Index
Abenaki tribe, 20
Adams, Oscar, 136, [249n67]
Adirondackers, 17–23; access to re sources, 33, 50, 52, 67; arson by, 73, 76, 77; disregard of regulations, 48–49; divisions among, 72; exclusion from decision-making, [265n12]; farmers, 14, 21; feuds among, [213n32]; foresters, 36; on game laws, 58–66; homesteads of, 33, 66; illiteracy of, [205n9]; land use practices of, 47; mar riage with Indians, 21; non market ide ology of, 53–54; occupations of, 21, 27–28; opposition to private parks, 41–46, 47, 67; opposition to state control, [227n69]; protection of deer, 60, [223n31]; relations with Forest Commission, 19, 57–58; right to sub sistence, 52–53, 64; support for con servation, 47; surveillance of foresters, 37–38; use of natural resources, 50; view of timber cutting, 51–54, 65; vi olation of forest code, 66, 76–78; vio lation of game laws, 63–64, 72–73; wage labor by, 27–28, 67; women, 21, 27. See also Rural society
Adirondack Game and Fish Protective Association, 63
Adirondack Guides' Association (AGA), 68–71; and game laws, 70–71; on hounding, [225n56]; membership of, 69–70, [225n48]
Adirondack League Club (ALC), 39, 47, 136, [209n14]; court cases against, 42; guides of, 40–41, [218n28]; vandalism against, [218n31]
Adirondack News: on poaching, 62; ontimber industry, 56
Adirondack Park: acreage of, [215n1]; creation of, 16–17, 168, [209n14]; destruction of property markers, 32, [215n2]; environmental regulations in, 30, [224n43], fig. 7; fishing in, 17, 32, 59–60; hounding in, 17; land classification in, 26; local use of, 32; map of, 10; mapping of, 31–32; planning for, 48. See also New York Forest Preserve
Adirondacks: arson in, 2, 72–73, 76, [218n31]; beaver population of, 71; common rights ideology in, 23–24, [213n31]; community solidarity in, 37; conservation program in, 4, 6, 29, 38, 47, 82; crops of, 22–23, [212n29]; deerpopulation of, 26, 36–37; deforestation of, 14, 25; depopulation of, 18, [210n20]; dialect of, [224n39]; early settlers of, 20–21; economic life of, 21; in eighteenth century, 20; elk population of, 72, [226n64]; farmers of, 14, 21; feuds in, [213n32]; fire towers in,
― 294 ―77–78; under Forest Commission, 29–31; forest fires in, 72–76; huntingin, 23; local game regulations in, [224n43]; lodging in, 27; Marsh on, 13–14; moose population of, 26, 72; Native Americans of, 20–21, [233n35]; poaching in, 35, 36–37, 41, 43–46, 49, 58–66; population of, [210n18]; private property in, 39–47, 49, [219n43]; property rights in, 23–24, 57; protection of, 12; pulp mills of, 55, [221n18]; railroads in, [226n59]; resistance to conservation in, 2, 19; restocking attempts in, 72; role in watersupply, 16; squatting in, 33–34, 66–67, 151; subsistence agriculturein, 27; surveying of, [215n2]; timbergangs in, 55–57, 103; timber industryof, 25, 27, 55–56, [221n19]; timbertheft in, 49, 50–58, 64, 103, [221n22]; tourism in, 18, 19, 26–28, 65, 66; traplines of, 23, 32, [212n30], [213n31]; vacation homes in, 33–34; as wilderness, 11–12, 197, [265n10]; “woods bandits” of, [224n40]. See also Foresters; Guides; Poaching; Private parks; Sports huntersAdventures in the Wilderness (Murray), 19
Africa: conservation in, 5, 183, [264n5]; poaching in, [245n31]
AGA. See Adirondack Guides' Association
Akaba, Allen, 153, 161
ALC. See Adirondack League Club
Algonquin tribe, 20
Altherr, Thomas, [222n23]
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 168, [229n3]
American Forestry Association (AFA), 99, 166–67
American Forestry Congress, 17
American Naturalist, 12
Anderson, Benedict, [229n3]
Anderson, George S., 123; campaigns against poaching, 100–101, 124–25, 129–30, 146; on elk population, 119; on poaching, 108, 121, 129; scouts, use of, 111
Antelope, 104, 116; confinement of, 141, 142, 143
Antimodernism, in conservation movement, 16, [209n12]
Archer, John, 145
Arizona: forest reserves of, 166; game laws of, 175, 184, [258n13]
Arizona Journal-Miner,157
Arizona Lumber and Timber Company, 170
Armstrong, Seymour, 54, 63
Arnold, David, 12
Arson: in Adirondacks, 2, 72–73, 76, [218n31], [226n67], [227nn69], [72], 73; at Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park, [227n72]; against paper companies, [221n19]
Assiniboine tribe, 134
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Rail road, 187, 188
Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, 155
Australia, conservation in, 5
Backwoodsmen, Marsh on, 14. See also Frontiersmen; Rural society
Bailey, Charley, 150–51, [250n3]
Banditry: environmental, 2, [204n4]; social, [221n20]
“Bannock Trail” (Yellowstone), [229n7]
Bannock tribe: confinement to reservation, 87, [231n19]; conflict with settlers, 117–18, [258n13]; exclusionfrom resources, 139; fire, use of, 86, 89; as guides, [230n11]; hunting by, 88; hunting privileges of, 91; incursions into Yellowstone, 88, 89, 90, 117, [241n69]; migratory patterns of, 85; treaties with, 90
Barney, Charles, 54
Barron, Hal, xvi
Bass, W. W., 162
Basselin, Theodore B., 50, 57, [220n6]
Bean, C. C., 162
Beaver: of Adirondacks, 71; of Yellow stone, 119
Bechler River basin, 130
Beckman, W. C., 155
Beinart, William, [203n1]
Benevolent and Protective Order of Elk, 134
Bennett, Charlie, 46–47
Benson, Harry C., 142–43, [248n58]
BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs
Binkley, William, 135–36, 138–39, [248nn63], [65], fig. 14; arrest of, 140, [249n67]
Binkley-Purdy-Isabel gang, 135
Black bear, protection of, 70
