Index
Abattis, 34, 133
Acclimatization, 194; biological, 195–96; colonization and, 199; debates over, 205; race and, 199
Action: climatic theories of, 218; structure and, 186
Administration Pénitentiare, 189
Adorno, Theodor W.: Dialectic of Enlightenment, [264n6]
Aerospatiale, 142
Afobaka Dam, EDF and, 233
A-4, 117
Afterlife of islands, French Guiana and, 252–54
Agriculture, 241; problems in, 70; tropical climate and, 7
Air-conditioning, 152, 177, 178, 205; history of, 219–20, [294n11]
Alatas, S. Hussein: on lazy native, [292n4]
Algerian War, 25, 37, 189
Allison-Booth, W.E.: on Devil's Island, 93–94; Devil's Island: Revelations of the French Penal Settlements in Guiana, 92, 93, 97, 98; farewell walk of, 108; on French Guiana, 98–99; on penal colonies, 94
Aluku (Boni), 44, 136–37, [284n27]
Amerindians, 22, 35, 38, 44, 98, 179, 242, 244, 254; culture of, 212; ecology and, 241; Europeans and, 170; tourism and, 206
Anthropology: academic agenda of, 17; biological, [264n15]; Caribbean and, 46; cultural, 11, 247, [264n15]; globaization and, [265n24]; history and, 14, 16; linguistic, [264n15]; modernity and, 10–13; native, [265n21]; nature/culture and, 10; physical, [264n15]; postwar specialization within, 11; romantic holism of, 17; science/technology and, 14, 15, 17; social, 11, 247, [264n15]; undisciplined discipline of, 10–11, 15
Anti-Semitism, French, 86, 87
Apollo program, [286n1], [287n14]
Approuague River, 233
Archaeology, 13, [264n15]
Architecture, 165–66
Arendt, Hannah, 250, 251; and Crusoe, [297n7]; The Human Condition, 250
Ariadne, [287n15]; Theseus and, 156, 157
Ariane, xiv, 25, 143, 152, 166, 170, 173, 182, 227, 228; environmental threat from, 212–13; Europe/France and, 158–61; failure for, 171; founding moment of, 229–30; Greek mythology and, 156–57, 158; international cooperation and, 160; investors in, 159; launching, 115, 143–44, 149–50, 158, 185, 229; model of, 172; success for, 141–42, 148, 154, 190
Ariane 1, 141, 157
Ariane 2, 141, 157
Ariane 3, 141, 157
Ariane 4, 141, 142, 143, 145, 157; launch of, 171
Ariane 5, 145, 151, 160, 232, 234; described, 141–42; design for, 143; tests for, 174
Arianespace, 140–41, 143, 145; clients of, 146; launches by, 149, 181; personnel at, 146
Ascension Island, 144
Assimilation, 130; technical, 132
Asterix-1, 119
Aviation Week and Space Technology, [283n19]
Bagnards, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71ff, 102, 104, 243; described, 80; libéré and, 222; population breakdown of, [275n9]. See also Convicts
Bagne. See Penal colony
Bagnold, Major-General, 197
Balladour, Edouard, 238
Barousse, Claude, [275n9]
Batzler-Heim, 98
Beaumont, Gustave de, 61
Belbenoit, René, 97, [279n45]
Belem, as potential rocket range site, 127
Beller, William: Satellite!, 115–16
Benedict, Ruth, [265n16]
Benjamin, Walter: Illuminations, 236
Bentham, Jeremy, 58, 75; Howard and, 55; “Idea of a New Principle of Construction applicable to Any Sort of Establishment in Which Persons of Any Description are to be Kept Under Inspection,” 56; Panopticon, or The Inspection House, 52, 53–56, [270n2], [271nn3], [11]
Bergaust, Erik: Satellite!, 115–16
Bilby, Ken, 43, [270n41]
Birth rates, 44, [270n43]
Blackstone, 59; Penitentiary Act and, 55
Blue Streak, 119
Blumenberg, Hans: The Genesis of the Copernican World, 113
Boas, Franz, [293n9]; social/cultural anthropology and, 11
Bonaparte, Louis, 67
Botany Bay, 56, [271n6], [272n14], [274n4]; Cook at, 55; French, 57, 60
Boudin, Jean: on acclimatization, 195–96
Bourbons, restoration of, 33
Brazilians, 44, 134, 242, 243, 254
Bredin, Jean-Denis, [277n21]
Bricolage, 19, 36, [296n3]; incidental movement for, [267n31]
Bricoleurs, 18, 34, 223; metaphor of, 19
British Empire, intercontinental immigration within, 217
British Guiana (Guyana), 45, 81
British Houses of Parliament, cooling system for, 220
Broca, Paul: on acclimatization, 195–96; craniometry and, 196; as quoted by Orgeas, 191
Buffon, environmental reasoning and, 195
Bureaucratization, 36–37, 54
Cape Canaveral, 124, 132, 189
Capitalism, modernity and, 21
Capital punishment, 59
Caribbean, modern features of, 46
Carlier, Claude: CNES and, [283n20]
Carroll, Lewis: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, 49
Carter, Dale: The Final Frontier, 149
Cayenne, xiii, 31, 32, 36, 130, 132, 134, 254; airport at, [269n21]; Chinese in, [292n3]; climate of, 67; convicts at, 66; described, 151; electricity for, 232; entertainment in, 133; Kourou and, 129, 168; Paris and, 224; as potential rocket range site, 127; riots in, 35; term, origins, [267n5]; tourism in, 208, [279n55]; underemployment in, [296n41]; visiting, 82, 153, 177
Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 125, 131, 132, 143, 145, 156, 160, 167, 171, 173; brochure quotation, 128; Cayenne and, 129; environmental issues and, 175; foundation of, 119; Kourou and, 135; launches and, 181; mission of, 134–35; public relations campaign by, 239; working group at, 140
Centre Spatial Guyanais. See Guiana Space Center
CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research), 119, [282n9]
Challenger, 141, 148
Charrière, Henri (Papillon), [278nn33], [38], [41]
Chinese, 44, 236; in Cayenne, [292n3]; immigration of, 217
Chirac, Jacques: development and, 38
Cité Stade, 136
