1. Louis J. Budd calls Hal Holbrook's show “the strongest popularizing influence since around 1960,” in Our Mark Twain: The Making of His Public Personality (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 237.

2. See Hill, xxvii. Although Jean's diaries were unavailable to Hill in 1973, he did have access to a 23-page typescript of selected extracts from the diaries that had been transcribed in 1951.

3. AL, 71. In ME.

1. Mark Twain's Notebooks and Journals, ed. Robert Pack Browning, Michael B. Frank, and Lin Salamo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 3: 238.

2. On Livy, Kenneth R. Andrews, Nook Farm: Mark Twain s Hartford Circle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press), 89. On the marriage, see Dixon Wecter, ed., The Love Letters of Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Brodiers, 1947), hereafter cited as Love Letters; also Susan K. Harris, The Courtship of Olivia Langdon and Mark Twain (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), esp. chapter 5. OLC to SLC, Dec. 2, 1871, Love Letters, 166–69. SLC to OLC, Jan. 7, [1872], Love Letters, 171–72.

3. Van Wyck Brooks, The Ordeal of Mark Twain (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1920), 145–55; quote at 145; “infantile” at 155. See Laura Skandera-Trombley, Mark Twain in the Company of Women (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), for a discussion of Brooks's influence on Twain criticism and biography, 1–23; she also provides an excellent critique of the stereotypes of Livy as prude and helpless victim of Victorian conventions, 58–62. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 24. My Father, 85.

4. MMT, n, 28, 13–14. Lifetime, 236, 240–41. When Twain's eldest daughter Susy was five, she informed a visitor that “she had been in church only once, and that was the time when [her sister] Clara was ‘crucified’ (christened).” Albert Bigelow Paine, ed., Mark Twain s Autobiography (New York: Harper & Brodiers, 1924), i: 52.

5. MMT, 64. Kiskis, ed., MTsAutobiography, 47–48.

6. My Father, 26, 203; I have added the narrative frame here, but the dialogue quotations are exact.

7. SLC to Mother [Mary Mason Fairbanks], Feb. 20, 1868, in Dixon Wecter, ed., Mark Twain to Mrs. Fairbanks (San Marino, Calif: Huntington Library, 1949), 18–19; see also Wecter's introduction for Fairbanks's influence on Innocents, xxv. Mary Mason Fairbanks to OLC, Apr. i, 1872, CFP.

8. MMT, 18.

9. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 49; also see My Father, 68, for more on Twain's positive attitude toward his wife's editing.

10. Lifetime, 18, 22, 36; see 19–42 for Katy's descriptions of the dinner parties and guests.

11. Lifetime, 84–87, no-n. Again, I have added a narrative frame to Katy's conversational quotes.

12. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 63, 27.

13. My Father, 85, 154. ABP, Biography, 682.

14. On deferring to Livy, see MMT, 11–12. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 30–31.

15. Lifetime, 7–10, 18, 236. On Clemens sitting with die children at lunch, My Father, 56.

16. A/y Father, 60–61.

17. Kiskis, ed., A/Ti Autobiography, 28, 30, 178, 124, 163–64. A/j/ Father, 6.

18. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 177–78.

19. A/y Father, 188; Lifetime, 82; Andrew Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain: The Lives of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1997), 337. Paine, ed., Mark Twain s Autobiography, 2: 63–64.

20. Paine, ed., Mark Twain s Autobiography, 2: 64. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 170–71.

21. My Father, 76–77.

22. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 178.

23. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 178, 176. My Father, 25. Caroline Harns-berger, Mark Twain: Family Man (New York: Citadel Press, 1960), 21.

24. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 178, 35, 51, 38–40; Twain quotes comments from Susy's Papa at 51, 40.

25. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 190, 58.

26. Lifetime, 4, 49–50.

27. Lifetime, 49, 112, 54, 339.

28. Lifetime, j, 75–77.

29. Lifetime, 27–28, 59.

30. Lifetime, 12–15. Again, I have added a narrative frame, but the dialogue quotes are exact.

31. Lifetime, 17.

32. Lifetime, 69–70, 272.

33. Lifetime, 154, 152.

34. Lifetime, 339–40, 60, 298–99, 333.

35. Lifetime, 348, 274.

36. JC Diary, July 9, 1906.

37. Webster Notes on IVL, undated, and Mar. 5, 1948. Lyon told Doris Webster that she met Clemens “about ten years before she became his secretary.” This would mean that die meeting occurred sometime in the early 18905, or maybe in the late i88os—certainly before their departure from Hartford in June 1891.

38. Kaplan, 280–306, 327–32.

39. Charles Neider, Introduction to Susy Clemens, Papa: An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain, ed. Neider (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1985), 12, 19, 14–30.

40. Grace King, Memories of a Southern Woman of Letters (New York: Macmillan Co., 1932), 173. Neider, Introduction, 13–14. The nature of Susy's relationship with Louise Brownell remains ambiguous. In his introduction to Papa, Charles Neider includes portions of Susy's love letters to Louise. He resists the conclusion that they had a physical relationship, maintaining that although they clearly kissed and caressed and slept together, their physical expression did not necessarily mean that either woman intended a life-long commitment to same-sex relationships. Andrew Hoffman quotes letters from Susy to Louise (374) that are more passionate than Neider's examples and claims that Susy was taken out of Bryn Mawr because her parents did not approve of her romantic attachment to Louise Brownell; Inventing Mark Twain, 367–68. Though possible, I think the bits and pieces of evidence suggest otherwise, especially Clemens's warm response to Brownell after she named one of her daughters in memory of Susy. (SLC to Mrs. [Louise Brownell] Saunders, Oct. 16, 1906, in Neider, Introduction, 39–40.) Neider concludes (42), and I would concur, that it is unlikely Clemens knew the nature of the young women's relationship.

