n36, 287 n43;

historical writing of, 128 , 130 ;

and printing press, 119 , 127 ;

in prison, 111 ;

on schools, 87 , 89 -90, 94 , 156

al-Akwa', Muhammad b. 'Ali, 5 , 47 , 97 , 125 , 127 , 130 , 282 n1, 291 n45, 296 n62;

jailing of, 110 , 111 ;

A Page From the Social History of Yemen and the Story of My Life , 128 ;

on Quranic schools, 75 -77, 81 , 82 , 85 , 89 , 94

Algeria, 62 , 65

Amedroz, H., 143

al-Amir, Muhammad Isma'il, 140 , 141 , 272 n31

al-'Amri, al-Qadi 'Abd Allah, 242

al-'Amri, Husayn b. 'Abd Allah, 267 n28, 271 n21, 272 nn22, 32, 273 n33, 285 nn28, 31, 299 n15

al-'Amri, Husayn b. 'Ali, 128 , 190 , 193 , 307 n20

Anderson, Benedict, 2 , 117

Anderson, J. N. D., 60 , 63 , 65

al-'Ansi, Salih, 45 , 46

al-'Ansi family, 102 , 189

Arabic Government School (Aden), 112

Asad, Talal, 2 -3, 279 n19

al-'Awdi, Muhammad Zain, 114 , 197

al-Azhar. See Kitab al-Azhar

al-Azhar mosque-university, 20

al-'Azm, Nazih al-Mu'ayyad, 52 , 170 , 192 , 231

B

Ba'dan, 110 , 111

al-Badr, Muhammad, 114

Baghdad, 15 , 16 , 19 , 107 , 129 , 265 n2

Bakhtin, M. M., 166 , 265 n4, 269 n39

Basalama, Isma'il, 47 -48, 50 , 52 , 53 , 112 , 170 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 232 , 286 n39, 309 n30, 313 n9, 314 n15

al-Basir, Ahmad, 103 , 130 , 225 , 275 n38, 276 nn39, 40

Basra, 20

Beirut, 116 , 129 , 231

Benjamin, Walter, 240

Berkes, Niyazi, 101 , 275 n38

Bookkeeping, 8 , 231 , 237 -41, 248 ;

international (duwali ) method of, 239

Bourdieu, Pierre, 5 , 107 , 249 , 250 , 266 n7

Bousquet, G.-H., 66 , 67 , 281 n42

― 334 ―

Bowen, H., 140 , 145

British Empire, 8 , 51 , 53 , 59 , 65 , 66 , 101 , 254 .

See also Aden

Bujra, Abdalla S., 160

al-Burayhi, 'Abd al-Wahhab ibn 'Abd al-Rahman, 41 , 94 , 149

Burman, S. B., 62

C

Cairo, 16 , 19 , 20 , 111 , 116 , 119 , 129 , 247

Calligraphy (khatt ), 29 , 81 , 117 , 209 , 212 , 213 , 215 , 223 , 231 , 239 , 242 ;

and layout of towns, 246 -48;

and schools, 248 ;

and the state, 248 .

See also Writing

Carapico, Sheila, 11

Cassirer, Ernst, 237

Center for Yemeni Studies, 130 , 297 n65

Child rearing (hadana ), 78 -79

Children:

age of discernment of, 78 , 80 ;

and call to prayer, 80 ;

circumcision of, 81 ;

and correct comportment (adab ), 77 , 78 , 81 , 119 , 156 ;

intellectual maturity (rushd ) of, 78 -79, 82 -83;

physical maturity (bulugh ) of, 78 -79, 277 n7;

ritual activities of, 80 , 283 n9

Citizen, idea of (muwatin ), 53 , 105 , 117 , 122 , 196 , 254

Civil Code (1979), 69 , 196

Clanchy, M. T., 28

Code, legislated, 7 , 53 , 54 -58, 68 -72, 250 , 253 , 254 , 305 n2.

See also Law; Majalla

Code of Procedure (1976), 69

Committee for Yemeni History, 124 , 130

Constitutional Movement (dusturiyya ), 110 -11.

See also Coup of 1948

Contracts, 18 , 58 , 70 , 78 , 159 , 180 , 205 , 213 , 222 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 234 -36

Coon, Carleton, 242

Coulson, N. J., 143

Coup of 1948, 110 , 111 , 113 , 119 , 294 n39

Courts:

of appeal, 190 -91, 307 n19, 308 n22;

bureaucratization of, 187 -92, 254 ;

civil (nizami ), 55 , 70 ;

commercial, 70 , 183 , 186 ;

and critical texts, 196 -200;

locus of, 144 -45, 164 , 167 , 168 , 174 -75, 247 ;

Nizamiyya, 187 ;

and order (nizam ), 187 -88;

reform of, 7 , 101 , 196 ;

shari'a , 4 , 7 , 18 , 38 , 51 , 55 , 209 -10;

and shari'a schools, 142

Culture:

of the book, 7 , 29 , 269 n36, 292 n11, 296 n57;

print, 7 , 115 -31, 253 , 292 nn5, 13, 293 n14

Custom ('urf ), 182 -86

D

Damascus, 16 , 129

De Certeau, M., 79

Derrida, Jacques, 25 , 205 , 227 , 228

Dhamar, 10 , 90 , 110 , 192 , 271 n20, 293 n15

Doctors (tabibs ), 83 , 283 n16

Documents:

basmala phrase in, 196 , 210 , 228 , 234 , 239 , 240 , 242 ;

chastity of, 209 -11, 217 ;

customary (muharrarat 'urfiyya ), 216 , 228 ;

and family power, 218 , 220 , 221 -22;

legal, 7 , 8 , 203 -6;

official (muharrarat rasmiyya ), 216 ;

registration of, 222 -23, 230 , 253 , 254 ;

sale/purchase (basira ), 213 , 219 , 220 , 227 -29, 234 , 235, 236 , 312 n49, 313 n4;

witnesses to, 222 ;

writers of, 223 -25

Douglas, J. Leigh, 9

Dresch, Paul, 40 , 65 , 160 , 302 n7, 314 n15

al- Du'ais, Hasan, 111

Durkheim, Emile, 227

E

East Africa, 19

Education, 99 -114, 269 n33, 287 nn2-3, 288 nn5-8, 289 n22;

and changes in pedagogical technique, 105 -6;

for girls, 102 , 105 ;

legal, 253 ;

and politics of instruction, 107 -14.