Civilization, 9, 11, 20, 60, 160, 219, 252; conceptions of, 91, 98; industry and, 256; metaphor of, 213; nature and, 208; savagery and, 169–70; separation from, 167
Civil society, 86
Clarke, Arthur C.: “Extra-Terrestrial Relays” (“The Future of World Communications”), 120; on satellite stations, 120–21; 2001: A Space Odyssey, 120
Clarke, Thurston, [298n17]
Class, 85; penal colony and, 91
Clemenceau, Georges, 87, [277n18]
Climate, 218–20, 226; conquest of, 219; equatorial, 225; Europeans and, 198, 199; Negroes and, 198; problems with, 152; race and, 192–96, 198, 199
Climatic theory, 194–95
Climatization. See Air-conditioning CNES. See Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales
Cold War, 116, 124, 130; space program and, [282n7]
Colonial history, [281n76]; anthropology/history and, 14–15
Colonialism, 24, 34–36, 247, 258; defined, 20; development and, [269n23]; Devil's Island and, 253; effects of, 105; history of, 246; Left and, 162
Colonial logic, transportation and, 63–66
Colonial reversal: metaphors of, 93–95; possibility of, 107
Colonies: empire and, 258; liberation and, 249; organization of, 60
Colonization, 61, 188, 193, 253; acclimatization and, 199; development and, 234; efforts at, 70; French, 62, 74; labor of, 23; large-scale, 193; and penal colony compared, 55, 205; tools/systems for, 223; by transportation, 191
Colonizer, colonized and, 97, 249, [280n67]
Columbus, Christopher, 30, 40, 41, 47, 156, 162, 239; arrival of, 27
Columbus Day, protests on, 27–29
Commemoration, at CSG, 170–73
Common criminals: labor of, 92; transportation of, 54
Communication, 178, 252; international, 144; long-distance, 122; satellite, 122, [283n14]
Communication Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), 121
Communication satellites, 121, 122, 124; launching, 141
Community, and modernity, 12
Comparisons, shadow histories and, 15–16
COMSAT (Communication Satellite Corporation), 121
Concorde, 245, 247
Conquest, 30, 46, 47
Consumption, 39; nature and, 208
Convicts, 49, 78, 80; black, 194; civil population and, [275n8]; death rate for, 191, 194, [291n27]; labor by, 81, 217; marriage by, 197; non-European, 194; white, 61
Cooper, Frederick, [297n8]
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 174
Corsica, as potential penal colony site, 57
Cosmopolitan, defined, [290n10]
Cosmopolitanism, 203, 205; techno-, [294n19]
Craft, nature and, 1
Creoles, 22, 44, 128, 150, 242, 243, 254; cultural assimilation of, 231; development and, 133; ecology and, 211; in France, 134; gold mining and, 217; Metropolitans and, 136, 177; Petit Saut and, 234; protest against, 29; space center and, 146; stereotypes of, 217; tradition/ritual behavior and, 229
Crosby, Alfred, 203
Crusoe, Robinson, 1, 2, 18, 24, 25, 30; alien surroundings of, 8; anthropology and, 247; biology and, 20; civilization and, 257; Friday and, 250, 251; improvements by, 3, 5–8, 224, 225, 248; materialist rendering of, [263n4]; as modern man, 8; myth of, 248; name of, 6; Odysseus and, [264n6]; rewriting of, 257–58; romantic, 255–58; world of, 5–6, 26. See also Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner
Crusoe's Island, 9, 252, 253, 257
Cryogenics, 143
CSG. See Guiana Space Center
Cultural heritage, 36, 159, 259
Culture: as category, 207; anthropology and, 247; nature and, 247, 258; technology and, 161
Curtin, Philip: on European troops/mortality rate, 201–2, 203
Cuvier, environmental reasoning and, 195
Damas, Léon-Gontran, 105, [274n5]
Damned and Damned Again, 92
Darwin, as potential rocket range site, 126
Death rates. See Mortality rates
Debomy, Raymond, [283n20]
De Certeau, Michel, 223; The Practice of Everyday Life, 10
Defoe, Daniel, 3, 5, 12, 30, 249, 250, 252; conservative streak of, [264n4]; The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, 170, 248; memoir of, 8; and rewriting, 257–58
Deforestation, 241, [295n41]
De Gaulle, Charles, 118, 119, 130, 159; Ariane and, 140; in French Guiana, 128
De Gérando, Joseph Marie: The Observation of Savage Peoples, 10
De la Rouge, Jean Françoise, [272n14]
Dening, Greg: Islands and Beaches, 3
Departmentalization, 34–36, 45, 217, 224; economic growth and, 37
Departments, 42; districts and, [270n38]
Deportation, 33, 54, 58, 79; colony based on, 59; French, 62; goal of, [272–73n29]
Derrida, Jacques: Of Grammatology, 19
Désirade, as potential rocket range site, 126
Desobeau, Jean-Michel: “CSG,” 177
Des Roches quarter, 131, 136
Détachés, 168
Development, 9, 191, 248, 252–53, 258–59; colonialism and, 234, [269n23]; criticism of, 211; ecology and, 237, 244; in French Guiana, 224–25; political history and, 37–40; problems with, 32–33, 239; space program and, 131; technology and, 25, 192; in tropics, 186, 223–27; visions of, 222
Devil's Island, xiv, 85, 261; colonialism and, 253; described, 93, 98, 100–101, 103–4, 106; Dreyfus at, 76, 87–90, 173; English appeal to, 92–93; as focus of attention, 86; life on, 49, 79, 102; myths of, 107; penal colony and, 77–78; terror/isolation at, 92, 106
Diamant, 119, 129
Directory, deportations by, 58
Discipline, 10, 15, 72; punishment and, 226
Disease: drop in, 205; germ theory of, 204; mapping/controlling, 204; place and, 25; problems with, 68, 200; and public health, 36, 37, 204–5, 225; racial groups and, 197
Displacement, 22, 183, 223