41. Kaplan, 310–12. Lifetime, 123. My Father, 87.

42. My Father, 90–94.

43. See Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain, 373–80; Kaplan, 314–16; Everett Emerson, Mark Twain: A Literary Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 208–14.

44. Neider, Introduction, 16–18. King, Memories, 176–77, 173.

45. Olivia [Susy] Clemens to Louise Brownell, [late July or early Aug., 1893], in Neider, Introduction, 18–19. Lifetime, 130.

46. Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain, 374–76.

47. Harnsberger, Family Man, 103–5. My Father, 128.

48. Kaplan, 317–33. My Father, 121.

49. OLC to SLC, July 31, 1894, in Love Letters, 381.

50. OLC to SLC, July 31, 1894, in Love Letters, 308–10. OLC to SLC [undated]. My Father, 109.

1. For Twain's debt, see Jan. 15, 1894, notebook entry as quoted in Everett Emerson, Mark Twain: A Literary Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 204. Kaplan, 330. Charles Neider, Introduction to Susy Clemens, Papa: An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain, ed. Neider (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1985), 34–35. Lifetime, 130.

2. ABP, Biography, 1002.

3. My Father, 138–39.

4. My Father, 159.

5. M. Allen Starr, M.D., to Susan Langdon Crane, Feb. 29, 1896, CFP. Also see SLC, Aug. 5. Saturday [1899]. Jean, ms. pages +i through +10, at ms. +2; hereafter cited as SLC, “Jean's Illness.” (This was apparently an addition to SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” 170 ms. pages. Albert Bigelow Paine created a typescript copy of die “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” incorporating “Jean's Illness” into his typescript. Citations from die typescript copy [tp.] will be distinguished from manuscript citations [ms.]. I believe diese titles—“Jean's Illness,” “Diary…”—are Paine's.) On epilepsy, see Richard Lechtenberg, Epilepsy and the Family (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984).

6. M. Allen Starr, M.D., to Susan Langdon Crane, Feb. 29, Mar. 19, Apr. 16, and May 26, 1896, CFP.

7. These conclusions are based on the letters Dr. Starr wrote to Susan Langdon Crane cited above. While some of Starr's phrasing is ambiguous, Jean's improvement is clearly indicated in the last two extant letters.

8. My Father, 170. It was the royalties from Following the Equator, not the $30,000 diat Twain cleared from die lecture tour, that allowed him to pay off all his debts by the end of January 1898. Emerson, A Literary Life, 222–27.

9. Lifetime, 130–37. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 25–27. Andrew Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain: The Lives of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1997), 411–12.

10. Neider, Introduction, 43–47.

11. My Father, 170–71. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 27. SLC to OLC, Aug. 1896, in Dixon Wecter, ed., The Love Letters of Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947), 320–21; hereafter cited as Love Letters.

12. Papa, 54. My Father, 171.

13. Lifetime, 138–39. Actually, Susy was unconscious for two days before she died. What Katy remembers was in fact Susy's last day of consciousness. Though Katy may have confused the time line in her retelling, hers is die only eye-witness account of Susy's demise. I have dierefore preferred hers on details of Susy's death to either Clara's memoir or Twain's autobiography.

14. My Father, 64, 179. Lifetime, 135–37. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +3. If Clara's claim to ignorance of her parents' favoritism in childhood is believed, then she must have discovered their partiality to Susy sometime in early adulthood. She does not date this painful realization. It might have occurred earlier, of course, but I am guessing that Susy's death brought home the point. Also see Lifetime, 140; JC Diary, May 29, 1906.

15. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +3, +4. Jean's doctor sailed for Europe on July i, 1896. “I will try to find Mr. Clemens if I go to London,” Starr wrote Susan Crane in his May 26, 1896, letter. Either he connected with the Clemenses in England before Livy sailed for America or in the States during die brief interval after Susy's deadi when Livy was diere.

16. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +3, +4.

17. Carl Dolmetsch, “Our Famous Guest”: Mark Twain in Vienna (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 105–6. Lifetime, 82–84, 188, 162.

18. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +4 (in ME), +6 (in ME), +5.

19. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +5 to +6. In ME.

20. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +i, +5.

21. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +7. In ME.

22. Emerson, A Literary Life, 222–27. My Father, 212–13. Lifetime, 163.

23. My Father, 193. CC, “Penalties of a Father's Fame,” The London Express, June 3, 1908, as quoted in Caroline Harnsberger, Mark Twain: Family Man (New York: Citadel Press, 1960), 240–41. I have used Harnsberger to reconstruct early aspects of Clara's musical career because this is probably the strongest aspect of her narrative. Her treatment of Jean is unreliable, and in general her book should be used with caution.

24. My Father, 201–2.

25. Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 178. My Father, 65, 74.

26. My Father, 214. Harnsberger, Family Man, 183. SLC, “Jean's Illness.” SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” Aug. n, 1899, ts., 18.

27. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” ms. 18, 9G, 9H. In a satirical letter dated “Hell, July /99,” Clemens also mocked his experience at the Kellgren sanitarium. See My Father, 214–15.

28. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” ms. 6. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” insert following ms. +2, ms. +9. My Father, 214. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” Aug. 7 and n, 1899, ts., 7–8, 18.

29. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” Aug. 7, n, 27, 1899, ts., 7–8, 18, 31.