Blackfeet tribe, 83; confinement to reservation, 87, [231n19]; migratory patterns of, 85
Black marketeers, of Adirondacks, 57
“Blacks” (poachers), 5
Black Tanks (watering place), 160; Ghost Dance at, 165; winter camp at, 161
Boone and Crockett sports hunting club, 100, 136; on Indians' hunting, 91; role in Yellowstone, 82, 126, [244n15]
Boonville (N.Y.) Herald,61
Bowers, Edward, 172
Bozeman, Montana, 95
Bradley, Henry, 53
Brain worm, 26, 72
Brandon, New York, 43, 44
A Brief History of Forestry (Fernow), 17
British Army, role in conservation, 100
Brown, Shirley, 143
Brown's Tract Guides' Association (BTGA), 70, 71–72; founding of, [226n59]; on hounding, [225n56]
Bruncken, Ernest, 198
Buffalo: hunting of, 89; poaching of, 92, 123, 126, 131–32, fig. 15; “tame,”142
Buntline, Ned, [213n32]
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): control of travel, 156, 177, 178; and Havasupai, 162–63, 176; petitions to, 150–51; and Yellowstone incursions, 90
Burgess, Felix, 123–24, fig. 9
Burke, John H., 51, 52
Burnham, John B., 34
Burns, Edward, 40
Burro, Billy, 183
Burros, feral, [254n35]
California, forest reserves of, 166
Cameron brothers (Ralph and John), 155
Cameron trail, [252n17]
Cañon Copper Company, 170
Capitalism: conservationists' view of, 169; and environmental destruction, [219n3]; view of nature under, 49
Captain Swing riots, 5, [206n14]
Carpenter, Frank, 81–82, 83, 85, 91, [228n2]
Cascade Forest Reserve, 176
Causation, structural models of, [243n6]
Changes in the Land (Cronon), 49
Cheney, John, 59, [222n29]
Cheyenne tribe, 134
Chickapanyegi (Havasupai), 184, [261n41], fig. 17
Chippewa tribe, 151
Chittenden, Hiram, 83
Church, Frederic, 12
Cinnabar, Montana, 105, 112
Class consciousness, in AGA, 69, [225n51]
Clements, Frederic, [208n9]
Cleveland, Grover, 125
Climax community model, 15, [208n9]
Coates, Peter, [203n1]
Coconino Forest, 153, 164; firewood in, 183; Havasupai in, 175; subsistence activities in, 186
Cole, Thomas, 12
Colonialism, Spanish, 154
Colvin, Verplanck, 31, 67, [265n10]; in AGA, 69
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, on hunting, 91, 117
Common rights ideology, 169, 194, 196–97; in Adirondacks, 23–24, [213n31]; in United States, [213n31]
Conger, Patrick, 101–4
Conklin, Henry, 23, 64
Conservation: in Adirondacks, 4, 6, 29, 38, 47, 82; in Africa, 5, 183, [264n5]; antimodern impulses in, 16, [209n12]; chronology of, 199–202, [207n19]; corporations and, 169, [256n55]; degradation discourse of, 63, 71, 166, 198, [208n10]; effect on moral development, [256n54]; effect on Native Americans, 4, 7, 151, [250n2]; effect on rural society, 198; elite discourse on, 3; etymology of, 197, [265n11]; folklore surrounding, [205n10]; Havasupai's opposition to, 185; in India, 5, 100, [206n17]; memory formation and, 193; militarization of, 100, 172–73, [235n5]; myths of, 193, [264n1]; New Englanders in, [204n2]; rise of, 7; social issues in, xvi, 5–6, 198; socio-political relationships in, 38; vision of the past, 193; at Yellowstone, 83
Conservationists: alliance with guides, 71; documents of, 4; Marsh's influence on, [208n10]; view of capitalism, 169; view of fire, 86; view of frontiersmen, 168–69; view of poachers, xvi; view of rural society, 198, [220n4]; on Yellowstone, 91, 96, 117
Corporations: and conservation, 169, [256n55]; in Grand Canyon, 170
Courtenay, Al, 130, 133
Courtenay, James, 130, 133
Cowan, Mrs. George, [230n12]
Coyote (myth), 152, 153, [251n6]
Crawford, “Horse Thief Scotty,”116
Crèvcoeur, J. Hector St. John de, [233n35]
Cronon, William, 49, [219n3], [230n14]
Crook, General, 160
Crook, Jim, 188
Crow tribe, 83, 84; confinement to reservation, 87, [231n19]; incursions into Yellowstone, 88, 89, 117; migratory patterns of, 85; shortage of rations, Crow tribe,
― 296 ―[232n21]; treaties with, 90; fire, use of, 86Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 157, [251n6]
Daly, Jack, 46–47
Daniel, Edwin, 133
Davis, John, 157
Davis, Nathan, 56
Dean, Forest of, [206n14]
Deer, [222n29]; in Adirondacks, 26, 36–37, 58–66, 70, [223n31], fig. 3; in Grand Canyon, 181–82, 183–84; “jacking” of, 65, 66; in Yellowstone, 104
Deforestation, effect on water supply, 16, 165–66
D'Elia, Anthony, [227n69]
Deutsch, Sarah, 87
Dexter, Orrando, 47; burning of estate, [227n72]; murder of, 41, 45, 70
Doane, Gustavus, 84, 86
Does, hunting of, 66, 70
Dogs: hunting with, 17, 65, 66, [225n56]; shooting of, 24, 108, [213n34]
Donaldson, William, 170
Dorman, Robert L., [208n8]
Ducey, Patrick, 43
Duke, John, 160–61
Dunham, William, 52, 53
Dunning, Alvah, 59; arrest of, [222n28]; feud with Ned Buntline, [213n32]
Durant, William West, 45, 46
Duret, Joseph, 102, 103Dust Bowl (Worster), 49
Ecology: moral, 3; plant, 186; political, [205n8]; of Yellowstone, 84, 118–19, [242n72]
Edge effect, 25–26
Elk, of Adirondacks, 72, [226n64]
Elk, of Yellowstone, 104, 116, 119; domesticated, 131; penning of, 144–45; poaching of, 93, 131, 133, 137, [247n56]; shipments from park, 144; stabbing of, 141, 143–46, [250n79]
Elk teeth, poaching of, 133–36, 139, 140, 141, [247nn46], [48], [248n65]
El Tovar (hotel), 187
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 12
Environment: authoritarian stance to ward, 198; degradation of, in Europe, 13, 14; government management of, 16; impact of livestock on, 180. See also Laws, environmental; Regulations, environmental
Environmental banditry, 2, [204n4]