Djibouti, as potential rocket range site, 126
Documents, oral testimony and, 14
Doublage, 81, 99
DRAC (Regional Direction for Cultural Affairs), Dreyfus centennial and, 173
Dreyfus, Alfred, 81, 221; at Devil's Island, [288n38]; evidence against, 87; exile of, 76, 86–92, 104, [277n23]; Five Years of My Life, 86; internal struggles of, 89–90; national crisis and, 90–91; rehabilitation of, [277n18]; youth of, 87; Zola and, [277n18]
Dreyfus, Mathieu, 87
Dreyfus Affair, 24, 88, 92, [270n1]; centennial of, 173; impact of, 87, 91; struggles of, 89–90
Dreyfus' Tower, 135
Dry guillotine, 92, 107, 108
Ducos, Théodore, 66
Du Miral, Rudel, 63
Dutch East Indies, mortality rate in, 202
Dutch Guiana (Suriname), 44, 45, 81
Early Bird, launching of, 121–22
Eboué, Félix, 162, [269n22], [279n46]
Echo I, launching of, 121
Ecology, 210–13, 237, 240–43; development and, 244; European cast of, 211–12
Economic challenges, 36–37, 189
Economic growth, 104, [285n46]; departmentalization and, 37; in French Guiana, 168
L'Eden Vert (Green Eden), 210, 213
EDF, 244, [295n26]; Afobaka Dam and, 233; archaeological salvage operation and, 233–34; criticism of, [295n32]; hydroelectric project by, 232
ELA (Ensemble de Lancement Ariane), 143, 152
ELDO (European Launcher Development Organization), 119, 136, 140; crises for, 130
El Dorado, 24, 30, 82; quest for, 34; visions of, 32, 33
Emerillon, 43
Empire: colonies and, 258; “Globe” and, 252, 253
Employment: increase in, [285n44]; indirect, 142
L'Enfer Vert (Green Hell), 168, 210
Ensemble de Lancement Ariane (ELA), 143, 152
Environment: organism and, 195; threatened, 206–7; wilderness and, 206
Environmental issues, 210–12, 218–19, 226–27, 239, 241; road building and, 231
Environmental movement, 174; criticism of, 238–39; in French Guiana, 210–11; Petit Saut and, 23
ESA. See European Space Agency
Escape velocity, planetary momentum and, 124
ESRO (European Space Research Organization), 119, 140
Ethnography, 16, 178, 179–81; defining, 13; ethnographic stance and, [266n28];
― 337 ―practice of, 12; rival impulses of, [267n30]Europa I, 140
Europa II, 119–20, 129, 140
Europa III, 140
Europa program, 119–20, 129; collapse of, 134; and cutbacks, 142
European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), 119, [282n9]
European Economic Community, France and, 38
European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), 119, 136, 140; crises for, 130
Europeans: Amerindians and, 170; climate and, 198, 199; rain forests and, 213–14; tropics and, 193, 198, 251
European Space Agency (ESA), 140–41, 143, 159; bilingualism at, 160; environment and, 174; launches by, 149, 181; “Our Inheritance—Our Future: Space,” 155; publications of, 155, [287n10]; “Reaching for the Skies,” 170
European Space Conference, 140
European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 119, 140
Evian accords, 125
Evolution, 16, 18, [290n7]; religion and, 156
Fanon, Franz: colonial space and, 250; on master/slave, 249
First Fleet, 55
Force de frappe, 119
Foreign, native and, 23
Forest, fears of, 100–102
Forestier, M., [272n19]; “Memoire sur le choix d'un lieu de déportation,” 58
Forster, Colin, [272n19]
Fort Dolphin, as potential rocket range site, 127
Foucault, Michel, 52, 74, [271n3]; Discipline and Punish, 52, 53; metaphorical reworking of, 108; Panopticon and, [270–71n2]; on penal colony, 74; on punishment, 53; specific intellectuals and, 225
Free Lance Service, entertainment by, 208–9
Freemasons, 78
Free population, [291n18]; mortality rates for, 200–201, 201table 2
French Army, Dreyfus and, 87
French Embassy, public relations release from, 159
French Foreign Legion, 146, [278n41]; Third Regiment of, 163
French Guiana (Guyane), 22, 27, 29, 35, 60, 63, 243; administrative watershed in, 35–36; afterlife of islands and, 252–54; agricultural settlement in, 188; colonization of, 33; conquest in, 46, 47; in context, 45–47; CSG and, 147, 229, 235; development in, 168, 224–25; disease in, 36–37; economic history of, 187; empire/globe and, xvi; European presence in, 43, 211–12; experimentation in, 185; foreign investment in, 153; future and, 162; general history of, 83; in geographic context, xviimap 1; growth of, 212; growth/ decay in, 33, 47; insignificance of, xiii–xiv; island characteristics of, 46–47; as land of space, 148; as landscape of past, 170; location of, 40; Mediterranean, 228; myth of, 33, 210; New World and, 45; penal colony at, xviiimap 2, 24, 57, 73, 79; population of, 80, 134; and slavery, end of, 34; space and, xxmap 4, 182, 212; space center in, xixmap 3, 182; transformation of, 174–75; visiting, 177–78, 245–48, 206, 209–10; women in, [273n49], [275n7]; writing about, 81–82
French Ministry of the Navy and the Colonies, 84
French Revolution, 57, 171; deportation during, 24
Friday, 254; Crusoe and, 250, 251; modern, 255–58
Future, 130, 162, 174–75; defining, 147–48; technology of, 212
Gagarin, Yuri, 121
Galibi, 137, 242
Galmont, Jean, 35, [280n62]
Ganymede, 156, [287n11]
Geography, 40, 185; multinational history and, 252
Geosynchronous orbit, 121, 122, 124, 144
Glacken, Clarence, [289n3]
Global, local and, 240–44
Globalization, xv, 2, 14–15; anthropology and, [265n24]
Globe: Empire and, 252, 253; outer space and, 260
Goddard, Robert, [281n1]
Gold, 35; Creoles and, 217; promise of, 29–32