30. JC Diary, Nov. 10, 1900. Throughout her extant diaries (for 1900, 1905, and 1906) Jean makes intermittent comments about being friendless.

31. Jade L. Dell, “Social Dimensions of Epilepsy: Stigma and Response,” in Steven Whitman and Bruce P. Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy: Social Dimensions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 191–92.

32. Ellen Dwyer is one of die few contemporary social historians working on the topic of epilepsy. See her outstanding article, “Stories of Epilepsy, 1880–1930,” in Charles E. Rosenberg and Jane Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 256. JC Diary, Nov. 20, Oct. 27, 1900. If she was cured and still found no one to love her, Jean wrote, die “fair reason for suicide” would actually increase.

33. Bodi Clara and Albert Bigelow Paine believed that die source of Clemens's “deep-seated pessimism” was Susy's death. See My Father, 176; ABP, Biography, 1021–22. See SLC, “Jean's Illness”; at ms. +3, and ms. +6. Clemens originally wrote diat Jean's epilepsy had begun in summer 1896, then corrected that to spring 1896.

34. SLC, “Diary of a Kellgren Cure,” Aug. n, 1899, ts., 18. In ME.

35. Livy quoted in ABP, Biography, 1102. On “The Chronicle of Young Satan,” see Emerson, A Literary Life, 248–51, 253; and William M. Gibson, ed., Mark Twain s Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 5–7, 14–19.

36. ABP, Biography, mo. My Father, 216–17.

37. My Father, 217–20. MTHL, 725–27.

38. Macnaughton, 142–43, 149–57, 160–62. See also Philip S. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (New York: International Publishers, 1958), 280–81.

39. Harnsberger, Family Man, 186–89.

40. JC Diary, Oct. 24-Nov. 28, 1900.

41. JC Diary, Nov. 5, 9, 1900.

42. Leila Zenderland, Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 266. Dwyer, “Stories,” 251.

43. JC Diary, Nov. 10, 1900. On families and stigma, see Dell, “Social Dimensions of Epilepsy,” 185–210, esp. 186; Dwyer, “Stories,” 250; and Nicky Britten, Michael E. J. Wadsworth, and Peter B. C. Fenwick, “Sources of Stigma Following Early-Life Epilepsy: Evidence from a National Birth Cohort Study,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy, 223–44, ^es P-²² 8; Robert J. Mittan, “Fear of Seizures,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psycho-pathology in Epilepsy, 90–119, esp. 90–99; Patrick West, “The Social Meaning of Epilepsy: Stigma as a Potential Explanation for Psychopathology in Children,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy, 250, 198 (hereafter cited as West, “Stigma”). Stigma is a negative cultural attitude directed toward physical and behavioral differences among people. It is a deeply discrediting response that most often creates intense shame in sufferers. Strategies used by families to cope with the stigma of epilepsy in the last half of the twentieth century parallel the reported behaviors of Jean's mother found in JC diaries.

44. WDH to SLC, July 31, 1901, in MTHL, 728. “The United States of Lyncherdom,” in Justin Kaplan, ed., The Great Short Works of Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 198–200. Macnaughton, 173.1 think Twain's reputation among his contemporaries was actually more secure than he recognized. But even his friend Howells, one of the most astute critics of the period, had doubts about the persistence of Twain's public acclaim. See ABP, Biography,IIII-I2.

45. MTHL, 730 fn. 3, 732–33 fn. i. WDH to Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Dec. 8, 1901, in MTHL, 735 fn. 2. SLC to Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Sept. n, 1902, in MTHL, 745 fn. 2.

46. SLC to WDH, Jan. 3, 1902, in MTHL, 736–38; MMT, 66–68, and SLC Probate, 3–4. Harnsberger, Family Man, 190.

47. MMT, 74; Lifetime, 220. Emerson, A Literary Life, 261–63.

48. SLC to Henry Rogers, July 7, 1902, in HHR, 489–90.

49. JC Diary, Nov. 27, 1900. Hill, 20.

50. SLC to Henry Rogers, July 7, 1902, in HHR, 489.

51. SLC to Henry Rogers, July 7, 1902, in HHR, 490, and Aug. 7, 1902, in HHR, 496.

52. MTHL, 745 fn. 2. SLC to WDH, dated Sept. 23 [actually written Sept. 24], 1902, in MTHL, 744–45. WDH to Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Nov. 18, 1902, in MTHL, 747 fn. i. MTHL, 745 fn. 2, and SLC to WDH, June 6, 1904, in MTHL, 785. Biographer Justin Kaplan described Livy's illness as “hyperthy-roid heart disease.” See Kaplan, 369. More surprising was biographer Hamlin Hill's medical diagnosis, rejecting heart disease in favor of “nervous breakdown.” The Clemenses had a sick family, he suggested, controlled by Livy through her illness. See Hill, 46–48.

53. SLC to WDH, Dec. 26, 1902, in MTHL, 757–58. Dwyer, “Stories”; Lechtenberg, Epilepsy, 3. Hill, 56.

54. MMT, 7, 63. My Father, 227.

55. SLC, as quoted in My Father, 227–28.

56. OLC quoted in My Father, 230. SLC quoted in Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain, 449. See also Lifetime, 221; My Father, 231–35.

57. Emerson, A Literary Life, 264–67. Mark Twain, “Christian Science,” North American Review, Dec. 1902, 768, and January 1903, 7. Commentators have generally missed that there were four installments in the North American Review, citing only the December 1902 and January 1903 issues. Actually the “Christian Science” series continues in February 1903 (pp. 173–84) and concludes in April 1903 (pp. 505–17) with “Mrs. Eddy in Error.” The book version, Christian Science, was published in February 1907.

