C

Cain, Bruce, 88

Calder, Kent, 4 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 163 nn3,4, 164 n8, 167 n2

Campaign contributors, 10 -11, 13 , 47 -48, 90 , 91 -93, 95 -96, 97 -99, 109 , 113 -115, 118 -119, 133 , 173 n11.

See also Liberal Democratic Party, campaign financing

Campaign costs, 94 -96, 173 n11.

See also Liberal Democratic Party

Campaign finance law. See Electoral institutions, Political Funds Control Law

Campbell, John, 7 , 112 , 164 n8

Candidate endorsement. See Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages

Career politician, 2 , 3 , 82 -84, 171 n2.

See also Liberal Democratic Party, candidates' attributes

Caro, Robert, 11

Cartels. See Dango system

Cassese, Sabino, 57

Chida, Tomohei, 8

Chisaki Kogyo, 33

Chittiwatanapong, Prasert, 30

Christian Democratic Party (DC) (Italy), 56 -57, 83 , 90 , 101 , 141 , 142 , 143 -145

electoral dominance, 23 , 83 , 171 n1

factionalism, 104

"opening to the left" strategy, 180 n17

Chuma Tatsui, 110 -111

Chun, Doo Hwan, 151

Civil service employment system, 17 -18, 140

reform, 73 -74, 146 , 148 .

See also Amakudari ; Institutional reform; Institutions

Clark, Rodney, 164 n9

Clausen, Aage, 4 , 9 , 165 n11

"Clean hands" operation. See Mani Pulite operation

Clientelism, 2 , 3 , 9 -16, 105 -112, 129 , 133 -138, 145 .

See also Pork barrel politics

Clientelist state, 8 -16, 22 , 134 -138

policy protagonists, 9 , 19

policy tools, 9 -10.

See also Clientelism; Economic inefficiency; Developmental state; Dual political economy model; Particularism; Political corruption

Clinton Administration, 127 , 142 , 154

Coal-mining industry, 8 , 20

Cohen, Stephen S., 8 , 168 n8

Collusive action, conditions, 28 , 36 -48

Constituency service, 84 , 85 , 88 , 90 , 95 , 102 , 111 , 123 , 133 , 136 , 173 n9

Constitutional Government Party (Kenseito), 115

Construction caucus. See Liberal Democratic Party, construction tribe

Construction contractors, 2 , 3 , 29 , 48 , 111 , 117 , 119 , 126 , 139

motives, 16 , 48 -49.

See also Construction industry

Construction Fellowship Society, 147

Construction friction (kensetsu masatsu ), 1 -2, 25 -26, 51 -52, 78 -82, 103 -104, 122 -132.

See also Major Projects Agreement; Structural Impediments Initiative; United States, trade friction with Japan; United States-Japan Construction Market Agreement

Construction industry, 9 , 15 , 20 , 47 , 136

campaign contributions, 11 , 13 , 47 -48, 82 -83, 89 -90, 92 , 93 , 95 , 114 , 117 , 119

construction costs, 14 , 48 , 166 n12

historical development, 33 -36

industry associations, 37 , 41 , 50 , 110 , 117 -122, 126 , 130 -131, 132 , 139 , 159 -161, 166 n8

organization, 37 , 41 , 43 , 132 , 139

overseas activities, 29 -30, 32 , 34 -36

size (number of firms and laborers), 29 -30, 132

subcontracting, 33

two-tier structure, 28 , 30 -33, 165 nn6,7

Western engineers, 34 .

See also Amakudari ; Campaign contributors; Construction contractors; Dango system; Liberal Democratic Party, campaign financing

Construction Machine (kensetsu masshin ), 76 -77, 170 n12.

See also Amakudari ; Liberal Democratic Party, candidates' attributes; Liberal Democratic Party, candidates' campaign costs; Public works bureaucrats

Construction market, 1 , 29 , 178 n7

"Ice age" of construction spending, 29 , 36 , 43 , 121

public works, spending, 15 , 126 -127, 129 , 177 n10, 178 n7

Construction Ministry. See Ministry of Construction; Public works bureaucrats

Construction tribe. See Liberal Democratic Party, construction tribe

Corruption, 11 -13, 136

Cox, Gary, 109

Craxi, Bettino, 145

Credit-claiming, 62 , 88 , 90 , 119 -122, 133 , 177 n12

Culturalist theories, 20 -21, 22 , 79 , 105 -107, 123 , 174 n2

Curtis, Gerald, 95 , 112 , 171 n3, 173 nn6,8, 174 nn13,2, 179 n10

Cutts, Robert, 165 n2