Good Words, 81; points for consideration in, 84–85
Great Depression, French Guiana and, 35
Greek mythology, Ariane and, 156–57
Green Eden, 210, 213
Green Hell, 168, 210
Guadeloupe, 35, 60, 126; death rate at, 202; space center and, 41
Guérard, Albert: France, 223–24
Guiana Space Center (CSG), 37, 39, 136, 140–41, 145, 148, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, 189, 252; administration of, 187, 189; anthropological story of, 111, 183; called “Centre Spatial Européen,” 162, 236; Centre Spatial Guyanais, 189; clients of, 146; climate problems and, 152; colonial legacy and, 176–77; commemoration at, 170–73; conceptual topography of, 224; development and, 130–35; Dreyfus centennial and, 173; energy for, 232; environmental issues and, 175, 211–12; establishment of, 24–25, 37–38, 128–30; function of, 225–26; Guyane and, 142, 147, 229, 235; Kourou and, 37, 176, 224, 230; labor force at, 134, 146, 161, 228; launches by, 129, 142, 227; map of, xix; matérial humaine and, 208; missionaries at, 169; modern rhythms of, 230; and penal colony compared, 24, 186, 187–88, 190–91, 192, 227, 239, 241; public relations and, 165, 239; racism of, 236; roads and, 231, 234–36; role of, 150, 159, 173; social gravity and, 231; support systems for, 147; symbolic fabric surrounding, 175–76; urban professional norms in, 25; visiting, 165, 180–81, 209–10; wilderness and, 173; work relations at, 228
Guillotines, 222; dry, 92, 107, 108
Guyana (British Guiana), 81; independence for, 45
Guyanais, 22, 44, 231, 243, 254; coastal, 206; development and, 133; technical level of, 132
Guyanais Socialist Party (PSG), 39; accusations against, 236; WWF and, 238
Guyanais society, 39; cultural mythology of, 34; oppositions within, 25
Guyane. See French Guiana
Hammel, Ian, 107
Haraway, Donna, [266n25]; Primate Visions, 245
Heaven's gate, 124–25
Hegel, Georg, 250, 251, [296n4]; on master/slave, 26, 249; Phenomenology,249
Heidegger, Martin: Basic Writings, 16
Hell beyond the Seas, 92
Hell on Trial, 92
Hell's Outpost, 92, [278n35]
Hermès shuttle, 142, 145, 166, 236
History: anthropology and, 14, 16; experience and, 19; rewriting, 167–68
Hmong, 39, 44
Hoffman, Jeffrey, 155
Homosexual relationships, in penal colony, 80, 96, 103, [279nn42], [43]
Horheimer, Max: Dialectic of Enlightenment, [264n6]
Horrors of Cayenne, 92
Hotel des Roches, 162, 164; party at, 153
Howard, John: Dutch prisons and, [271n8]; The State of the Prisons, 55
Howard Society, 84
Hrdlička, Aleš, [293n9]
Hughes, Robert: The Fatal Shore, 53
Hulme, Peter: on Robinson Crusoe, 9
Human heritage, 205–14
Human systems, 43; rocket engineers and, 144–47
Humidity, problems with, 152
Huntington, Ellsworth, [293n5]; Civilization and Climate, 218; climate and, 219; environmental position and, 218–19; race comparisons by, 218; skepticism for, 219; thesis of, 220
Hydroelectric project, 232, 233
Idealism, realism and, 212
Identity, 102; bagne, 99; national, [265n21]; native, 44; space and, 102
Ile de Ré, 79
Ile du Diable. See Devil's Island
Ile Royale, 66, 79, 84, 85; clearing of, [273n33]; touring, 83
Ile Saint Joseph, 85
Iles du Salut, 33, 66, 82–83, 85, 153, 173, 208; convicts at, 67–68, 79, 194; life expectancy on, 196; as potential rocket range site, 127
“Il n'y a pas d'été en Guyane,” 230–31
Immigration, 39, 217, 243
Imperial history, racial geography and, 252
Imperialism, 54, 97, 251, [265n21]
Impulses, periods and, 225
Independence, 43, 45, 118; Ariane and, 159; labor and, 250; technological, 119
Individuality: loss of, 96; space and, 1–2
Indochinese, 225, 253
Industry, 2, 9; civilization and, 256
Infant care, improving, 36
Inini, 35, [278n29]
Institut Pasteur, campaign by, 36
INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium), 121
International Geophysical Year (1957–1958), 116
International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT), 121
Intertropical convergence, 40
Isle of the Damned, 92
Isolation: of patients, 205; punishment and, 100
Jolivet, Marie-José, 31, 164; on Kourou, 135, 137, 140; on social class, 139
Journal de la Marine, 65
Journal des Débats, [289n42]
The Jungle and the Damned, 92
Kafka, Franz, 75, 81, [270n1], [277n27]; “In the Penal Colony,” 51, 66, 77, 218; penal colony and, 106; The Trial, 51
Kaliña (Galibi), 31, 43
Kennedy Space Center, 173; climate problems at, 152; endangered/threatened species at, [289n39]
Kerguelen Islands, exile to, 62
Kincaid, Jamaica: A Small Place, 45
Kipling, Rudyard: Just So Stories, 215
Knowledge: localized, 12; power and, 12
Kojève, Alexandre, [296n4]
Korolev, Sergey, 116; Sputnik and, [282n2]
Kourou, 25, 29, 79, 130, 131, 145, 147, 162; anthropological significance of, 111; architecture of, 226–27; coat of arms of, 125; colonization of, 85–86; Creoles in, 133; described, 128–29, 134, 135, 136–37, 139–40, 151, 161–65, 167, 180–81; deserts of, 33; districts of, 136; electricity for, 232; Europeans in, 32, 160–61; expansion of, 39; forest and, 174; future of, 130; launches and, 146, 229; modernism in, 133; population of, 134, [287n23]; RN 1 and, 234; space center and, 130, 176, 177, 224, 230; as space town, 43, 162; street names in, 163–65; technology in, 180; tour of, 135–36, 151, 162–63, 168, 208, 254–55; transportation and, 70; women/children and, 168; world of, 182–83
Kourou expedition, 38, 57, 65, 86, [268n11]