58. Sholom J. Kahn, Mark Twain s Mysterious Stranger: A Study of the Manuscript Texts (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1978), 91–94.

59. AL, 8–18 (in ME), 39–44. Hill, 93. Jennifer L. Rafferty, “‘The Lyon of St. Mark’: A Reconsideration of Isabel Lyons Relationship to Mark Twain,” Mark Twain Journal 34 (fall 1996): 43–44.

60. CC's letter of Dec. 10, 1902, quoted in Rafferty, “‘The Lyon of St. Mark,’” 44–45.

61. SLC to Joseph Twichell, July 21, 1903, in ABP, ed., Mark Twain's Letters (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1917), 2: 741–42. Hill, 56–58; Kaplan, 369–70. Lifetime, 222. ABP, Biography, 1209–11.

62. Hill, 72–74. My Father, 241–46. Lifetime, 223.

63. Lifetime, 224–25; Hill, 73. My Father, 246. See also SLC to Joseph Twichell, Jan. 7, 1904, as quoted in ABP, Biography, 1211–12.

64. Gibson, Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts, 491, 9–10, 405. Emerson, A Literary Life, 272–74. Kahn, Mysterious Stranger, 94–96.

65. Macnaughton, 195–200, 61. IVL Journal 1903–1904 ts., Feb. 28, July 28, 1904. Webster Notes on IVL, undated. For a perspective on Lyon as “pseudoanalyst”

66. AL, 39. On Lyon's duties, note appended to IVL Journal 1903–1904 ts. by the Websters, under June 5, 1904, entry. IVL Journal 1903–1904, Feb. 28, June 16, 20, 22; May and June 1904 entries refer to her mother's presence.

67. Harnsberger, Family Man, 207–8. Lifetime, 226–27; MMT, 75. SLC to Joseph Twichell, June 8, 1904, in Love Letters, 348–49. Twain had not entirely lost his humorous touch, though perhaps it was tinged with melancholy: after Clara's concert he noted, “Yes, I am passing off the stage, and now my daughter is the famous member of the family”; Harnsberger, Family Man, 208.

68. Lifetime, 227. SLC to Joseph Twichell, June 8, 1904, in Love Letters, 348.

69. Lifetime, 228–29. On Jean's seizure, Hill, 75, quoting from SLC's notebook #37, ts., p. 12. The exact timing of Jean's grand mal is unclear, but it occurred soon after her mother's death.

70. Lifetime, 231–32. JC Diary, June 4, 1905. IVL Journal 1903–1904 ts., July 18, 1904.

71. Lifetime, 233.

72. Lifetime, 233–34. WDH to SLC, June 7, 1904, in MTHL, 786.

73. SLC to Susan Crane, July 25, 1904. In ME. SLC to Joseph Twichell, July 28, 1904. In ME. My Father, 174–75, 251>254-

74. Lifetime, 234. ABP, Biography, 1224. IVL Journal 1903–1904 ts., July 22, 1904. My Father, 256.

75. IVL Journal 1903–1904, written under the July 28, 1904, entry date but obviously postdated from at least the time of the accident, July 31, 1904; SLC to Samuel E. Moffett, Aug. 6, 1904.

76. My Father, 256. IVL 1903–1906 Journal ts., Aug. 2, 5, 1904.

77. Lifetime, 245–46. Harnsberger, Family Man, 213. Opinion differs on whether Clara helped decorate the Fifth Avenue house in fall 1904 or 1905 or both.

78. Hill, 98; Lifetime, 246. See Macnaughton, 202–11. Emerson, A Literary Life, 276–77.

79. IVL 1903–1904 Journal ts., Nov. 30, 1904. Harnsberger, Family Man, 214–17. JC Diary, May 15, 1905. Lifetime, 233–34. AL> 39-ABP, Biography, 1228–29. SLC Probate, 6. Clemens grew so attached to the Orchestrelle that he later shipped it to his summer home in Dublin, N.H.

1. Paul Fatout, ed., Mark Twain Speaks for Himself (West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 1978), 198–99.

2. Lifetime, 248–49. In her account, Katy confuses the Brushes for theThayers.

3. Lifetime, 248–49.

4. Lifetime, 249. In Jean's speech, I have changed “them snowshoes,” as Katy tells it, to “those snowshoes,” a more likely usage for Jean.

5. IVL Antenne-Dorrance Daily Reminder, Apr. 5, 1905. Carolyn Harns-berger, Mark Twain: Family Man (New York: Citadel Press, 1960), 217.

6. JC Diary, May 8, 15, 1905. (Jean's extant diary picks up again on May 7, 1905, after a four-year hiatus.) IVL Journal 1903–1904, May 16, Aug. 12–13, May i, 4–5, 1905. (Lyons original 1903–1904 journal contains entries dirough September 18, 1905.) See also Fatout, MTSpeaks, 199.

7. JC Diary, May 20, 29, June 9, May 19, June 15, 1905.

8. JC Diary, May 8, 21, June I, 1905. Lifetime, 277–78.

9. JC Diary, May 3, July 21, 1906, in which Jean refers to the previous summer. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 7, 1905, Mar. 27–28, 30, 1906; JC to Nancy Brush, Jan. n, 1906, ph.

10. SLC to CC, June n, 1905. Fatout, MT Speaks, 200. IVL Journal 1903–1904, May 10, 18, 1905. Macnaughton, 225–26. On SLC's readings, see IVL Antenne-Dorrance Daily Reminder, May 22, 24, 25, 31, and June 15, 1905.