See also Schools

Egypt, 56 , 63 , 101 , 102 , 109 , 126 , 129 , 130 , 150 , 241 , 275 n38;

basic texts in, 3 ;

Code of 1931, 190 ;

French occupation of, 116 ;

Mamluk, 140 ;

Shafi'i school in, 19 , 35 ;

Yemeni students in, 107

Eickelman, Dale F., 88 , 89 , 269 n32

Endowments:

pious, 95 -98, 96 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 145 , 238 , 239 , 274 n36, 286 -87nn34-43, 312 n48, 313 n9.

See also Schools: endowments for

Engels, Friedrich, 160

Ethnography, 3 , 5 , 228

F

Fasting, 78 , 155 , 157

Fatima (daughter of Prophet Muhammad), 38

Fatwas, 136 -40, 144 , 145 , 149 -51, 152 , 168 , 170 , 173 , 213 , 234 ;

vs. judgments, 146

"Fatwa Show" (radio), 141

Fischer, Michael M. J., 88 , 285 n18

Foucault, Michel, 2 , 30 , 62 , 102 , 105 , 152 , 237 , 239 , 248 ;

and "space of knowledge," 8 , 231 , 249 -50

France, 65 , 68 , 102

Frankfurther, Justice Felix, 167 -68

Free Yemenis, 110 , 119

French Civil Code of 1804, 57 -58, 63

Fundamentalists, 17 , 68 , 70

― 335 ―

G

Geertz, Clifford, 2 , 157 , 228 , 248 , 301 nn18, 21, 303 n21, 310 n15

Gerholm, Tomas, 160 , 277 n42, 301 n19

Al-Ghaya , 129

al-Ghazzali, Abu Hamid Muhammad b. Muhammad, 29 , 33 , 44

al-Ghazzi, Ibn al-Qasim, 32 , 35 , 66 , 87 , 164 , 180 , 206 , 209 , 210 , 280 n41

Gibb, H. A. R., 140 , 145

Goddard, Lord Justice, 167

Goldziher, I., 148

Goody, Jack, 24 , 223 , 239 , 250 , 267 n24, 279 n20, 312 n52, 313 n6, 315 n24

Gottheil, R., 143

Gramsci, A., 159

Great Mosque (Ibb), 12 , 97 , 103 , 138 , 145 , 248 , 275 n38, 291 n42;

endowments for, 95 , 102 , 114 , 238 , 286 n39, 313 n9;

and students, 83 , 84 , 86 , 89 , 297 n3

Great Mosque (San'a'), 120 , 121 , 122

H

Habitus, 19 , 75 , 89 , 251 , 265 -66n7, 285 n19

Hadawiyya school. See Zaidi school

al-Haddad, 'Abd al-Rahman, 20 , 45 , 46 -49, 76 , 84 , 130 , 145 , 191 , 274 n37, 276 n39, 293 n15, 308 n28

al-Haddad, Abu Bakr, 130

al-Haddad, Ahmad b. Muhammad, 20 , 75 -76, 82 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 95 , 117 , 141 , 183 , 190 , 193 , 272 n30, 293 n15;

autobiography of, 306 n16

al-Haddad, 'Ali b. Naji, 45 , 46 , 49 , 76 , 145

al-Haddad, Muhammad b. Yahya, 114 , 125 , 127 , 130 , 196

Hadith studies, 21 , 31 , 34 , 42 , 45 , 48 , 92 , 95 , 108 , 152 , 204 , 206 , 269 n42, 272 n31, 299 n10;

and advanced instruction (darasa ), 85 ;

printing of, 115 ;

and recitation, 26 , 91 , 154 ;

and "science of men" ('ilm al-rijal ), 24 , 207 , 215 ;

and sunna , 23 -24;

and transmission of knowledge, 212 , 213

Hadramawt, 41 , 150 , 275 n38

Hajja prison, 111

al-Hakim, Tawfiq:

The Maze of Justice , 197

Hallaq, Wael B., 44 , 299 nn25, 27

al-Hamdi, Ibrahim, 197

Hamid al-Din, Ahmad b. Yahya (Imam Ahmad), 38 , 50 , 114 , 125 , 129 , 130 , 170 , 191 , 192 , 220 , 242 , 243 , 272 n30, 314 n15

Hamid al-Din, Yahya (Imam Yahya), 38 , 47 , 113 , 145 , 168 , 170 , 172 , 268 n29, 284 n16;

accession of, 46 , 51 ;

availability of, 169 , 302 n8;

and courts, 187 , 193 , 299 n3;

and documents, 232 , 240 ;

and judges, 185 , 191 , 192 , 216 ;

library of, 115 , 121 , 122 ;

and Ottomans, 107 -9, 189 ;

personal interpretations (ikhtiyarat ) of, 48 , 211 , 272 n30;

and publishing, 115 , 116 , 119 , 129 ;

and punishments, 52 ;

seals of, 242 , 314 n15;

and Yemeni history, 123 , 124 , 127

Hamid al-Din family, 8 , 38 , 40 , 124 , 242 .