Kourou River, 137, 209
Krarup-Nielsen, 98, 99
Kroeber, Alfred, [293n9]
Labor, 36, 225, 249; colonial, 65; convict, 49, 78, 217; forced, 54; independence and, 250; non-French, 134; overexploited, 217; Petit Saut and, 234; in tropics, 198, 216; wage, 133; and work, 250
Lafargue, Paul: The Right to Be Lazy, 215
Lagrange, Francis: Flag on Devil's Island, 92, 100, 215
Lamarck, environmental reasoning and, 195
Land of Space, 182; Land of Prison and, 168
Landsat, 122
Landscape: culturally appropriate, 182; penal colony and, 220; transformation of, 189
Languedoc-Roussillon, as potential rocket range site, 128
Latitude 5 (magazine), 160, [288n35]
Latour, Bruno, [266n25], [296n1]; Aramis,147; The Pasteurization of France,255–56
Launches, 175–76, 179, 180–81, 225–26, 230, 246–47; commercial, 141; described, 126–28, 152–53, 185; failed, 158, 171, [294n20]; geographical criteria for, 127; as historical markers, 170–71; nuts and bolts of, 142–44; quick/regular, 227; security of, 125; technology/workforce for, 190
Launchspace and International Space Industry Report, [283n19]
Laziness, art of, 215–17
Leblond, 58; at Guyane, 57
Leedom, John, [283n19]
Left, colonialism and, 162
Léger-Orine, Monique: Frontiers and Space Conquest, 155
Le Notre, André, 238
Lescallier, Daniel, 57, 58
Levieux, Eleanor: Cassell's Colloquial French, 220–21
Levieux, Michel: Cassell's Colloquial French, 220–21
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 18, [296n3]
Liberation, colonies and, 249
Libérés, 79, 81, 99; bagnards and, 222
The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner (Defoe), 3, 5, 170, 248; colonial space and, 250; frontispiece to, 5; myth/theory of, 9; social order and, 7; universal theory and, 251. See also Crusoe, Robinson
Local, global and, 240–44
Local economy, 226; growth of, 37
Londres, Albert, 92, 94, 104; L'Homme qui s'evada/Au bagne, 95, 102, 106; transportation and, [274n5]
Loose among Devils, 92
Louis XVI, 57
Louis-Napoleon, 63, 66; Australia and, [272n25]; coup of, 62; penal colonies and, 62, 73, 86; petition to, 70
Louis-Philippe, 61
Lowenthal, David: “French Guiana: Myths and Realities,” 27
L3S, 140, 141, 156, 158
MacDougall, Walter: on moon landing, 154
Mackau, Admiral, 65; transportation and, 63
Madagascar, 60; exile to, 62
Madeira Islands, 34
Male underworld, 95–97
Malinowski, Bronislaw: baloma and, [280n68]; social/cultural anthropology and, 11; Trobriands and, 13
Mam-Lam-Fouck, Serge, [268n18]; on Creole stereotypes, 217; on death rates, 201; Histoire de la Guyane contemporane, 187
The Man from Devil's Island,92
Mannoni, Octave: Prospero and Caliban, 3
Manoa, 30, 82
Marconi, Matra, 159
Margins, importance of, 25
Marie-Galante, as potential rocket range site, 126
Maripasoula, 242
Markham, S.F.: on air-conditioning, 219–20; Climate and the Energy of Nations,219
Maroni River, 40–41, 69, 108, 137, 154, 165, 169; prison camps on, 79; voyage on, 209
Maroons, 22, 35, 38, 39, 98, 242, 254; culture of, 212; ecology and, 241; Kourou and, [288n24]; role of, 44; tourism and, 206, 209
Marquesas Islands, 62; as potential rocket range site, 126
Marriages, convict, 197
Martinique, 35, 60, 145; death rate at, 202; prostitutes from, [273n32]; space center and, 41
Marx, Karl: Capital, 3
Masculinity, loss of, 96
Master, slave and, 66, 249, 250
Material culture, 23, 256, 258; technical/nontechnical, 248
McDougall, Walter: The Heavens and the Earth, [282n7]; on technocratic argument, [282n7]
MDES (Mouvement de décolonisation et d'émancipation sociale), accusations by, 235
Mead, Margaret, [265n16]
Metropolitan France, 22, 29, 35, 74, 125, 162, 231; exile from, 64; Guyanais in, 38; penal colony and, 33, 106; return to, 168; trade with, [269n36]
Metropolitans, 22, 44, 162, 206, 236; Creoles and, 136, 177; displaced, 167; in French Guiana, 43
Microbiology/microcircuitry, 259
Middling modernism, [294n19]; Space Age and, 226
Miles, A.: gold standard and, [285n51]
Mintz, Sidney: “The Caribbean Region,” 45
Miquelon, exile to, 62
Missionaries, 146, 169, 208
Mitterand, François: environmental responsibilities and, 237
Modern experience: ethnographic methods and, 13; hallmarks of, 12
Modernism, 123, 258; anthropology and, 10–13; defined, 21–22; language/action and, 18; space/tools and, 18; technology and, 22; universality and, 183
Modernization, xv, 131, 132, 225, 231; European, 204; Metropolitan, 226; technical, 118
Mogadishu, as potential rocket range site, 127
Monnerville, Gaston, [281n73]; transportation and, [274n5]
Montagne d'Argent, 69; convicts at, [290n5]; installation at, 68; life expectancy on, 196; settlement at, 194
Montesquieu, Baron: on climatic theory, 194–95; The Spirit of the Laws, 192
Moral health, 72
Mortality rates, 77, 193, 200–205; convict, 191, 194, 197; decline in, 204, 205; for European troops, 201–3, 202table 3, 203table 4; in French Guiana, 205; for hard labor convicts, [291n27]; increase in, 68; infant, 36; place and, 25; political economy and, 1; transportation and, 68
Mosquitoes, 204–5, 224
Mouvement de décolonisation et d'émancipation sociale (MDES), accusations by, 235
Multinational history, global geography and, 252
Murray, William: Flag on Devil's Island, 92, 100, 215
Musée de L'Homme, Damas at, 105
Myth, subversion of, [281n76]