11. Everett Emerson, Mark Twain: A Literary Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 272. After deciding to keep chapters 8–25, Twain destroyed another 125 pages he had written in Florence. See chapters 26–32 in William M. Gibson, ed., Mark Twain s Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 353–400. Twain probably did not know exacdy where he was in his composition at this time; see Sholom J. Kahn, Mark Twain s Mysterious Stranger: A Study of the Manuscript Texts (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1978), 97. “Eve's Diary,” in Louis J. Budd, ed., Mark Twain's Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, and Essays, i8pi-ipio (New York: Library of America, 1992), 707. Macnaughton, 218–19.

12. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 4, 1905; Emerson, A Literary Life, 284. IVL Antenne-Dorrance Daily Reminder, Oct. 5, 1905. IVL Journal 1903–1904, July i, 1905.

13. Fatout, MT Speaks, 199. SLC to CC, Aug. 3, 1905. In ME.

14. Lifetime, 252–53. IVL Antenne-Dorrance Daily Reminder, Sept. 19, 1905. Katie Leary to SLC, Oct. 18, 1905. IVL Daily Reminder ts., Nov. i, 1905.

15. Harnsberger, Family Man, 221–22. IVL Daily Reminder ts., Jan. 6, Feb. 28, Mar. 2, 13, 17, 21, 24, 1906.

16. SLC to Lilian Aldrich, Sept. 16, 1905. In ME.

17. For Jean's seizures, see IVL Daily Reminder, Nov. 14, 20, 26, Dec. 15, 25, 1905. JC to Nancy Brush, Jan. n, 1906, ph.; IVL Daily Reminder, Mar. 27–28, 30, Jan. 5, 1906.

18. SLC, “Closing Words of My Autobiography” in Autobiographical Dictations File, Dec. 24, 1909, Folder no. 252, hereafter cited as “Closing Words.”

19. Ellen Dwyer, “Stories of Epilepsy, 1880–1930,” in Charles E. Rosenberg and Jane Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 254.

20. SLC, “Jean's Illness,” ms. +2. In ME.

21. Nicky Britten, Michael E.J. Wadsworth, and Peter B.C. Fenwick, “Sources of Stigma Following Early-Life Epilepsy: Evidence from a National Birdi Cohort Study,” in Steven Whitman and Bruce P. Hermann, eds., Psycho-pathology in Epilepsy: Social Dimensions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 228. See JC Diary, Nov. 10, 1900.

22. SLC to CC, Oct. 20, 1905. In ME.

23. IVL Journal 1903–1904, Apr. 23, 1905.

24. IVL Journal 1903–1904, Dec. 14, 1904.

25. SLC to CC, June 8, 1905 (in ME), emphasis Twain's. AL, 39–44, (in ME), 132; see also Lewis Leary, ed., Mark Twain's Letters to Mary (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), Aug. 25, 1906, 45–46, and fall 1907, 106–7; hereafter cited as Letters to Mary. These are letters to his friend Mary Rogers, who was married to Henry H. Rogers's son Harry.

26. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. n, Feb. 3, 1906.

27. IVL Daily Reminder, Feb. 25, 1906. In die typescript version “She” has been substituted for “The little rascal,” and other cosmetic changes have been made.

28. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 27, 1906. For a discussion of the many changes later made to this entry, the dating of this event, and the allegation that there was a second attack, see the Epilogue.

29. See Lifetime, 262, 293.

30. On Sam's trip, IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 25, 30, 1906; on her talk with Quintard, Feb. 2, 1906. AL, 81. Dr. Quintard believed Lyon completely.

31. For Lombroso, see Steven Whitman, Lambert N. King, and Robert L. Cohen, “Epilepsy and Violence: A Scientific and Social Analysis,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy, 284–302. Journals quoted in Dwyer, “Stories,” 256–57.

32. See Dwyer, “Stories,” 265; Ellen Dwyer, “Stigma and Epilepsy,” Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 13 (Dec. 1991): 410. The popular prejudice persists. Epilepsy was used as a defense in homicide trials at least twenty times between 1977 and 1984, and 25 percent of adults in a 1977 survey still believed in a link between epilepsy and violence. See Whitman, King, and Cohen, “Epilepsy and Violence,” 286–90, 295, and Jade L. Dell, “Social Dimensions of Epilepsy: Stigma and Response,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy, 193. Scores of scientific studies over the past quarter-century have found no increased aggression in diose suffering

33. Dwyer, “Stigma and Epilepsy,” 408. Supporting evidence for this statement can be found in Dwyer, “Stories,” 260–261.

34. See Emily Abel, Hearts of Wisdom: American Women Caring for Kin, 1850–1940 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), chapter 10. Abel generously shared her work in manuscript.

35. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 3, 1906; ABP, Biography, 1260. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 9, 1906; see also ABP, Biography, 1260–62. The referral story is a little more complex in Paine's retelling, which basically hinges on the urging of a friend, Charles Harvey Genung, who sat next to him at the Players Club dinner honoring Twain.

36. ABP, Biography, 1263–64. See also IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 6, 9, 1906.

37. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 6, 9, 1906; ABP, Biography, 1262–67.

38. ABP, Biography, 1267. IVL Daily Reminder ts., Jan. 9, 1906.

39. ABP, Biography, 1268. Emerson, A Literary Life, 286.

40. ABP, Biography, 1272–80, 1291.

41. IVL Daily Reminder, Feb. 20, 1906. This whole passage was deleted in her revised Austin diary entry. On Paine's welcome, see IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 12, 14, and 19, 1906.

42. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 23, 1906. This line was also deleted from her revised Austin diary entry but appears in the Webster ts. See the Epilogue for an explanation of the process.

43. WDH to SLC, Apr. 26, 1903, in MTHL, 768.

44. MTHL, 798–99.

45. MMT, 77.

46. IVL Journal 1903–1904, June 26, 1905. Webster Notes on IVL, Mar. 5, 1948.

47. IVL Journal 1903–1904, Mar. 14, 1905, and see for example, May 21, 1905.

48. This is found on a loose-leaf page of notepaper, dated October 12, with no indication of the year. Although it was inserted into Lyon's 1906 Daily Reminder between the pages headed October n and October 12, there is no certain evidence when these lines were actually written.

49. IVL Journal 1903–1904, May 19, 1905.

50. Lyon probably added “No one suspected it” sometime in the 19305. At that time she may have been referring to Albert Bigelow Paine or even to her former husband, Ralph Ashcroft, toward whom she expressed some animosity in later life. (See the Epilogue for a brief discussion of Lyon's attitude toward Paine after Clemens died.) But when she recorded the original parable in her diary, she did not know Paine and had only a superficial acquaintance with Ashcroft. It was more than half a year later that Paine joined Clemens's inner

1. Louis J. Budd, Our Mark Twain: The Making of His Public Personality (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 234.

2. See Arthur G. Pettit, “Mark Twain and His Times: A Bicentennial Appreciation,” in Louis J. Budd, ed., Critical Essays on Mark Twain, 1910–1980 (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1983), 202–13, esp. 210, 212. Hyatt Howe Waggoner, “Science in the Thought of Mark Twain,” in Louis J. Budd and Edwin H. Cady, eds., On Mark Twain: The Best from American Literature (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1987), i. Hill, 272–75.

3. Macnaughton attacks the myth of despair in Twain's late work with interpretive skill and a mountain of evidence. See esp. 6 fn. 8, 95, 130. See also Edward Wagenknecht, Mark Twain: The Man and His Work, 3rd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967), 204–8; Wagenknecht swings back to the myth after arguing against it.

4. John S. Tuckey, “Mark Twain's Later Dialogue: The ‘Me’ and the Machine,” in Budd and Cady, eds., On Mark Twain, 127–37, esP- 127-

5. Macnaughton, 33, 130, 167.

6. Macnaughton, 6–7, 84; see also chapter 18 below.

7. Macnaughton, 14–17, 24.

8. Lifetime, 282–83. SLC to Emilie Rogers, Nov. [5?] 1906, HHR, 619–20. IVL Datebook, June 20, 1907. ABP, Biography, 1415–17. Clara was initially upset about Twain's leaving the English hotel in his robe and slippers, but her father subsequently convinced her that this was a common practice there; see My Father, 270.

9. IVL Daily Reminder, May 31, 1906.

10. IVL Daily Reminder, June 7, July 8, 12, 1906.

11. ABP, Biography, 1308, and JC Diary for the summer of 1906. See also IVL Daily Reminder ts., June 13, Aug. 13, Sept. 22, 1906, for references to Clara in New York.

12. ABP, Biography, 1308–12.

13. SLC to CC, June 7, 1906. In ME. ABP, Biography, 1315, 1317. IVL Daily Reminder, June 2, 7–8, 10, 1906.

14. JC Diary, Aug. 8, 1906.

15. JC Diary, June 22, Aug. i, 8, 1906.

16. Twain was away from Dublin from June 26 to July 25, 1906. See IVL Daily Reminder 1906 during this period and JC Diary, June 26, 1906.

17. JC Diary, May 15–16, 1906. Lifetime, 281–82.

18. SLC to Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Oct. 2, 1906, HHR, 617–18 fn. 2.

19. JC Diary, July 26, 1906; for a general description of dieir games, see JC Diary, Sept. 15, 1906.

20. JC Diary, Sept. 15, 16, 1906.

21. JC Diary, Sept. 8, Aug. 9, 1906; IVL Daily Reminder, Aug. 9, 1906.

22. JC Diary, July 15, Aug. 13, 1906.

23. JC Diary, May 22, Aug. 5, 1906.

24. JC Diary, Sept. 3–4, 1906.

25. JC Diary, June 4, 15, July 10, 30, Oct. 6, 14, 23, 1906.

26. JC Diary, June 4, July 25, Sept. 5, 27, 1906.

27. JC Diary, June 15, 4, Oct. 5, 1906.

28. JC Diary, May 7, 1906.

29. Patrick West, “The Social Meaning of Epilepsy: Stigma as a Potential Explanation for Psychopathology in Children,” in Steven Whitman and Bruce P. Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy: Social Dimensions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 250.

30. “I have felt for a long time that I really ought to tell those four best friends and at last, I have,” Jean recounted. JC Diary, July 22, 1906; also see JC Diary, June 16, 1906.

31. JC Diary, May i, 1906.

32. JC Diary, May 14–15, 30, 1906.

33. JC Diary, May 18, July 28, 1906.

34. JC Diary, May 30, 1906. This frequency is an average based on a day-by-day survey of Jean's diary from May i through September 30, 1906.