Environmental history: development of, [204n4]; and social history, xvi
Eugenics movement, 12
Europe: environmental degradation of, 13, 14; forestry in, 4–5, 14, [206nn12], [13]
Ewing, Henry P., 177, 178
Fallow fires, 76–77, [228n75]
“Farewell Song,”191
Fenton (forest ranger), 179
Fernow, Bernard, 4, [256n54]; and Adirondack Park, 17, [209n14], [210n17]; A Brief History of Forestry,17; on European forestry, 5, [206n13]; and fire code, 76; Marsh's influence on, [208n10]
“Fiddle butts,”54–55, 104
Fire: conservationists' view of, 86, 168; “fallow,”76–77, [228n75]; Native Americans' use of, 86–87, 88, 89, 118, 166, [231nn16]–17, [233n35], [255n49]; role in Yellowstone ecology, 118–19, [242n72]. See also Forest fires
Firearm use: by Havasupai, 157; in Yellowstone, 108
Fire-fighting, wages for, [227n73]
Fire towers, in Adirondacks, 77–78, fig. 8
Firewood: in Adirondacks, 52–53, 54, 56, 57, 64, 66; in Havasu Canyon, 183; usufruct rights to, 196; in Yellowstone, 102. See also Timber theft
Fisher, Charles, 30
Fisheries, environmental history of, [220n5]
“Fisherman's problem,”[220n5]
Fishing, in Adirondacks, 17, 32; with nets, 59–60
Flagstaff Lumber and Manufacturing Company, 170
Foraging, 17; as trespassing, 2
Forest and Stream, 100; and administration of Yellowstone, 117, [244n15]; on foresters, 35, 36, 38; on forest fires, 76; on guides, 67, 69; on Indian incursions, 88, 89; on private parks, 39, 45; on rural society, 20; on sports hunting, 58; on squatters, 34; on Yellowstone poaching, 92, 93, 124, 127
Forester, Frank, 58, [208n11]
Foresters, of Adirondacks, 30, 34–39, 57, 198; corruption among, 38, [217n23]; discretion of, 36–37; hostility toward, 19, 37–38; local people as, 36; numbers of, [218n26]; and sports hunters, 62
Forest fires: in Adirondacks, 72–76; conservationists' discourse on, 168; in India, [231n17]; in Yellowstone, 118–19, [241n72]. See also Fire
Forest Management Act (1897), 174
Forest rangers: conflict with Havasupai, 175; ex-soldiers as, [235n60]; of Grand Canyon, 174–75; surveillance of Havasupai, 182
Forest Reserve Act (1891), 17, 165, 178, [210n17]
Forest reserves: of California, 166; effecton Native Americans, 176; forestrangers on, 174; Hispanos' land in, [258n10]; homesteads on, 173–74; influence of Adirondacks on, [209n16]; livestock in, [257n1]; maps of, 176; military control of, 172–73, [257n7]; of New Mexico, 166; posting of, 171, [257n2]. See also National parks
Forestry: European, 4–5, 14, [206nn12], [13]; in Grand Canyon, 170; rural attitudes toward, 193; scientific, 4–5; water protection and, 166, [255n48]
Forestry Quarterly, on game laws, 63
Forests, federal protection of, 165–66, 168. See also Forest reserves
Fort Bridger, treaty of, [231n19]
Fort Hall Reservation, 88
Fort Laramie, treaty of, 90, [231n19]
Fort Yellowstone, 98, 99–120; confinement of poachers at, 125. See also Scouts; Soldiers
Fox, Stephen, [205n7]
Fox, William, 67–68
Franklin County, New York, [224n43]
Fred Harvey Company, 187
Frontier, ideology of, 92
Frontiersmen: conservationists' view of, 168–69; poaching by, 121–22; rightto subsistence, 122
Fuller, Andrew, [208n10]
Gaddis, John F., 163, 173
Galton, Francis, 12
Game hunting: civic responsibility for, 132; by Native Americans, 88–90; state intervention in, 197; for subsistence, 103; by Yellowstone locals, 122, [243n5]. See also Hunting; Sports hunters
Gamekeepers, English, [216n14]
Game laws: of Montana, 116; Native Americans' response to, [251n3]; as un-American, 64, [223n38]; violation of, 2. See also Laws, environmental
Game laws, of Adirondacks, 58–66; role of AGA in, 70–71; violation by Adirondackers, 63–64, 72–73; violation by sports hunters, 62–63
Game wardens: role in rural society, [216n14]; unpopularity of, [217n23]; of Yellowstone, 94. See also Foresters; Scouts
Garces, Francisco, [252n13]
Garden and Forest: on frontiersmen, 168–69; on poachers, [242n1], [243n11]; on use of fire, 172
Gardiner, Montana, 95–96; and elk stabbing incident, 144, 145; populationof, 96; timber use in, 101, 102, 103–4
Garmon, Samuel, 33
Gassert, S. C., 102–3
General Land Office (Interior Department), 171–72, 176, [258n8]; grazing policies of, 179; management of, 174; travel regulations of, 173, 177, 184
German Royal Forest Academy, [206n13]
Germany, poaching in, 5, [206n15]
Geysers, 84; Indians' use of, 85
Ghost Dance movement, 165, [255nn45], [46]
Gibson, G. J., fig. 12
Gila River Forest Reserve, 176
Golding, John, 45–46
Gorman, Samuel, 57
Grand Cañon Forest Reserve, 166; creation of, 150, 165, 173, [255n47]; effecton Havasupai, 171, 174, 175–76, 184–85; federal game reserve in, 181; map of, 148; Native Americans in, 178; poaching in, [262n43]; posting of, 171
Grand Canyon National Park: construction projects in, 187, 188; creation of, 150, 181; effect on Havasupai, 187; forest rangers of, 174–75; under General Land Office, 176; livestock in, 170; natural resources of, 169–70;timber industry in, 170; tourism in, 155, 187, 188, [252n16]
Grand Canyon Village, [262n50]; Havasupai at, 189–90, [263n59]; sewage system of, [263n53]
Grant, H. Dwight, 23–24
Gray, Ira, 36, [217n19]
Grazing: state intervention in, 197; in Yellow stone, 104–6, 197
Great Britain: animal maiming in, 145; army, 100; colonial conservation regimes of, 183; poachers of, 5, 130, 137, [244n23], [245n31]; state controlof forests, [206n14]
“Grenadiers” (timber gang), 56, 103
Grinnell, George Bird, 82, 91; and Howell case, 124, 125