Nandy, Ashis: The Intimate Enemy, 258
Napoleon, 42, 67; deportations by, 58
Narrative of escape, 101
NASA, 140; space shuttle and, 141
Nationalism, 14, [280n68]; currents of, 86; self-realization and, 103
Native: foreign and, 23; Settler and, [297n5]
Natural facts, 40–41
Natural underworld, 106–8
Nature, 24, 193, [291n30]; aestheticization of, 25; civilization and, 208; consumption and, 208; craft and, 1; culture and, 247, 258; defined, 20; exotic, 101; future of, 174–75; place and, 192; preservation of, 210–11; technology and, 23, 191; Western interaction with, 206–7; wilderness/environment and, 206–8; WWF and, 238
Ndjuka, 44
Negroes, climate and, 198
Neutralized environments, 183
New Caledonia, 24, 71–72, 84, 88, [281n73]; annexation of, 63; mortality at, 78, 197; prisoners at, 194, 200; transportation to, 78; women sent to, [273n43], [275n7]
New South Wales, transportation to, 55
New Town (Kourou), 162–63
New World, 24, 30, 47; European presence in, 29
Nietzsche, Friedrich: The Gay Science, 113
Niles, Blair, 94; Condemned to Devil's Island, 92, 94, 95; on dehumanizing classification, 95; on Devil's Island, 98; on prison life, 101–2
Nineteenth century, moment of, 33–34
Nixon, Richard, 154
Noncosmopolitanism, 196–97, 197–98, 218
Nuclear test sites, [289n45]
Nuku-Hiva, as potential rocket range site, 126
Oberg, James: Red Star in Orbit, 116
Odysseus, 6, 156; myth/enlightenment and, [264n6]
Old Town (Kourou), 137, 165
Oral testimony, documents and, 14
“Oraput” (song), 106, [279n45]
Organism, environment and, 195
Orgeas, J., 192, 198, 219; on acclimatization, 203, 205; Contribution a l'étude du non-osmopolitisme de l'homme, 191, 196, 197; Cosmopolitan Man and, 205; on diseases/racial groups, 197; on Europeans/tropics, 191; evaluating, 199–203; mortality rate and, 200–202; noncosmopolitan position and, 196–97; La pathologie des races humaines et le problème de la colonisation, 191; work of, 196
Ortner, Sherry, [292–93n4]; on ethnography/ethnographic stance, [266n28]
Orwell, George: Down and Out in London and Paris, 221
Outer space, 24, 112, 115, 117, 124, 259; architects of, 139; commercialization/exploration of, 111; fragile planet and, 174; globe and, 260
Oyapock River, 40–41, 61, 67–68, 232
Palikur, 31, 43
Panopticon, 52, 53–56, 58, 72, 74, 75;
prototypes of, [271n4]
Papillon (Henri Charrière), [278nn33], [38], [41]
Papillon (movie), 185, [278n32]
Paramaka, 44
Particularism, 15
Patrimoine, 211, 240, 242
Peasantry: defining, 46; reinventing, 34
Pelham, Lord, 56
Penal colony, xiv, 2, 29, 34, 35, 37, 54, 57, 59, 62ff, 71ff, 83, 88, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 108, 136; administration of, 66–71, 187, 190, 194; ancient underworld and, 190; Australia as, 56–63, 72–75, 202–3; civil purgatory/colonial hell and, 103; closing of, 55, 224; and colonization compared, 24, 205; commercial activities of, 105; corruption and, 248; deaths at, 199–203; demographics of, 197, 200table 1; departure of, 224; development of, 24, 215–16; Devil's Island and, 77–78; displacement of, 70; English description of, 81–85; escape and, 101; French, 58–59, 62–64, 66, 72, 73, 91–92, 94, 103; humane norms and, 106; identity of, 95, 99; imperial history/racial geography and, 252; institutions of, 105; isolation/moralization by, 190; jungle images of, 210; landscape
― 342 ―and, 220; legacy of, 58; life at, 57, 70, 82–85, 91, 102, 103; location for, 64, 102–5; as machine, 104–5; map of, xviii; Metropolitan, 221; Metropolitan France and, 106, 107; myths of, 107; Pacific, 72, 78; place and, 194; as public display, 107; punishment at, 72, 74–75, 76; race/class and, 91; reform of, 62; rural settlements and, 25; slaves for, 217; social conditions for, 96; social order in, 78; and space center compared, 24, 186, 187–88, 190–91, 192, 227, 239, 241; symbolic impact of, 105; système D and, 220–23; transportation to, 53; turning point at, 71; violence of, 95; women in, [275n7]; world of, 78–81, 103, 104, 223“Un Pénitencier doit être une véritable maison de santé morale” (tract), 72
Penitentiary, penal colony and, 54
Penitentiary Act (1779), 55
People, defined, 22–23
Periods, [266n27]; impulses and, 225
Petit Saut: access road to, 236; controversy over, 175, 231, 232–34; dam at, 25, 175, 240, 244, [295n28]; public relations campaign for, 239
Petty criminals, 54
Picquart, Colonel: Dreyfus and, 87
Pierce, J.R.: The Beginnings of Satellite Communication, 149
Pierre, Michel, 102; on bagnard population, [275n9]
Place: controlling, 226; defined, 22–23, 207; disease and, 25; mortality rates and, 25; nature and, 192; penal colony and, 194; revisiting, 177–83
Le Plan Phèdre, [288n27]
Plantation settlements, 61, [268nn8], [11]; disintegration of, 34; former slaves and, 217; stagnation of, 31–32
Plan Vert (Green Plan), 38, 39, 225
Plato, 57
Pluchon, Pierre: Histoire des Antilles et de la Guyane,27
Pointe des Roches, 135
Political economy, 41–43, [266n24]; mortality and, 1
Political history, development plans and, 37–40
Pollution, material/symbolic, 256
Pompidou, Georges, 118, 128
Popular Front government, transportation and, 78
Population, civil/convict, [275n8]
Port Etienne, as potential rocket range site, 127
Pou d'Agouti, 240, [292n38]
Power, knowledge and, 12
Practical settlement, 30
Prefect, described, 42