See also Imams: Zaidi

Hanafi school, 19 , 49 , 54 , 62 , 143 , 189 , 205 , 281 n42, 286 n38

Harrel-Bond, B. E., 62

al-Hasan, Sayf al-Islam, 113 , 173 , 194 , 309 n32

Havelock, Eric, 267 n24

Hazr residence, 83 , 84 , 89 , 104 , 285 n22, 286 n36

Historians, 5 , 15 , 41 , 75 , 123 -31

History:

art of, 123 ;

biographical, 5 , 15 , 16 , 20 , 24 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 89 , 105 , 127 , 128 , 143 , 156 , 254 , 274 n37;

chronicles, 128 ;

official, 123 -31

Hoadley, Bishop, 135

Hodgson, Marshall, 159 , 276 n40

Howard, E. C., 66

al-Hudayda, 102

Hurgronje, C. Snouck, 22 , 60 , 116 , 148

Hussein, Taha, 197

Hyderabad, 116

I

Ibb, 4 , 9 , 10 -11 , 12 , 19 , 20 , 217 , 271 n19, 273 n36;

in 1872, 49 ;

expansion of, 178 -79, 246 -47;

mufti of, 135 -40, 141 , 149 , 225 , 306 n16;

Quranic schools in, 21 , 114 ;

residents of, 15 ;

scholars in, 24 , 27 , 41 , 45 ;

and trade, 112

Ibn 'Alwan, Ahmad, 50 , 276 n40

Ibn al-Wardi, 27 , 268 n29

Ibn Hajar, 87 , 150

Ibn Hanbal, 18

Ibn Khaldun, 18 -19, 21 , 37 , 39 , 75 , 142 , 144 , 155 , 160 , 266 n7, 285 n19, 311 nn27, 28

Ibn Malik, 27

Ibn Samura, 5 , 19 , 20 , 29 , 40 -41, 93 , 128 , 269 n36, 274 n37

Ibn Taymiyya, 148

Iklil (al-Hamdani), 111

Imams:

authority of, 142 , 194 , 242 , 251 , 270 n11;

and education, 107 , 115 ;

and government, 7 , 37 , 50 , 52 -53, 169 , 206 ;

requirements for, 38 -39, 270 nn4, 5;

― 336 ―

Imams: authority of (continued)

shari'a politics of, 7 , 49 -53, 65 ;

Sunni, 39 ;

of Yemen, 4 , 7 , 126 ;

Zaidi, 8 , 37 -38, 39 , 40 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 113 , 130 , 142 , 169 , 185 , 211

al-Iman (the Faith), 118 , 276 n40, 294 n39

India, 8 , 62 , 65 , 101 , 112 , 280 n39, 288 n5

Indian Ocean, 8 , 11 , 21 , 112

Indonesia, 3

Interpretation:

and intermediacy, 153 , 300 n3

Interpretation (ijtihad ), 42 -44, 45 , 48 , 56 -57, 108 , 109 , 140 , 142 , 253 ;

and consensus, 148 , 157 ;

and hierarchy, 7 , 166 , 251 ;

and human links (isnad ), 15 -16, 43 , 207 , 212 ;

methods of, 147 ;

of muftis vs. judges, 143 , 299 n30;

and points of law, 211 ;

relations of, 135 -51, 153 , 251 ;

techniques of, 149 ;

use of analogy (qiyas ) in, 147 -48, 150 , 151 , 158 ;

worldly, 146 -49

Interpreter (mujtahid ), 7 , 38 , 39 , 43 -44, 45 , 56 , 153 , 249 -50, 274 n37;

and commander, 38 , 39

Iran, 37 , 88

Iraq, 35 , 107 , 278 n57

al-Iryani, 'Abd al-Rahman, 111 , 193

al-Iryani, Yahya b. Muhammad, 192 -93, 307 n20, 314 n16

Istanbul, 47 , 189 , 190 , 223 , 273 n35, 277 n45

Italians, 51 , 277 n45

J

Jabal Ba'dan, 10 , 11

Jakobson, R. 26

Jalaliyya Mosque, 101 , 104

al-Janadi, 41

Java, 20

Jerusalem:

mufti of, 145

Jibla, 45 , 97 , 114 , 116 , 120 , 190 , 268 n29

al-Jirafi, 'Abd Allah, 5 , 123 -25, 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 307 n20

Judges, 7 , 22 , 135 , 142 -49, 163 , 168 -169, 188 , 190 , 253 , 271 n20, 283 n14, 306 n14;

and arbitration, 185 , 304 n43, 305 nn49-51;

and compromise, 184 -85;

and documents, 219 ;

and experience (mumarasa ), 186 ;

and governors, 171 -72;

and haiba (awe, fear, respect), 165 -66, 169 , 172 , 189 , 240 ;

imamic, 192 -95, 309 n29;

and judgments, 146 , 191 ;

knowledge ('ilm ) of, 176 -82;

and locally-accepted custom ('urf ), 177 , 182 -86;

Muslim vs. Anglo-American, 147 , 195 ;

and personal encounters (muwajaha ), 167 -71, 172 , 173 , 177 , 178 , 181 , 186 , 191 , 195 , 206 , 208 , 229 , 248 ;

and petitions (shakwa ), 170 -76, 196 , 224 , 247 , 251 , 302 n10, 303 nn13, 14, 307 n20;

and punishment, 282 n2;

requirements for, 208 , 209 , 310 n13;

and social differences, 163 -65;

tenure of, 194 -95;

and witnesses, 177 -78, 208 .