Guha, Ramachandra, 73
Guides: Havasupai as, 162, [261n37]; Indians as, 84; of Swiss Alps, [225n49]
Guides, Adirondack, 40–41, 65, fig. 2; alliances with conservationists, 71; associations of, 67–72; communitybased, 67–68, 197; New York Forest Commission on, 68; wage disputes of, [218n28]
Halper, Louise, [209n12]
Hamilton County, New York, 18; birthplace of residents, 22; occupations in, 21; poachers in, 35; population of, [210n18]; violation of game laws in, 63
Hance, John, 155
Hance trail, 155, [252n17]
Hanna, Isaac B., 177
Hanna, Mark: on clothing, [252n19]; on diet, [254n38]; on plant ecology, 186; on trading, 153, 157; on wage labor, 164, 188, [263n53]
Hardwoods, logging of, 25, 55–56
Harms, Robert, [264n5]
Harris, Moses, 97, 106; firefighting by, 118
Harrison, Benjamin, 165, 166
Havasu Canyon, 152; agriculture in, 153, 159, 163; firewood from, 183; reservation in, 158–159, 163–64, [253nn27], [28], [254n39]
Havasu Creek, flooding of, 154, 163
Havasupai tribe, 149, figs. 16, 17, 18, 20; access to resources, 158–60; adaptation to change, 155–56; agents of, 177, 179; agriculture of, 152, 153, 154, 159, 163, 189, [263n57]; and Bureau of Indian Affairs, 162–63, 176; cabins of, figs. 19, 21; in cash economy, 158; ceremonial songs of, 186, [262n48]; coming-of-age rituals of, 185–86, [262nn46], [48]; conflict with ranchers, 160–62; conflict with rangers, 175; cultural identity of, 185–87; deer hunting by, 181–82, 183–84; dietary habits of, 184; dress of, 155–56, [252n19]; effect of forest reserve on, 171, 174, 175–79, 184–85; effect of Grand Canyon National Park on, 187; “Farewell Song” of, 191; and Forest Service, 170, 179; game shamans of, 186; gathering by, 153, 189; in Ghost Dance movement, 165, [255nn45], [46]; at Grand Canyon Village, 189–90; grazing areas of, 179–81; as guides, 162, [261n37]; hunting grounds of, 150, 153, 160, 162, 164, [258n13]; hunting techniques of, 182, [261n37]; knowledge of plants, 186; language of, [251n8]; livestock cultivation by, 163, 164, 180–81, [260n29]; loss of territory, 155; meat supply of, 162, 183–84, [254n38], [261n40]; modes of production, 181, 191; nostalgia for past, 191; off-reservation activities of, 177–79; poaching of mountain sheep, [261n41]; ponies of, 165, [252n13]; population size, 155, 156; of pre-reservation era, 152; relations with neighbors, [251n8]; reservation of, 158–60, 163–64, [253nn27], [28], [254n39]; resistance by, 152, 185; sea sonal cycle of, 154, 164, 173, 177, 178, 183, 189, [252n11]; subsistence practices of, 189, 190, [263n56]; surveillance by rangers, 182; trade networks of, 152–153, 154, 156–57, 162; trade with whites, 157–58; traditions of redistribution, 181, [260n31]; travel restrictions on, 184–85; manufactured goods, use of, 157; natural resources, use of, 194; wage labor by, 164, 180, 187–91, [254n43]; water rights of, 153, 155, 160–61, 164; winter camps of, 161, 182, 183; wood supply of, 183
Hayes, Rutherford B., 158
Hays, Samuel, [256n55]
Headley, Joel, 10, 12, 22; on rural life, 19; on sportsmen, 61
Helms, William, 28
Henry's Lake, Idaho: population of, [245n28]
Henry's Lake gang (poachers), 129–30, 139, 194; buffalo poaching by, 132, 142; resentment of, 132–33; sale of meat by, 131
Herbert, William Henry, 12
Herb gathering, in Adirondacks, 23
Herkimer County, New York, 23; black marketeers of, 57; game regulations of, [224n43]; public land in, 30–31; shingle-making in, [221n16]
Hermann, W. P., 175, 176
Hidden transcripts, 4, [205n11]
Hillbillies, 20, [211n24]
Hispanos, loss of collective lands, [258n10]
Hobsbawm, Eric, [204n4], [221n20]
Hofer, Thomas, 129
Hoffman, Charles, 59
Homestead ethic, [216n9]; in Adirondacks, 33
Homesteads: of Adirondackers, 33, 66; on forest reserves, 173–74
Hopi tribe: effect of Spanish on, 154; trade with Havasupai, 152, 153, 156–57, 162
Hornaday, William, 96, 122
Hot springs, 84
Hough, Emerson, 124
Hough, Franklin: and Adirondack Park, 17, 196, [209n14]; on Prussian forestry, [206n13]; on rural society, 168, 169
Hounding: in Adirondack Park, 17, 65, 66; guide associations on, [225n56]
Howell, Ed, 124, 126, 137, figs. 10–11; reward of, 129, [245n26]; self-defense of, 127–28; tracking skills of, 129
Hunkins, John, 62
Hunter, Ed, [238n34]
Hunting: by Bannock tribe, 88, 91; in British culture, [222nn23], [25]; of buffalo, 89; Commissioner of Indian Affairs on, 91, 117; of does, 66, 70; in Grand Canyon, 181–82, 183–84; by Native Americans, 88–90, 91, 150, [241n69]; republican ideology of, 64, 137; violent disagreements over, [213n34]. See also Game hunting; Poaching; Sports hunters
Hunting, in Adirondacks, 23, 32; for market, 65–66; subsistence, 59–60, 64, [223n30]
Hunting grounds: fights over, [212n27]; of Havasupai, 150, 153, 160, 162, 164, [258n13]
Huron tribe, 20, [211n25]
Hutchins, Arvin, 65
Iliff, Flora Gregg, 177
Illiteracy, 3; of Adirondackers, [205n9]
Immigrants, effect of conservation on, [204n2]
India: conservation in, 5, 100, [206n17]; forest fires in, [231n17]
Indian agents: of Havasupai, 177, 179; refusal to prosecute, [259n17]
Indian fighting, 111; tactics of, [239n43]
Indian Lake (Adirondacks), 35
Indian Pasture (Grand Canyon), 179, 180