Preservation, technologies of, 12
Price, Richard, 202, [270n41], [276n9]
Price, Sally, [270n41]
Prison camps, life at, 80
Prison debates, 51–53
Prisoners: black, 69; death rate of, 197; described, 80; life expectancy of, 196; liquidation of, 68; white, 69
Prison guards, 80
Prison sentences, 54–55
Propellants, local production of, 174
Prostitutes, [279n44]; marrying, [273n32]
Proust, Marcel: Remembrance of Things Past, 1913–1927, 86
PSG. See Guyanais Socialist Party
Public health, 36, 37, 225; improvement in, 204–5. See also Disease
Public relations, 159, 165, 239
Punishment, 80, 252; attitudes toward, 51–52; colonial, 51–53; conservative, 64; contemporary discussion of, 53; discipline and, 226; hidden, 107; humane, 71; isolation and, 100; penal colony and, 74–75, 76; reason and, 64; social theory and, [271n3]
Rabinow, Paul, 226; modernization and, [294n19]
Race, 85, 252; acclimatization and, 199; climate and, 192–96, 198, 199; diseases and, 197; impact of, 249; penal colony and, 69, 91; place and, 25
Racial degeneration, 97–98
Racial determinism, 218; Cuvierian line on, 196
Racial geography, imperial history and, 252
Racial inversion, 98
Racism, 61, 133, 195
Rain forests, 40, 210, 243, 247; Europeans and, 213–14; Kourou and, 174
Ralegh, Sir Walter, 31, [267n3]; on Guiana, 47; The Discoverie of the Large, Rich, and Bewtiful Empire of Guiana, 29–30
Readers, tools for, 19–23
Realism, idealism and, 212
Recidivist laws, 196, [273n43], [291n27]
Recidivists, 78, 79, 91, 103; transportation of, [274n4]
Reform, 54, [271n3]
Refrigeration, development of, 220
Refugees, from Suriname, 39
Regional Direction for Cultural Affairs (DRAC), Dreyfus centennial and, 173
Rehabilitation, 103
Relégation, 78, 196
Relégués, 79, 80, 81, [276nn9], [10]
Religion, evolution and, 156
Representation, space for, 154–58
Reproduction, place and, 25
Republicanism, currents of, 86
Resort systems, 206
Retour de Guyane, 105
Reunion, 35
Revolution of 1848, 62
RN 1. See Route Nationale 1
RN 2. See Route Nationale 2
Road building, 234–36, 241; to Brazil, 236–37; environmental issues and, 231
Roads, tale of, 231
Rochambeau Airport, 166, 245, [269n21]
Rocket engineers, human systems and, 144–47
Rockets, 247; charisma of, [286n1]; commodities and, 248; environmental impact of, 174–75; language around, 155; launching, 179, 230; Nazi experiments with, 118; pollutants from, 211–12; technology and, 117, 157–58
Rocques, Arthur, [275–76n9]
Rostow, W.W.: on satellites, [282n3]; space policy and, [282n7]
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 3, 100
Roussillon, as potential rocket range site, 128, 131
Route de l'Espace (Space Road): closure of, 234–36; criticism of, 236–37
Route Nationale 1 (RN 1), 234; and Route Zero, 104; space section of, 236
Route Nationale 2 (RN 2), 237
Saint-Domingue, slave population of, [268n8]
Saint Exupéry, Antoine de: The Little Prince, 185
St. Georges, 237, 242; health problems at, 68; transformation of, [296n41]
St. Jean, 79
St. Joseph, 79, 84; touring, 83
St. Laurent, 39, 69, 74, 79, 189, 194, 197, 222; electricity for, 232; settlement at, 190
St. Nazaire, 76
Saint Paul de Chartres, penal colony and, [298n15]
St. Pierre, exile to, 62
Salk Institute, 14
Sapir, Edward, [293n9]
Saramaka, 44, 136–37, 164, 166, 179, 181, 242, 244; ecology and, 241
Satellites, 116, 118, 119, 135, 261; commercial, xiv; communication, 121, 122, 124, 141; development of, 123–24; impact of, 120; Japanese, 179; launching, 121, 122, 124, 246–47; new equator and, 120–24; surveillance by, 122; weather, 121, 122
Saut Tigre, 233
Savoie, Clovis: appeal by, [281n73]
Schneider, Jean: Frontiers and Space Conquest, 155
Science fiction, 113, 117
Science studies, 14, 15, [266n27]
Sea Launch, [283n19]
Seaton, George John, 98, 100
Se débrouiller, 222, 230
Self-realization, nationalism and, 103
Selkirk, Alexander, 3, 257
Senegal: exile to, 62; negative rating of, 60
Sensationalist fiction, 92–93
SEPANGUY (Société d'Etude de Protection et d'Aménagement de la Nature en Guyane), 240, [292n38]
Settler, Native and, [297n5]
Seven Years War, French Guiana and, 32
Seychelles, as potential rocket range site, 126
Shadow histories, comparisons and, 15–16
Sierra Leone, mortality rate in, 202
Sinnamary, 128, 166; hotel near, 171; RN 1 and, 234
Sinnamary River, dam site at, 232
Sisters of Charity, 83, [276n14]
Slave colonies, 59, 65
Slave labor, 103
Slave merchants, 32
Slavery, 29, 46, 54, 61, 65, 97, 107; arguments against, 56; ecology and, 241; end of, 34, 58, 66, 216 Slaves: descendants of, 44; emancipation of, 66; masters and, 249, 250; mortality rates for, 200–201, 201table 2; and penal colony, 217; plantation life and, 217
Social class, 139, 181, 183
Social conditions, xiv, 7; penal colony, 96
Social status, loss of, 97
Social tensions, 133
Social theory, punishment and, [271n3]
Social transformation, 118
Social welfare, 139, 204
Société d'anthropologie, 195
Socio-Professionals of Guyane, Space Road and, 237
South, 21
Space: colonial, 250; as cooperative affair, 131–32; cosmology of, 158; cultural, 9; defined, 20, 111; European conceptions of, 123; French Guiana and, xxmap 4; geographic, 9; homogenous human, 223; implantation of, 130; individual identity and, 1–2; as news/strategy/modern, 117–18; physical/symbolic, 93; revisiting, 177–83; rhythm of, 227–31; social, 192; themes of, 156; transparent/obfuscating, 158; uniform landscapes and, 111