See also Muftis

Jurisprudence (fiqh ):

attitude of Ottoman reformers to, 54 , 55 ;

shari'a , 3 , 4 , 5 , 17 -18, 20 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 85 , 92 , 249 ;

sources of (usul al-fiqh ), 16 , 17 , 30 , 44 -45, 69 , 95 ;

study of, 131

al-Juwayni, 33 , 34 , 45 , 142 , 147 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 157 , 158 , 283 n15;

Pages (Waraqat ), 44

K

Kennedy, John G., 11

Keyzer, S., 66 -67, 280 n41, 281 n42

Khalil, 20

Khatam ceremonies, 81 -82 , 84 , 86 , 93 , 283 n13

al-Khazraji, 41

al-Kibsi, 117 , 127

Kitab al-Azhar (The Book of Flowers), 39 -40, 42 , 44 , 48 , 68 , 86 , 87 , 114 , 117 , 129 , 164 , 165 , 185 , 268 n31, 271 n20;

punishments (hudud ) in, 278 n52

Knowledge:

common, 79 , 157 -59;

customary, 182 -86;

embodied, 15 , 43 , 80 , 87 , 249 -50;

genealogies of scholarly, 15 -16, 19 , 22 -23, 24 , 43 , 128 , 207 ;

and ignorance, 153 -56;

judicial, 176 -86;

and power, 34 , 152 , 166 ;

space of, 8 , 249 -50;

transmission of formal, 84 -94;

modern "useful," 101 , 108 ;

value placed on acquisition of, 154 ;

and witnessing, 161 , 207 ;

women's v. men's, 179 -80

L

Lahj, Sultanate of, 190 , 216 , 224 , 288 n6

Lancaster, Joseph, 102 , 104 , 106

Language:

Arabic, 26 , 56 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 103 , 115 , 118 , 130 , 156 , 228 -29, 267 n25, 292 n3;

English, 66 , 69 , 112 ;

French, 66 , 67 , 68 , 103 , 207 , 241 , 289 n14;

Greek, 267 n24;

Latin, 66 ;

literary (al-fusha ), 156 ;

Malay, 66 ;

"ordinary" (al-'ammiyya ), 156 ;

Ottoman Turkish, 56 , 103 , 115 , 118 , 241 , 289 n14;

and the Quran, 156 ;

science of, 85

Law, 36 ;

Anglo-Muhammadan, 65 ;

criminal, 62 ;

customary, 65 , 140 , 182 -86;

Dutch, 62 ;

French, 55 , 61 ;

of inheritance, 138 , 211 , 218 , 219 -20, 271 n20;

Islamic, 3 , 4 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 195 , 205 , 280 n40;

Ottoman, 187 -92;

and private property, 62 , 97 -98, 227 , 252 ;

and rationalism, 58 , 63 ;

Roman,

― 337 ―

60 , 65 ;

secular vs. sacred, 61 , 64 , 146 ;

supplementary administrative (qanun ), 57 ;

Swiss, 58 , 64 ;

Western, 3 -4, 55 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 68 , 195 , 207 , 230

Legal representatives (wukala' ), 224 , 312 n42.

See also Documents

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 237

Libraries, 7 , 29 , 115 , 269 n36;

reform of, 119 -22

Literate tradition, 7 , 24 -25, 28 -29, 156 , 252 ;

recitation v. writing in, 89 -90, 92 , 204 -5, 209 -10, 252

Literature, shurut , 205 , 210 , 227

Lower Yemen, 10 , 19 , 39 , 40 -41, 45 , 47 , 53 , 113 , 114 , 130 , 191 , 192 , 271 n20, 306 n12;

historians of, 41 , 308 n25;

insurrection in, 49 -50;

speech of, 271 n19.

See also Ibb

M

Ma'ain, village of, 110 , 114 , 290 n41

Madrasa 'ilmiyya (San'a'), 108 -9, 113 -14, 116 , 119 , 125 , 130 , 309 n29

al-Mahdi, 'Abd Allah, 194

Maine, Sir Henry, 15 , 58 , 59 -60, 63 , 252 , 280 n34

Majalla (Ottoman civil code), 54 -58, 61 , 63 , 64 , 69 , 189 , 206 , 279 n16, 304 n34

Majmu' Zaid bin 'Ali , 129

Makdisi, George, 141 , 265 n2, 285 n18, 293 n18

al-Makhadir, 190 , 268 n29

Maktari, A. M. A., 40 , 224

Malaya, 20

Malik ibn Anas, 18

Maliki school, 19 , 20 , 205 , 208 , 212 , 267 n26, 281 n42

Mansur, Imam, 51

Manuals (mutun ), 3 -4, 5 , 17 -19, 21 , 24 -25, 26 , 35 , 92 , 117 ;

branches (furu' ), 44 , 69 , 142 , 147 , 208 ;

publication of, 129 ;

and reform, 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ;

roots (usul ), 45 , 69 , 142 , 147 , 148 , 152 , 153 ;

shari'a , 3 -4, 5 , 6 -7, 209 , 213 ;

in verse, 27 , 267 nn27, 28;

Zaidi, 39 -40.