Indians: of Adirondacks, 20–21, [233n35]; belief systems of, 149; in census, [212n28]; confinement on reservations, 87–88; conflict with settlers, 117–18; deprivation of resources, 149, 151; dispossession of, 85, 151, [251n4]; effect of conservation on, 4, 7, 151, [250n2]; effect of forest reserves on, 176; effect of wage labor on, [263n57]; exclusion from resources, 139, 140; game hunting by, 88–90; in Grand Cañon Forest Reserve, 178; of Grand Canyon region, 7; as guides, 84; hunting privileges of, 88, 91, 150, [241n69]; impact of national parks on, [204n2]; impact of wilderness concept on, [231n19]; incursions into Yellowstone, 81–82, 87–92, 117, [233n35]; knowledge of environmental laws, [233n40]; migratory patterns of, 85, 87; names of, [250n1]; petitions to Indian Affairs, 150–51; resistance by, 150; as scouts, 111, 182; in tourist literature, 84–85, [230n12]; travel restrictions on, 184, [232n31]; treaties with, 90, 151, [231n19]; use of fire, 86–87, 88, 89, 118, 166, [231nn16], [17], [233n35], [255n49]; use of horses, 86; as wards of state, 151; of Yellowstone Plateau, 83–92, [230nn9], [11], 12
Iroquois tribe, 20, [211n25]
Isabel (poacher), [248n58]
Jacking (hunting), 65, 66, fig. 3
Jackson Hole, Wyoming: control of resources at, 139–40; poachers at, 135, 138–39; posses from, 117; tusking in, [247n48]
James, George Wharton, 156–57, [261n41]
Jim, Big (Havasupai), 153, 160, 180, [252n10], [259n16]
Jim, Captain (Havasupai), 149, 150, 152; name of, [250n1]; on venison, 184
Johnson, Andrew, [231n19]
Johnson, Ernest H., 64
Johnson, Robert Underwood, 172, 197
Joseph (Nez Perce chief), 81
Joseph, Gilbert, [204n4]
Judd, Richard, [204n2]
Kaibab Plateau, deer population of, 184
Keene Valley (New York), 61–62
Kenwell, Isaac, 35, 63
Kinsman, Emery, 36
Kirby, Jack Temple, [227n73]
Klickitat tribe, 176
Knack, Martha, [263n56]
Knapp, Sergeant, 109
Knights of Labor, 6
Labor market, rural society in, 67. See also Wage labor
Lac du Flambeau Indians, 150
Lacey Act (1900), 140
Lake Pleasant (New York), 18
Lakota tribe, 83
Lamora, Oliver, 42–45, 62, 195; penalty for poaching, [219n37]; pension of, [218n35]
Landscape: as natural space, 197; “of enclaves,”87, [231n20]; state management of, 2. See also Wilderness ideology
Landscape painting, 12
Larking, C. H., 63 Lawlessness: in Adirondacks, 48–50; of elites, 62–63; in environmental history, 2; in Yellowstone, 97, 99, 106.See also Arson; Poaching; Timber theft
Lawrence, Verba, [238n31]
Laws, environmental: local transgressions of, [204n3]; Native Americans' knowledge of, [233n40]; of New York, 17; resistance to, 195. See also Game laws; Regulations, environmental
Lemhi Reservation (Idaho), 90, 91, [231n19]
Leston, Charles, 77
Lindsley, Elmer, 109
Litchfield, Edward, 44
Littlefield, Alice, [263n56]
Livestock: effect on food plants, 180, [260n30]; environmental impact of, 180; in forest reserves, [257n1]; in Grand Canyon, 170; grazing in Yellowstone, 104–6, 197, [236n22]; Havasupai's use of, 163, 164, 180–81, [259n29]; poaching of, [254n42], [260n29]
Livingston, Montana, 95
Livingston Enterprise, 100; on poaching, 116, 126, 127, 138; on timber use, 103
Livingston Post, 100; on bribery, 110; onpoaching, 126
Lodgepole pine, 104; early treatment of, [236n19]; reproductive cycle of, 119
Ludlow, William, 97
Lundy, J. P., 19–20
Lynch, Daniel, 77
Madison River basin, 130
Maine, timber industry of, [213n35]
Mammoth Hot Springs, 102; army barracks at, 121
Manakaja (Havasupai chief), [252n28]
Man and Nature (Marsh), 13–15, 196, 198
Manning, Roger B., [244n23]
Map of the Adirondack Forest and Adjoining Territory (Forest Commission), 32
Marsh, George Perkins, 165, [255n48]; and the Adirondacks, 15, [208n11]; contribution to land management, [207n4]; influence on conservationists, [208n10]; Man and Nature,13–15, 196, 198; Whig politics of, [208n8]
Marx, Karl, 5
Masai warriors, slaughter of game animals, [249n78]
Masculinity: and poaching, 128–29, 146, [244n23]; traditional models of, 16, [225n50]
McBride, Jim, 115
McCann, James C., [208n10]
McDonald, Harry, 137
McMartin, Barbara, [214n38]
McMinn, Silas, 130
McNeil, Fred, 44, [219n39]
Medicinal herbs, of Adirondacks, 21, 23
Mediterranean basin, deforestation of, 13
Melville, Harry, 62
Merrill, David, 59–60
Meveigh, William, 77
Miller, J. Herbert, 69, 71
Miner, Thomas, 116
Miners: incursions into Havasu Canyon, 159; poaching by, [247n56]; supplements to income, [248n57]
Minnesota, hunting rights in, [241n69]
Modernism, and antimodernism, 16, [209n12]
Mohave tribe, 152
Moody, Harvey, 20, [211n26]
Moore, Carl, 184
Moose: in Adirondacks, 26; parasites of, 26, 72, [214n39]; restocking of, 72
Moral ecology, 3
Moran, Thomas, 12, [229n3]
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 45; violation ofgame laws, 62
Morrison, James, 113
Muhn, James, [258n8]
Muir, John, 99, 120
Mule deer, 149
Mumford, Louis, 15
Murray, William, Adventures in the Wilderness,19
Nash, Roderick, 2–3, [204n6]; Wilderness and the American Mind,49
National Farmers' Alliance, 6
National forests, 167; creation of, 166; in eastern United States, [255n48]; military administration of, 100; squatting in, 2; timber theft in, 2
National parks: impact on Native Americans, [204n2]; of South Africa, [203n1]. See also Forest reserves
National Park Service, [235n60]; building efforts of, [262n50]
Native Americans. See Indians
Natural history, rise of, 12
Natural resources: Adirondackers' use of, 50; community control over, 194–95;cultural attitudes toward, 1; Havasupai's use of, 194; legal rights to, 195; noncapitalistic management of, [220n5]; regulation of, 67; settlement of disputes over, [264n3]; state interventionin, 197–98; usufruct rights to, 196