Space Age, 25, 122, 140, 147, 155, 156, 174, 260; dawn of, 116; French Guiana and, 182; literal/symbolic roles of, 112; middling modernism and, 226; outer space of, 111; post, 258–59; reorientation of Earth in, 123; Sputnik and, 117–18; Stone Age and, 169–70; technological triumph of, 175; transformation of, 123–24; tropics and, 115, 124–25
Space center. See Guiana Space Center
Space platforms, 120, 123
Space program, 132, 160, 166, 213; concerns for, 174–75; economic effects of, 134; Kourou and, 161; non-French labor for, 134; public relations of, 165; rebound of, 39; technological development and, 131
Space Race, 24, 124, 157, 189, 261; beginnings of, 115–18; clarion call of, 173
Space Road: closure of, 234–36; criticism of, 236–37
SPOT (Système Pour l'Observation de la Terre), 122, 175, 233, [283n16]
Sputnik, 155, [282n2]; launch of, 115–18; Space Age and, 117–18
Standardization, 12, 19
Stanford Linear Accelerator, 14
Stereotypes: Creole, 217; ethnic, 162
Stoler, Ann, [297n8]; on colonizer/colonized, [280n67]
Stone Age, Space Age and, 169–70
Street names, Kourou, 163–65
Structure, action and, 186
Supersonic flight, 247
Suriname (Dutch Guiana), 44, 81; independence for, 45
Symbolic maps, 175–77
Syncom II, 121
Système D: development and, 222; ethos of, 223; penal colony and, 220–23
Système Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT), 122, 175, 233, [283n16]
Tallach, William, 84
Tasmania, transportation to, 55
Taussig, Michael: colonial history and, [281n76]; on Devil's Island, 106
TDF (Télé Diffusion France), energy for, 232
Technical assimilation, 132
Technical Center (CSG), 153
Technique, technology and, 21
Technology, 14, 15, 24, 112, 117, 118, 125, 144, 158, 179–80; anthropology and, 17; colonial, 25, [267n30]; culture and, 161; defined, 21; development and, 25, 192; globalizing, 17–18; heating/cooling, 219; horizon of, 16–17, 26, 182; human subject of, 23; material/symbolic present and, 258; modernity and, 22; nature and, 23, 191; placeless space of, 180; satellite, 116, 124; secondary, 228; space, 117, 119, 123, 227, [283n19]; transported, 183; triumph of, 175; universality of, 183; wilderness and, 247
Telecommunications, energy for, 232
Télé Diffusion France (TDF), energy for, 232
Televised debate, text of, 240–44
Telstar, 121
Terrain, surveying, 23–26
Theories of industry, 218–20
Theseus, Ariane and, 156, 157, 158
Third Regiment (French Foreign Legion), 163
Time: European conceptions of, 123; space center and, 171; uniform landscapes and, 111
Tintin, 152, 171, 172, 209
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 61; The Old Regime and the French Revolution, 37
Tourism, 39, 41, 206, 208–10, 241; in French Guiana, [292n35]; in Jamaica, [291n26]; nature, 211; tropics and, 205
Tournier, Michel, 257; on Defoe, [264n6]; Friday, 254, 257
Transportation, 67, 75, 190; Australian, 66; British, 53–56; colonial logic and, 63–66; colonization by, 191; criticism of, 55; death rate and, 68; end of, 78; French, 58; possibilities of, 63; reestablishment of, 77–78; support for, 62
Transportés, 78, 79, 80
Treaty of Paris, 33
Trincomalee, as potential rocket range site, 126–27
Trinidad, as potential rocket range site, 126
Trobriands, 13; baloma in, [280n68]
Tropical medicine, 204–5. See also Disease
Tropics: defined, 21; development in, 186, 223–27; diseases in, 204–5; Europeans and, 191–92, 193, 198, 251; experience with, 100–102; labor in, 216; modern, 205, 206, 230; new, 203–5; shifting space of, 227; Space Age and, 115, 124–25
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 46
Trustees, 80
Tuamotu, as potential rocket range site, 126
2001: A Space Odyssey (movie), 116
Unemployment, 29, 39
Universalism, 15, 18, 258; material, 111
Universal theory, space of imperfection and, 251
Urban landscape, reshaping, 204–5
Urban planning, 14, 226
Utility, margin of, 125–26
Van Dieman's Land, transportation to, 55
Van Loon, Hendrik Willen: Van Loon's Geography, 1
Verne, Jules, 5, 117, 118, 147, 148, 176; Around the Moon, 252; From the Earth to the Moon, 111, 113, 175, 260; lunar fantasy of, 260; Voyages extraordinaire, 113; works of, 113–14
Veronique, 164; launching of, 129
Vieux blancs, 243
“A Visit to One of the Prisons of Cayenne” (Good Words), 81
V-2, 117, 118, 119, 152; race for, 120
Walwari, accusations by, 236
Wayampi, 43
Wayana, 43, 169, [292n33]
West Indies, 253; mortality rate in, 202, 202table 3, 203, 203table 4
“When the Sky Takes Root in the Ground of Guyane” (brochure), 166
White, Leslie: “Satellites and Gods,” 154
Wika, 129
Wilderness, 174, 205–14; domestication of, 225; environment and, 206–7; space center and, 173; technology and, 247
Williams, Raymond: on nature, [291n30]
Wood, Kris: “Au delà du Spatial,” 187
Woolf, Virginia, 3
Woomera, 119
Work: and labor, 250; morality of, 215–17
Working masters, 248–49
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 210, 240, 241; criticism of, 238–39; environmental politics and, [292n38]; Panda,206; PSG and, 238; road project and, 237; aka Worldwide Fund for Nature, 210
Wright, Gordon, [271nn3], [6]
WWF. See World Wildlife Fund
Zabusky, Stacia, [287n22]; Launching Europe, 167
Zola, Émile, [277n18]; Dreyfus and, 87, 91