See also Jurisprudence; Texts

Manuscript copying, 29 , 90 , 117 -18, 127 , 215 , 239 -43, 293 nn16, 17, 313 n9;

original vs. copy in, 29 -30

al-Maqbali, Husayn b. Muhammad, 192

Marriage, 162 -63, 301 n23

Marx, Karl, 6 , 159

Mauss, Marcel, 3

Mecca, 12 , 16 , 24 , 39 , 91 , 116 , 129 , 157 , 275 n37

Memorization, 21 -23, 28 -29, 30 , 77 , 81 , 84 -85, 86 -87, 90 , 193 , 249 , 268 nn29, 32

Merchants, 12 , 49 , 112 , 183 , 309 n30;

and documentation, 221 , 241 ;

Hadrami, 47

Messick, Brinkley, 9 , 65 , 175 , 240

Al-Minhaj (Muhyi al-Din al-Nawawi), 20 , 46 , 48 , 59 , 68 , 78 , 86 ;

memorization of, 27 , 154 ;

as original text, 33 ;

terminology of, 34 -35;

translations of, 21 , 66 , 67 .

See also Shafi'i school

Mitchell, Timothy, 248 , 253

Mocha, 49

Morocco, 65 , 84 , 88 , 248 , 269 n33, 303 n12

Mottahedeh, Roy, 88 , 162 , 165

El Moudden, Aberrahman, 248

Mu'adh bin Jabal, 192

al-Mudhaykhira, 193

Muftis, 135 -49, 152 , 251 , 253 , 298 nn3, 4, 6;

definition of term, 140 ;

and judges, 142 -49;

of Ottoman Province of Yemen, 145

Muhammad, Prophet, 16 , 22 , 23 , 34 , 80 , 95 , 126 , 144 , 157 , 192 , 204 , 207 , 208 , 224 ;

death of, 17 ;

descendants of, 37 , 38 , 39 , 50 , 51 , 113 , 124 , 160 , 270 n10, 301 n23

al-Mujahid family, 271 n20

Al-Mukhtasar (Abu Shuja'), 20 , 21 , 27 , 33 , 48 , 62 , 68 ;

translations of, 66

al-Mulk, Nizam, 171

al-Murtada, Imam al-Mahdi Ahmad b. Yahya, 39 , 48 , 50 , 268 n31;

Bahr al-zakhkhar , 129 .

N

al-Nahi, Faqih, 15 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 265 n1

Napoleon, 116

Nationalism, 2 , 9 , 41 , 52 , 70 , 110 , 113 , 117 , 119 , 193 , 278 n57

Nation-states, 2 , 7 , 36 , 70 , 248 , 253

al-Nawawi, Muhyi al-Din, 20 , 33 , 34 -35, 62 , 78 , 156 ;

on arbitration, 185 ;

on gender in legal undertakings, 180 ;

on hierarchy, 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 300 nn10, 11, 301 n23;

on judges, 142 , 143 -44, 177 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 194 , 209 , 210 , 211 ;

on requirements for imams, 39 , 270 n11;

on witnesses, 180 -81, 204 , 205 , 207 , 208 .

O

Obermeyer, Gerald J., 118

Ong, Walter, 24 , 28 , 267 n24, 313 n3

Ottoman code, 7 , 53 , 54 -58, 277 n47, 279 n18

Ottoman Commercial Code (1850), 55

Ottoman Empire, 8 , 9 , 19 , 46 , 57 , 115 , 116 , 140 , 195 , 275 n38, 277 n44, 303 n12;

demise of, 107 ;

reform movement (tanzimat ) in, 54 , 101

Ottoman Public School Law of 1869, 101

Ottoman Turks, 7 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 107 , 115 , 273 n36, 277 n42

P

Pashukanis, Evgeny B., 57

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), 8 , 19

Perron, translator of Khalil, 67 , 281 n42

Peters, Frank, 67 , 147 , 279 n30

Peterson, J. E., 9

Petitions (shakwas ), 170 -76, 196 , 224 , 302 n10, 303 nn13, 14, 307 n20

Plato, 27 , 267 n24;

Phaedrus , 25 , 211

Poetics, 231 , 252

Prayer, 23 , 78 , 155 , 157 , 275 n38;

call to, 80 , 83 , 179 ;

leaders of, 156 , 300 n10

Presence (concept), 6 , 7 , 25 -27, 92 , 168 , 172 , 205 , 206 , 252 -53;

in instruction, 84 -92;

judicial, 167 -76, 181 ;

in witnessing, 205 -11

Printing presses, 115 , 291 n5.

See also Culture: print

Private ownership (milk ), 62 , 97 -98, 227 , 229 , 312 n48

Public instruction (ma'arif ), 101 -7, 108 , 109 , 115 , 117 , 120 , 122 , 124 , 130

Publishing, state, 7 , 115 , 118 , 119 .

See also Culture: print

Punishments, Quaranic (hudud ), 51 -52, 176 , 277 nn46, 47, 278 nn52, 53, 303 n19

Q

al-Qarafi, Ahmad, 142 , 146 , 151 , 304 n33

Qasim bin Muhammad, Imam, 122

Qasimi line, 49 , 272 n32

qat -chewing, 11 , 83 , 89 , 106 , 111 , 135 , 170 , 179 , 184 , 198 , 248 , 268 n29

al-Qudsi, 275 nn37, 38, 276 n40

Quran, 6 ;

as "clear text" (al-kitab al-mubin ), 35 ;

compared with Bible, 22 ;

exegesis (tafsir ) of, 42 , 45 , 48 , 85 , 115 , 146 , 269 n44;

and law, 70 , 71 , 146 , 196 , 203 -4, 206 , 221 ;

and medical cures, 284 n16;

opening (fatiha ) of, 23 , 227 -28;

as original text, 16 , 31 , 34 , 45 , 75 , 92 , 112 , 147 , 148 , 152 , 153 , 208 ;

paradigmatic qualities of, 21 , 22 , 227 ;

printing of, 115 -16;

and shari'a , 61 , 154 ;

shortening of, 192 ;

and the Sunna, 33 ;

on use of documents, 203 -4;

written form of, 22 , 267 n25;

Ya Sin chapter of, 86 .