Nature: alienation from, 73; alternative visions of, 3; effect of capitalism on, 49; myths concerning, 195–97; nineteenth-century views on, 12; protection from rural society, 198; rural attitudes toward, 4, 49–50, 193–96; rural knowledge of, [247n54]; state management of, 122, 196. See also Wilderness
Nature, 12
Navajo (Havasupai chief), 156, 157, [252n20]; and creation of reservation, 158, 159, [253n27]; in Ghost Dancemovement, 165, [255nn45], [46]; andhunting privileges, 160
Navajo tribe: effect of Spanish on, 154; in Gila River Forest Reserve, 176; poaching by, [261n43]; relocation of, 155; trade with Havasupai, 152, 156–157
Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park (Adirondacks), 40, 47; arson on, [227n72]; creation of, [218n26]
Newcomb, Tom, [240n49]
New Englanders, in conservation movement, [204n2]
New Mexico, forest reserves of, 166
New York: amendment to constitution, 197, [265n10]; Commissioners of State Parks, 18; environmental legislation of, 16–17; Euro-American settlement of, [212n28]; fire control lawsof, 76; forest police of, 17; Forest Reserve Act, 17; game laws of, 58, 60–61
New York Board of Trade, 16
New York Chamber of Commerce, 16
New York Conservation Commission, [215n1]
New York Fisheries, Game, and Forest Commission, [215n1]
New York Forest Commission, 18; andbeaver population, 71; enforcement problems of, 50–51; foresters of, 34–39, 40, 57, 62, 66; on forest fires, 72; fraud charges against, 57; onguides, 68; and land titles, 25; management of Adirondacks, 29–31;members of, fig. 5; name change of, [215n1]; relations with Adirondackers, 19, 57–58; on squatters, 34, 73; threats to members, 42; on timbercutting, 25, 50–51, 53, 55
New York Forest Preserve: acreage of, 46; additions to, 46–47; boundariesof, 30–33; legislation for, 17, [209n13]; local opinion on, 18; localuse of, 66; public passage through, 41; state-owned lands in, [219n42]; trespasses in, [220n11]. See also Adirondack Park
New York state legislature: Adirondack legislation of, 16–17; Adirondack studies of, 15–16, 48; repurchase program of, 46–47
New York Times: on private parks, 42; on timber theft, 55
Nez Perce Indians: incursions into Yellowstone, 81–82, 83, 85, 91; murderof tourists, [228n2]
Norris, Philetus, 90, 93, 94
Northrop, A. Judd, 12
Novak, William, 195
Nunu people (Africa), [264n5]
Obsidian, 83, [229n8]
“Old Golden” (deer), 60 Oliver, A. G., [254n43] Out-migration, [210n20]
Page, Albert, 65–66
Paiute tribe, 152
Palfrey, Lt. Carl, 158
Patraw, P. P., 190
Payson, Lewis E., 97
Peasants, displacement of, 73
Penobscot tribe, 20
Petty, Clarence, 37
Pierce, Seth, 28
Pinchot, Gifford, 4, 170; and the Adirondacks, 17, 27, [209n14]; on development, 169
Pinkerton Detective Agency, [239n46]
Piñon nuts, gathering of, 181
Pitcher, John, 109, 110
Poachers, in Great Britain, 5, 130, 137, [244n23], [245n31]
Poachers, in Yellowstone, [242n1], [243n11], figs. 10–14; arrest of, [241n62], [248n58]; cabins of, fig. 9; confiscation of goods from, 125; knowledge of Park, 121; prosecutionof, 133; retaliation by, 132–33; asscouts, [238n35]; tactics of, 135, [247n48]; theft of army supplies, [239n40]; trials of, 128
Poaching, 7, [204n2]; in Africa, [245n31]; in Germany, 5, [206n15]; in history of conservation, xv–xvi; of livestock, [254n42], [260n29]; and masculinity, 128–29, 146, [244n23]; in national forests, 2; by Navajo, [261n43]; as regressive phenomena, 122; rural attitudes toward, 146, 198; as substitute for war, [244n23]; versus wage labor, 136–38, [248n61]. See also Hunting
Poaching, in Adirondacks, 35, 36–37, 58–66, [222n28]; by guides, 41; New York Forest Commission on, 49; on private parks, 43–46. See also Adirondackers
Poaching, in Yellowstone, 92–93, 108–17; community resistance to, 138–40, [248n65]; community standards on, 146, 194; defense of, 122–23; by families, 130; by groups, 123, 129–30; informants on, 131–33, [246n38]; local opposition to, 126, 131–32; for market, 139; modes of, 121–46; from neighboring towns, 96; penalties for, 124–25; popular support for, 121–22; by scouts, [240n49]; scouts' surveillance of, 113–14; skills needed for, 127–29; soldiers' role in, 110; subsistence, 137–38; techniques of, 130–31; Theodore Roosevelt on, 129; by working class, 136–38. See also Henry's Lake gang
Poaching fraternities, [245n31]
Pond, J. Warren, 56, [221n19], [222n34]
Populists, 6
Powell, John Wesley, 86–87, 166, [231n17]
Preservationists, [209n12]
Private parks, of Adirondacks, 39, 49, 62, 67; boundaries of, 40, fig. 6; guards on, 42; lawsuits against, 42–44; opposition to, 41–46, 47; poaching on, 43–46; vandalism on, 42
Professionalism, in environmental management, 16
Progressive Era, reformers of, 169
Prussia: forest crime in, 5; forestry academies of, 4, [206n13]
Public lands: in Herkimer County, 30–31; local customs surrounding, [236n10]; of United States, 14
Pueblo Indians, effect of Spanish on, 154
Pulp mills, of Adirondacks, 55, [221n18]
Purdy (poacher), 140, [249n67]
Putesoy, Mack, 163, 164
Racehorse (Bannock chief), 118, 195, [241n69]
Railroads: in Adirondacks, 55, [226n59]; Atlantic and Pacific, 155; northern Pacific, 95; western, 187, 188
Rain Tank (watering place), 161
Ranchers: conflict with Havasupai, 160–62; theft of ponies, 165
Randall, Richard, 102
Randolph, E., 161
Rangers. See Forest rangers
Raquette Lake, 45; squatters at, 34
Rawson, Edward, [223n31]
Recreation, 100
Redwood, John, 62
Reeder, George, 95
Regulations, environmental, 2; of Adirondacks, 30, [224n43], fig. 7; enforcement of, xvi; rural resistance to, 2; of Yellowstone, 93–95. See also Laws, environmental
Reiger, John, [222n23]
Remington, Frederic, 110, 115, 117
Republicanism: ideology of hunting in, 64, 137, [223n38]; ideology of self-sufficiency in, 64
Reservations: confinement on, 87–88; establishment of, 151; of Havasupai, 158–60, 163–64, [253nn27], [28], [254n39]; travel away from, 177
Revenge: as motive for arson, 73, 77; asmotive for slaughter, 145, [250n79]
Rock, Dick, 130, 131–32; death of, 133
Rockefeller, William: Adirondack park of, 39, 42, 45, 62, [218nn27], [34]; arson against, [227n72]
Rockefeller v. Lamora,43–45, 47
Rockinger brothers (George and Henry), 125
Rocky Mountain National Park, [242n75]
Romey, Ed, 109–10, 112, [238n35]
Roosevelt, Theodore, 4; and the Adirondacks, 17, 27; on poaching, 129; and Yellowstone, 82, 91
Rural society: attitudes toward nature, 4, 49–50, 193–96; attitudes toward poaching, 146; conservationists' view of, 198, [220n4]; dissent in, 6; and environmental movement, xvi–xvii, 71, 198; idealization of, 19; knowledge of nature, [247n54]; market orientation of, 67, [214n42]; of nineteenth century, [211n24]; oral traditions of, 3–4; outmigration by, [210n20]; privations of, 19; protection of nature from, 198; records of, 3–4; resistance to environmental regulation, 2–3; role of game wardens in, [216n14]; subsistence patterns of, 198; of Yellowstone, 92–93. See also Adirondackers
Sabattis, Mitchell, fig. 1
Saberwal, Vasant K., [208n10]
Saginaw and Manistee Lumber Company, 170
Santa Clara Reserve (New York), 47
Sargent, Charles, 99–100
Schenk, Carl, 4
Scott, Charles B., 102
Scott, James, 29
Scouts, of Yellowstone, 111–12, 198, fig. 10; arrests by, 115–16; corruption among, 112–13, [240n49]; diaries of, 113, 114, 115; on poachers, 128–29; poachers as, [238n35]; surveillance of poachers, 113–14; tactics of, 114–15; undercover operations of, 111–12, [239n46]; violence against, 115; wages of, [240n50]. See also Soldiers
Seelye, Elizabeth, 20
Self-sufficiency: of Adirondackers, 53; republican ideology of, 64
Shaw, Robert, 51
Sheehy, Patrick, 60
Sheep, poaching of, [261n41]
Sheep ranches, 161, 162
Sheep Tank (watering place), 165
Sheldon, Charles, [261n37]
Shepherds: Mexican-American, 155; in Yellowstone, 140, 194
Sheridan, Philip, 86, 97
Shingles, [220n16], fig. 4; timber cutting for, 54, 55
Shoshone tribe, 84; confinement to reservation, 87, [231n19]; elk teeth, use of, 134; exclusion from resources, 140; fire, use of, 86; as guides, [230n11]; and hunting, 88, 91; incursions into Yellowstone, 88, 89, 90, 117, [241n69]; migratory patterns of, 85, 87; treaties with, 90
Simpson, William, 138
Sinyala (Havasupai), [261n37]
Sinyella (Havasupai), 185, [260n29]
Sivaramakrishnan, K., [231n17]
Skiing, by army patrols, 109
Skowronek, Stephen, 195
Smith, Apollos (“Paul”), 27
Smith, Bill, 37–38, 59, [212n30]
“Snowshoe cabins,”110, 111, 113, [239nn40], [41]
Social history, and environmental history, xvi, [203n1]
Society, power distribution in, xvi. See also Rural society
Softwoods: logging of, 25; theft of, 53
Soldiers, of Yellowstone, 108–11; antipoaching efforts of, 110–11, figs. 10, 11; corruption among, 109–10, [238n37]; Indian fighting by, 111; inexperience of, 109, [238n32]; poaching by, [238n34]. See also Scouts
South Africa, national parks of, [203n1]
Sparks, William A., 168
Spencer, Herbert, 12
Sperry, D. F., 55
Sports fishing, 60
Sports hunters, in Adirondacks, 26, 27, 58–59, 108–11; in AGA, 69–70; British antecedents of, [222n23]; ethics of, 58; laws favoring, 61–62; opposition to private parks, 45–46; private parks of, 39, 45; resentment of, 61–62; techniques of, [222n24]; violation of game laws, 62–63
Sports hunters, in Yellowstone, 89
Spruce gum, gathering of, 23, [212n30]
Squatters, 7, [216n11]; in Adirondacks, 33–34, 66–67, 151; on forest reserves, 174; in history of conservation, xv–xvi; in national forests, 2; New York Forest Commission on, 73; timber theft by, 168; in Yellowstone, [234n50]
“Squaw-men,”92, 122
State, decision-making power of, 6
State simplification: in Adirondacks, 29; ecological dangers of, [242n76]; in Yellowstone, 119, 142
“State Troops” (timber gang), 56, 103
St. Francis tribe, 20
St. Regis River, poaching in, 44
Strong, William E., 93
Stukley, Joseph, fig. 13
Subsistence: in Coconino Forest, 186; frontiersmen's rights to, 122; game hunting for, 103; in Havasupai practices, 189, 190, [263n56]; natural
Subsistence (continued) resources for, 196; poaching for, 137–38; rural patterns of, 198; in timber use, 102–3
Subsistence, in Adirondacks: agricultural, 27; and hunting, 59–60, 64, [223n30]; as right, 52–53, 64
Supai, 189, 190
Swiss Alps, guides of, [225n49]
Sylvester, Nathaniel, 12
Taggart, [259n24]
Taxidermists, 130, 133
Taylor, Alan, [203n1]
Thomas, George, 42
Thompson, E. P., 3, 194
Thoreau, Henry David, 12
Thurston, Clarkson, 157
Tillotson, M. R., 190
Timber: state intervention in, 197; subsistence uses of, 102–3; of Yellowstone, [231n16]
Timber industry: in Grand Canyon, 170; of Maine, [213n35]
Timber industry, in Adirondacks: collusion with forestry officials in, 57, [221n21]; local opposition to, 56–57;resolutions against, [221n19]
Timber theft, 7; from federal lands, 168, 169; in history of conservation, xv–xvi; in national forests, 2; from Yellow stone, 101–4, [236n18]. See also Firewood