See also Memorization; Schools: Quranic

Quraysh, 39 , 270 n10, 301 n23

R

Rabat, 247

al-Rafi'i, 33

Ramadan, 95 , 135 , 157 , 268 n29

al-Ramli, Muhammad, 87

Rasulid dynasty, 40 , 284 n16, 286 n37

Reading (mutala'a ), 90 -91, 121 , 127 , 252 ;

techniques of, 7

Recitation (qira'a ), 21 -30, 84 -92, 97 , 121 , 252 , 285 nn21, 27, 286 n41;

and composition, 27 ;

letter-for-letter, 26 ;

and versification, 26 -27;

and voweling, 26 , 33 , 34 , 88 .

See also Writing

Red Sea, 8 , 49

Redfield, Robert, 2

Reform Society, 110 , 111 , 291 n43

Registers, scribal, 237 -41, 247 -48, 273 n35

Republic of Yemen, 8 , 9

Revelation, 17 , 33 , 252

Revolution of 1962, 8 , 40 , 75 , 82 , 105 , 114 , 127 , 130 , 137 , 291 n49;

First Proclamation of, 53 ;

military in, 107 , 110 ;

reforms of, 36 , 72 , 197 , 206 , 244 , 247

Revolution School (Ibb), 99

Ricoeur, Paul, 150

Rida, Rashid, 56

al-Rihani, Amin, 107 , 108

Rituals, 18 , 61 ;

and gender differences, 80 -81;

surrounding birth, 80

Rosen, Lawrence, 301 nn18, 21, 302 n2, 303 n21, 312 n47

Rosenthal, Franz, 154

Rossi, Ettore, 116 , 117 , 118 , 119

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 25

― 339 ―

Rushdiyya (Ottoman advanced primary school), 101 -2, 103 , 104 , 116

Russia, 54

S

Sa'da, 40 , 114 , 271 n20, 291 n52

Sahih (al-Bukhari), 91 , 272 n31

Sahih (Muslim b. Hajjaj), 24 , 91 , 94 , 272 n31

al- Sahuli, Yahya b. Salih, 186 , 190

Said, Edward, 16

Sa'id, Faqih 49 , 273 n33

Sa'id Pasha, 46 , 47 , 288 n6

Saints, 274 n37;

and miracles, 274 n37;

tombs of, 49 , 274 n37, 286 n34

Salim, Sayyid Mustafa, 9 , 130 , 297 n65, 314 n13

San'a', 10 , 12 , 45 , 49 , 101 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 278 n53;

nationalist organizations in, 110 ;

schools in, 101 , 102 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 114

al-Sanhuri, Dr. 'Abd al-Razzaq, 61 , 63

Saudi Arabia, 66 , 138 , 303 n12

Saussure, F., 25 , 268 n30

Sawt al-Yaman (Voice of Yemen), 119

al-Sayaghi, Governor al-Qadi Ahmad, 82 , 170 , 173 , 194 , 247 , 314 n13

Schacht, Joseph, 60 , 61 , 63 , 65 , 140 , 147 , 148 , 151 , 167 , 168 , 277 n44

Scholars ('ulama' ), 15 -16, 39 , 41 , 56 , 68 , 82 , 224 , 251 , 253 , 276 n40;

clothing worn by, 82 -83, 225 , 274 n36;

community of, 39 ;

giving of knowledge by, 152 ;

as interpreters, 56 , 251 , 253 ;

vs. "ignorant persons" (juhhal ), 153 , 154 , 155 , 158 ;

women, 39 , 271 n13.

See also Interpretation

Schools:

advanced instruction (darasa ) in, 84 -92, 95 , 117 , 166 , 209 ;

and diplomas, 106 , 253 ;

endowments (awqaf ) for, 95 -98, 102 , 108 , 110 , 114 , 290 n32, 291 n42;

of law, 33 ;

license (ijaza ) in advanced instruction, 92 -94, 106 , 128 , 253 ;

"new method," 7 , 99 -114, 116 , 290 nn35, 36, 291 n49;

old style, 101 ;

peer learning in, 89 , 104 ;

and public instruction (ma'arif ), 101 ;

Quranic (mi'lama ), 7 , 18 , 75 -78, 79 , 81 , 84 -85, 86 , 88 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 99 -100, 103 -4, 111 , 156 , 251 , 297 n3

Schopen, A., 11

Seals, official, 8 , 231 , 241 -46, 248 , 314 nn13, 14;

of imams, 242 , 243 , 245 , 308 nn15, 17, 18;

Republican, 244-245

Serjeant, Robert B., 160 , 164 , 268 n29, 270 n7, 271 n42

al-Shafi'i, Muhammad b. Idris, 18 , 19 , 33 , 35 , 148 , 156 , 205 ;

on collective duty, 154 -55;

on knowledge, 157 -58;

Risala , 27 , 28 , 44 ;

on transmission of hadith, 26

Shafi'i school, 46 , 49 , 50 , 189 , 190 , 270 n1, 275 n39, 286 n38;

literature of, 19 -21, 66 , 163 , 281 n42;

vs. Zaidi school, 37 , 40 -42, 44 , 52 , 53 , 129 , 192 , 193 , 278 n58

al-Shamahi, 'Abd Allah, 9 , 125 , 128

al-Shami, Ahmad, 111

Sharaf al-Din, Ahmad Husayn, 125 , 127

Sharh al-Azhar , 40 , 41 , 87 , 93 , 108 , 114 , 129 , 131 , 271 n20

shari'a: colonial, 58 -66;

discourse, 3 -4, 250 , 253 ;

divine vs. humanly produced, 17 , 25 ;

politics of, 49 -53, 109 ;

spread of, 15 , 33 ;

training in, 21 .

See also Jurisprudence

Shari'a society, 152 -66, 253 ;

'alim/jahil distinction in, 155 -56, 165 , 211 , 300 n8;

and collective duty (fard kifaya ), 154 -55, 204 ;

and egalitarianism, 153 -54, 155 , 159 -61, 162 , 163 -65;

and hierarchy, 154 , 159 -66;

liminality in, 81 , 83 -84;

madhhab categories in, 19 , 50 , 52 -53, 117 ;

mobility in, 160 ;

occupational differences in, 162 ;

and social categories, 153 ;

and types of knowledge, 154 , 157 -59, 166 , 181 , 300 n12

al-Sharji, 274 n37, 276 n40

al-Shawkani, Muhammad, 42 -45, 49 , 56 , 86 , 87 , 91 , 93 , 94 , 108 , 121 , 126 , 128 , 129 , 140 , 272 n22, 274 n37;

fatwas of, 150 -51, 152 -53, 186 ;

on human interpreters, 249 ;

as judge, 148 , 186 , 190 ;

on judges, 144 , 166 ;

as mufti, 141 , 145 , 149 , 150 , 151 ;

Nayl al-awtar , 118 ;

on petitions, 171 ;

poetry of, 268 n29;

The Raging Torrent (Al-Sayl al-Jarrar ), 42 -43;

The Rising Moon , 43 ;

students of, 46 , 193 ;

on "two statuses," 155 , 156

Shi'is, 37 -38, 39 , 48 , 142 .

See also Zaidi school

al-Shirazi, 15 , 16 , 265 n2, 281 n42

Shuja' al-Din, Qasim, 83 , 284 n16, 291 n42

al-Shuwaytr, Muhammad, 271 n20

Sinna. See Teachers

Social relations, 34 , 71 , 79 -81, 118 , 152 -66, 178 -79, 253 -54.

See also Shari'a society

Socrates, 25 , 87 , 211 , 253

Southeast Asia, 19 , 37

Statecraft (siyasa ), 48 ;

and answering petitions (shakwas ), 170 -76, 196 , 224 , 302 n10, 303 nn13, 14, 307 n20;

and audiences (muwajahas ), 167 -71;

officials (mas'uls ) and, 170 , 194 -95;

and responsiveness, 38 , 170 .

See also Imams

― 340 ―

Stevenson, Thomas B., 160

Stookey, Robert W., 9 , 277 n42

Students, 154 , 283 n16;

advanced (muh'jirin ), 83 , 103 , 286 n36;

blind, 85 , 90 , 285 n22;

and bondsmen, 109

Subul al-Salam (al-Amir), 141

Sufis, 49 , 273 n33, 274 n37, 275 nn38, 39, 276 n40;

Shadhiliyya Order of, 275 n38

Sulayman Pasha, 125

Sumara Pass, 10 , 49 , 192

Sunna (the practice of the Prophet), 16 , 23 , 33 , 45 , 80 , 85 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 152 , 196 , 208 ;

importance of writing in, 213 , 214

al-Sunna, Sayf, 24 , 29 , 88 , 91 , 94 , 266 n21, 274 n37, 286 n34

Sunni schools, 18 , 19 -21, 37 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 140 , 142 , 148 , 171 , 274 n37;

leadership ideal in, 38 , 39 , 48 ;

and Ottomans, 49 .

See also Hanafi school; Shafi'i school; Texts: Shafi'i

al-Suyuti, 27 , 48 , 268 n29

Swiss Civil Code, 64

Syria, 129 , 278 n57

T

al-Tahawi, 204 , 205

Ta'izz, 10 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 102 , 103 , 114 , 116 , 119 , 170 , 191 , 192 , 286 n37, 306 n12;

government move to, 245 ;

nationalism in, 110 ;

trade in, 112

Al-Tanbih , 93

Taxation, 18 , 305 n6;

shari'a tithe, 4 , 51 , 278 n51

Teachers, 76 -77, 81 , 86 , 89 , 92 -93, 95 , 99 -100, 285 n33, 288 n8, 289 n27, 298 n3;

and students, 100 , 105 , 106 , 116 ;

in villages, 109

Texts:

authoritative, 16 -36, 53 , 66 , 70 , 127 ;

basic (mutun ), 24 , 30 -31, 33 , 35 , 85 , 86 , 92 ;

commentary (sharh ) on, 30 -31, 33 , 34 , 85 , 87 -88, 209 ;

consumption of, 217 -26;

decisive, 34 ;

expanded (matn plus sharh ), 31 , 33 , 85 ;

heard (masmu'at ), 91 -92, 93 , 94 ;

memorized (mahfuzat ), 86 ;

open, 30 -36, 56 ;

oral transmission (riwaya ) of, 22 , 45 , 75 -98, 105 , 128 , 149 , 153 , 211 ;

Ottoman, 54 -58;

printed, 127 ;

recited (maqru'at ), 87 , 92 , 93 , 94 ;

republican, 68 -72;

Shafi'i, 19 -21;

source, 16 , 17 , 30 , 148 ;

spiral, 231 -50, 254 , 313 nn1-3;

supplementary interpretation of, 30 , 33 ;

translation of, 66 -68, 281 n42.

See also Manuals

Textual domination, 1 , 5 , 38 , 251 -52.