Timber theft, in Adirondacks, 49, 50–58, 64, 103; definition of, 51; large-scale, 55; revenue from, 54; in twentieth-century, [221n22]
Tom, Captain (Havasupai), 161
Tonkey tribe, 84
Tourism: in the Adirondacks, 18, 19, 26–28, 65, 66; eco-tourism, [210n21]; in Grand Canyon, 155, 187, 188, [252n16]; in Yellowstone, 81, 91, 108
Tourists: murder of by Indians, [228n2]; upper-class, 3
Transcendentalism, 12
Trapping: in Adirondacks, 23, 32, [212n30], [213n31]; in Yellowstone, 121, 122
Treaties: Fort Bridger, [231n19]; Fort Laramie, 90, [231n19]
Troike, Private, 123
Trophy market, 126
Trumbull, Walter, 84
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 168
Tusking, 133–36, 141, [247nn46], [48];
Binkley's, 139, 140, [248n65]
United States: acquisition of southwest territory, 154–55; common rights ideology in, [213n31]; forestry policies of, 5; land policy of, 83
United States Army: Corps of Engineers, 107; and internal security, [235n57]; jurisdiction over Yellowstone, 97, 98, 99–120; in modern state, [235n60]; and Yellowstone incursions, 90. See also Scouts; Soldiers
United States Congress: establishment of Yellowstone, 82–83; forest legislation of, 165–66
United States Division of Forestry, 17
United States Forest Service, 170, 179
United States Geological Survey, 84
United States Interior Department, 95, 98, 99, 100; poaching policy of, 126; timber policies of, 101. See also General Land Office
United States War Department, Yellowstone under, 97–98, 99–120
Usufruct, ideology of, 196
Ute tribe, 151
Vanderbilt, Alfred G., 45
Van Dyke, E. E., 125
Venison: Captain Jim on, 184; importance to Adirondack diet, [224n39]; sale of, 64–65
Violence, in protection of resources, 194, 195
Virginia City, Montana, 95
Wage labor: by Adirondackers, 27–28, 67; alternatives to, [248n61]; Americanviews on, [247n55]; effect on Native Americans, [263n57]; by Havasupai, 164, 180, 187–91, [254n43]; versuspoaching, 136–38, [248n61]
Wagner, R. A., [238n37]
Walapai tribe: clothing of, [252n19]; language of, [251n8]; poaching of livestock, [254n42]; trade with Havasupai, 152, 154, 156
Wall, M. J., 114, 115
Wa luthma (Supai Charley), [260n29]
Ward v. Racehorce,118
Warner, Charles Dudley, 99
“War of the Demoiselles,”5
Warren, Louis, [204n2]
Watahomigie (Havasupai), 184
Water supply: effect of deforestation on, 16, 165–66; of Havasupai, 153, 155, 160–61, 164; for New York, 16; Pinchot on, [257n55]; role of forestry in, 166, [255n48]
Webb, William Seward, 40, 44, 45, [218n26]
Weber, Eugen, 73
West, American: conservation in, 4; risk-taking in, [244n23]
West, D. Clinton, 185, 188, [250n1]
White, Theodore, 68
“White Indians,”92–93, 138, [233n39]
White Mountain Apache agency, 176
Whites, “lawless,”92–93, 97
Whiting, A. F., [260n31], [262n46]
Whitman, Jay, 130, 133
Whitney, William C., 44, 70
Whittaker, George, 114, 115
Wickeups, 84
Wilderness and the American Mind (Nash), 49
Wilderness ideology, 197; of Adirondacks, 11–12, 197, [265n10]; aesthetic of, [209n12]; American, [231n19]; as cult, xv; effect on Native Americans, [231n19]. See also Nature
Williams, A. P., 36
Wind River Reservation, 88, 91, [231n19]
Winegar brothers (George and John), 130
Wingate, George, 91, [233n35]
Wonderland (newspaper), 112
Wonderland (nickname for Yellowstone), 81, [227n73]
Woodruff, Lieutenant Governor, 62
Woodward, J. H., 59
Working class: hierarchies of, [225n49]; poaching in Yellowstone, 136–38
Worster, Donald, 49
Wyoming territory: game laws of, 118; Yellowstone under, 95, 97, 98
Yakima tribe, 176
Yavapai tribe, 154
Yell, Louis, 40
Yellowstone National Park: beaver population of, 119; boundaries of, 106–7; conservation policy in, 6, 83, [236n11]; creation of, [229n4]; dogs in, 108; ecology of, 84, 118–19, [242n72]; enforcement of regulations in, 93–95; entrances to, 107; establishment of, 82–83, 87, [229n4]; fence cutting at, 141–42, 143–44; fencing of, 106, 142–44; firearm use in, 108; forest fires in, 118–19, [241n72]; game herds of, 142–43; game wardens of, 94; geothermal features of, 81, 82, 85; Indian incursions into, 81–82, 87–92, 117, [233n35]; Indian trails of, 83, 84, 107, [229n7]; Indians' use of, [230n9]; livestock grazing on, 104–6, 197, [236n22]; map of, 80; mapping of, 82, 84, 107; martial law in, 105–6; military administration of, 97, 98, 172; predator population of, 119; protective legislation for, 125; resistance to conservation in, 2; role in federal policy making, [229n6]; role of fire in, 118–19; rural society of, 92–93; scientific interest in, [229n3]; spies in, 111–12, [239n46]; squatters in, [234n50]; stagecoach robberies in, 140–41; superintendents of, 93–95, 143; symbolism of, [229n3]; territorial constables of, 97; timber of, [231n16]; timber theft from, 101–4, [236n18]; tourism in, 81, 91, 108; trapping at, 121, 122; travel permits for, 107, [237n27]; ungulate population of, 119; villages surrounding, 95–96, 101; winter patrolling of, 110–11; under Wyoming jurisdiction, 95, 97, 98. See also Elk; Poaching; Scouts; Soldiers
Yellowstone National Park Protection Act, 126, [244n15]
Yellowstone Park Timberland Reserve, 166
Yellowstone Plateau: Indian peoples of, 83–92, [230nn9], [11]–12; ranches of, 104; social order of, 112
Yellowstone River Valley, 95
Young, Eric Van, [243n6]
Young, H. J., 155
Young, Samuel M. B., 105–6, 108–9, 129; poaching policy of, 111–12, 143
Yuman language, [251n8]