See also Texts; Habitus

al-Thawr, 'Abd Allah b. Ahmad, 125

Tihama, 10 , 41 , 123 , 306 n12

Todorov, Tzvetan, 252

Trade:

caravan, 47 , 112 ;

long-distance, 12 ;

restraints on, 208

Translation, 21 , 66 -68, 280 n41

Transactions (mu'amalat ), 61 , 69 , 159 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 225 -26, 311 n31

Treaty of Da"an, 108 , 185 , 189 , 191 , 278 n49, 306 nn14, 15, 307 n20

Tunis, 246 , 247

Tunisia, 65

Turkey, 58

Turkish Civil Code of 1926, 63 , 64 , 69

Tutwiler, Richard, 11

Tyan, Emile, 140 , 143 , 147 , 206 , 222 , 226

U

al-'Udayn, 11

Udovitch, Abraham L., 62

umma (community of Muslims), 17 , 153

Upper Yemen, 10 , 37 , 50 , 189 , 192 , 308 n25

V

Van Den Berg, 62 , 66 -67, 68 , 266 nn10, 11, 281 n44

Varisco, Daniel M., 11 , 314 n9

Versification, 27 , 268 n29

Von Grunebaum, Gustave, 2

W

al-Wahhabi, Muhammad Naji, 196 , 291 n42;

autobiography, 297 n3

Wakin, Jeanette, 204 -5, 220

al-Wansharisi, 150

al-Warith, Ahmad b. 'Abd al-Wahhab, 124 , 127

al-Wasi'i, 'Abd al-Wasi' b. Yahya, 5 , 113 , 120 , 128 , 130 , 131 , 277 n45;

History of Yemen , 50 , 51 , 107 -8, 109 , 118 , 126 , 127 , 194 ;

on newspapers, 118 -19;

and publishing, 129 , 277 n42;

quoted, 123 , 169 , 172 , 245 , 296 n61;

travels of, 290 n34;

on Treaty of Da"an, 189

al-Waysi, Husayn b. 'Ali, 125 , 127 , 130

al-Wazir, 'Abd Allah, 117

Weber, Max, 2 , 57 , 60 , 63 , 140 , 148 , 150 , 239 , 279 n22, 313 n5, 315 n24

Weir, Shelagh, 11

Wenner, Manfred W., 9

Wensinck, A. J., 143

West Africa, 20 , 275 n38

Witnesses (shuhud ), 161 -62, 177 -78, 203 -16,

― 341 ―

229 -30, 180 -81;

just, 177 -78, 212 ;

requirements for, 161 -62, 180 ;

of sale/purchase contracts, 229 -30;

testimony (shahada ) of, 208 , 209 , 210 .

See also Judges: and witnesses

Wittfogel, Karl, 2 , 313 nn5, 9

Women:

and childbirth, 80 , 283 n10;

and child rearing (hadana ), 78 , 283 n5;

and contracts, 159 , 160 ;

in historical writing, 126 ;

and judges, 164 , 172 ;

knowledge (ma'arifa ) of, 180 ;

mosques of, 280 n34;

and personal documents, 218 ;

as scholars, 39 , 271 n13;

and seclusion, 173 ;

and separation of sexes, 179 -80;

status of, 155 , 159

World War I, 8 , 40 , 47 , 107

Writer (katib ), 189 , 203 , 209 , 213 , 224 , 239 -40, 311 n40, 312 n45;

absent, 226 -30;

document, 223 -26, 239 ;

letter, 224

Writing, 2 , 23 , 85 , 89 -90, 174 , 209 , 251 , 267 n24, 312 n52;

concrete vs. metaphorical, 25 ;

historical, 5 -6, 7 , 41 , 115 , 156 , 212 ;

historical approach to, 2 , 24 -25, 28 , 236 , 254 ;

judge-to-judge correspondence, 210 ;

judicial, 191 , 213 ;

method of, 231 ;

Muslim attitude toward, 25 , 212 -16;

new forms of, 253 ;

shifts in design of, 8 ;

techniques of, 7 , 232, 233 , 235 ;

and transmission of knowledge, 212 , 249 ;

vs. speech, 24 , 25 -26, 28 , 204 , 252

Y

al-Yamani, 'Abd Allah, 190

al-Yamani, 'Umarah, 111

Yemen, 8 -12, 66 , 125 , 126 ;

Banu Ziyad state in, 124 ;

highlands of, 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 40 , 65 , 101 , 151 , 296 n62;

historical change in, 6 , 254 -55;

hostage system in, 113 ;

military in, 288 n6;

Ottoman period in, 40 , 41 , 46 , 49 , 141 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 206 , 222 , 241 , 245 -46, 254 , 273 n35, 274 n36, 284 n16;

"time of corruption" (ayyam al-fasad ) in, 49

Yemen Arab Republic, 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 40 , 53 , 68 , 99 , 185 , 188 , 190 , 193 , 244 ;

codes of, 69 -70, 196 ;

and consultation (shura ), 71 ;

legislation of, 216 ;

Mufti of, 141 ;

1970 Permanent Constitution of, 68 , 70 , 71 , 281 n47, 302 n10

al-Yunis, Muhammad, 189

Z

Zabara, Muhammad b. Muhammad, 5 , 20 , 94 , 120 , 124 , 126 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 272 n28, 295 nn49, 50, 296 n62;

"The Entertainment of the Gaze" (Nuzhat al-nazar ), 127

Zabid, 41 , 103 , 286 n38

Zaid b. 'Ali, Imam, 37 , 38 , 50

Zaidi school, 27 , 114 , 117 , 129 , 140 , 177 , 189 , 190 , 271 n19, 274 n37, 275 n39;

founding of, 50 ;

and Shafi'i school, 37 , 41 -42, 44 , 52 , 53 , 109 -10, 192 , 193 , 278 n58;

texts of, 27 -28, 37 -49, 68 , 114 , 163 , 177 .