35. JC Diary, June 6, 13, 12, 16, 1906.

36. JC Diary, May 10, June 7, 8, July 23, 1906.

37. JC Diary, July i, Sept. 3, 1906.

38. See IVL Daily Reminder, Feb. 5, 1906. Lyon accompanied Jean on the first visit to Dr. Peterson.

39. On Peterson and early-twentieth-century views, Ellen Dwyer, “Stories of Epilepsy, 1880–1930,” in Charles E. Rosenberg and Jane Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 258–59, 251–55. On late-twentieth-century views, Jade L. Dell, “Social Dimensions of Epilepsy: Stigma and Response,” in Whitman and Hermann, eds., Psychopathology in Epilepsy, 191–92.

40. See JC Diary, May i, 15, June 19, 21, Sept. 15–16, June 17, 1906.

41. JC Diary, Sept. 24, July 3, 1906.

42. JC Diary, June 24, 28, July 22, Sept. 4, 1906.

43. JC Diary, Sept. 8, June 19, 1906.

44. ABP, Biography, 1308. JC Diary, Oct. i, 1906. IVL Daily Reminder, Apr. 7, 1906.

45. JC Diary, May i, 6, 1906.

46. JC Diary, May 30–31, June 22, 26, 1906.

47. JC Diary, July 3, 21, 1906.

48. JC Diary, Aug. 9, 14, 15, 1906.

49. JC Diary, July 4, 1906.

50. See Leila Zenderland, Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 147–50, 186–87, 222–23, 226–27.

51. JC Diary, July 4, June 27, 1906.

52. JC Diary, Oct. 14, 4, June 28, July 4, 1906.

53. IVL Journal 1903–1904, March 30, 1905, and IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 8, 1908. JC Diary, July 22, 1906.

54. JC Diary, June 30, 25, 1906.

55. IVL Daily Reminder, May 30, 1906; she deleted “So wonderful is he-that all others are bleak” from the Austin version; the phrase is not deleted from the typescript, though “So wonderful” is crossed out in die original.

56. IVL Daily Reminder, May 17, 31, 1906. The first phrase in die latter quote, ending in “marvel” was eliminated in the Austin version.

57. IVL Daily Reminder, June 12, 1906. This passage is completely excised from the Austin version.

58. IVL Daily Reminder, July 5, 1906. Crossed out in slashing pencil lines in the original. Included in the typescript with a notation “I.V.L. crossed out.” For Paine's whereabouts, see IVL Daily Reminder, June 28, 1906.

59. IVL Daily Reminder, Apr. 10, 1906. JC Diary, Oct. 5, 1906.

60. JC Diary, July 4, 28, 1906.

61. JC Diary, July 6, 1906.

62. IVL Daily Reminder, July 6, 1906.

63. IVL Daily Reminder, Mar. 19, 1906.

64. IVL Daily Reminder, Mar. 19, 1906. Lyon cut this line in her revisions to the original diary, but it remained in the typescript with a notation, “omitted by IVL.” More unexpectedly, she also excised the seemingly innocuous discussion of property in Redding from her Austin version.

65. SLC Probate, 1–2.

66. JC Diary, July 16, 1906.

67. See, for example, IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 22, 1906.

68. IVL Daily Reminder, Aug. 13–14, 18, 1906; JC Diary, Aug. 20–21, 1906.

69. IVL Daily Reminder, Aug. 6, 1906.

70. AL, 405; Clemens only learned about this incident well after the fact.

71. IVL Daily Reminder, June 7, 21, 25, 1906.

72. IVL Daily Reminder, June 26–27, 29, July 8–9, 1906.

73. IVL Daily Reminder, July 17–18, 1906.

74. IVL Daily Reminder, July 21, 1906. IVL Datebook, July 19, 1907. See, for example, comments in IVL Daily Reminder, July 27, Aug. 6, 1906.

75. Lyon makes no mention of the Redding house in her diary entries around this time. See, for example, IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 12–14, 1906. All the house information comes from JC Diary, Sept. n, 15, 1906. The first usage of “Lioness” I could find occurred on July 3, 1906, in JC Diary.

76. JC Diary, July 26, Sept. 15, 1906.

77. Caroline Harnsberger, Mark Twain: Family Man (New York: Citadel Press, 1960), 225–27; the music critic is quoted at 227. IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 16, 1906. JC Diary, Sept. 16, 20, 23, 28, 1906. Jean did occasionally suffer two attacks on a single day. Ultimately that September, she had single attacks on three days, Sept. 16, 20, 23, and a double on Sept. 28, but die September total of five seizures was equal to her experience in June.

78. JC Diary, Sept. 26, 1906. IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 14, 24, 1906. JC Diary, Sept. 24, 1906.

79. See IVL Daily Reminder, June 29, 1906, quoted in this chapter, where she spoke of “giving birdi to something” and continued that she doesn't know “what shall be born,” but it will be “greater than I.”

1. JC Diary, Sept. 26, 1906.

2. JC Diary, Sept. 27, 1906. Lyon must have accomplished this in person before Twain left Dublin on September 15 or by telephone later.

3. JC Diary, Sept. 26, 1906. Clearly, Jean voluntarily went into die sanitarium. Hill (152, 154) states diat Peterson recommended “that Jean be committed to an institution,” though Lyons diary contains only a one-line notation: “Letter from Dr. Hunt containing cablegram from Dr. Peterson,” written above her Oct. n, 1906, entry heading.

4. JC Diary, Sept. 27, 1906.

5. IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 28, 1906. Note that Lyon wrote to Peterson only after procuring die assent of Jean, her fadier, and Dr. Stowell to the sanitarium idea. Ellen Dwyer, “Stories of Epilepsy, 1880–1930,” in Charles E. Rosenberg and Jane Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 258–59.

6. IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 28, 1906. JC Diary, Sept. 28, 1906.

7. JC Diary, Sept. 29, 1906.

8. IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 29, 1906.

9. See IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 29, 1906. The asterisk diat marks where Lyon intended to add her insert is written in a faded, far lighter ink than the original sentence. But die insert itself, squeezed crosswise into a margin of the

10. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. i, 1906; Lyon crossed out this phrase in the original, and it was not included in the Webster typescript.

11. JC Diary, Oct. i, 1906.

12. JC Diary, Oct. n, i, 5, 1906.

13. JC Diary, Oct. 16, 17, 1906.

14. JC Diary, Oct. 18–20, 22–23, 1906.

15. JC Diary, Oct. 20, 15, 1906.

16. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 25, 1906.

17. SLC to Mary Rogers, Oct. 12, 1906, in Lewis Leary, ed., Mark Twain s Letters to Mary (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 69–75; hereafter cited as Letters to Mary. The specific cause of Sam's jubilation was censored by the author before he mailed his letter. “I have been editing this letter with the scissors—” he wrote, “for I had put into it the very dismalness which I had spared you in that recent note.” I believe the “dismalness” refers to Jean's epilepsy.

18. SLC to Emilie Rogers, Oct. 24, 1906, in HHR, 618. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 27, 1906.

19. JC Diary, Oct. 25, 1906.

20. SLC to Emilie Rogers, Nov. [5?], 1906, in HHR, 619–20. My guess is that the letter was actually written in December; see JC Diary, Dec. 5, 1906.

21. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 27, 1906.

22. SLC to JC, Oct. 29, Nov. 8, 13, 1906; SLC to Mary Rogers, Nov. 7, 1906, in Letters to Mary, 84–86; IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 31, 1906.

23. ABP, Biography, 1324–26.

24. The first trip began on Jan. 2, 1907. Lyon and Clemens sailed again for Bermuda on March 16 and returned March 21, 1907. See IVL 1907 Datebook for confirmation of these dates.

25. IVL Stenographic Notebook #i, Jan. 4, 1907.

26. AL, 46–47. In ME.

27. AL, 403. In ME.

28. See AL, 47. There is a mountain of contextual evidence to support Clemens's painful admission, not least of which were his belief in the epileptic temperament and his secretary's animus toward Jean. Moreover, he would have had no reason to confess falsely to such a despicable act.

29. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 8, 1906. SLC to JC, May 14, 1907. Also see Kaplan, 380.

30. Kaplan, 380.

1. JC Diary, Oct. 22 (Jean went to preview her sanitarium three days before her actual relocation), Oct. 26-Nov. i, Nov. 3, 1906.

2. JC Diary, Nov. 2, Dec. n, 23, 1906, Jan. i, 1907, Nov. 27, 1906.

3. JCE Diary, May 16, 1907, and for ordering chocolate, Mar. 31, May 13, June 10, Oct. 29, 1907. A comparison of her diary and the Excelsior datebook (JCE) for early 1907 suggests that Jean was in the habit of taking short notes in a datebook and then using diem as a memory prod for her larger journal entries. The diary entries for 1906 and for the first two months of 1907 were recorded in larger journals where she could write more expansively and reflex-ively. She may have stopped keeping a more extensive journal at the end of February 1907, but it is also possible that the remaining large-format journals for 1907 were lost or destroyed. No extant diaries have surfaced for the years 1908 and 1909.

4. JC Diary, Nov. 3, 6, 9, 22, 1906.

5. JC Diary, Jan. 19, 1907 (woodcarving), Nov. 10, 1906 (language lessons).

6. JC Diary, Nov. 21, 25, 1906. JCE Diary, Apr. 5, 1907.

7. JCE Diary, Aug. 7, 1907; JC “To the Editor of The New York Times,” March 29, 1909. Lifetime, 293. On die dishonorable discharges, JC Diary, Nov. 23, 1906; see John D. Weaver, The Brownsville Raid (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992), for a full account of die national controversy.

8. JCE Diary, Aug. 20, 1907 (Sharp responded by moving the valet, who was a patient's servant, to anodier table); and see JC Diary, Jan. n, 1907. JC to SLC, Aug. 28, 1907, CEP.

9. JCE Diary, Apr. 17, May 21, 1907. On the distance to Katonah, see JC Diary, Oct. 22, 1906. I could find only one recorded instance when Clemens talked to a doctor; see IVL Datebook, May 21, 1907.

10. SLC to JC, Jan. n, 1907. In ME.

11. JC Diary, Jan. 14, 1907.

12. JC Diary, Oct. 26, 1906.

13. JC Diary, Nov. 26, 1906.

14. JC Diary, Dec. 3–4, Nov. i, 19, Dec. 26, 1906, Jan. 3, 1907.

15. JC Diary, Dec. 8, 1906.

16. JC Diary, Dec. 8, n, 14, 19, 1906.

17. JC Diary, Dec. 20, 1906.

18. For an example of her temper, see JC Diary, Dec. 23, 1906.

19. JC Diary, Jan. 2, 1907.

20. JC Diary, Oct. 4, 1906.

21. JC Diary, Dec. 23, 19, 1906.

22. JC Diary, Dec. 15, 19, 1906.

23. JC Diary, Dec. 25, 1906, Jan. 14, 1907, Dec. 17, 1906.

24. JC Diary, Dec. 9, 16, 1906. JCE Diary, Jan. 9, 1907.

25. JC Diary, Dec. 22, 1906; Feb. 2, 1907. JCE Diary, Nov. 10, 17, 1907.

26. JC Diary, Feb. 2, 1907.

27. JC Diary, Dec. 25–27, 1906. Sharp's initial unwillingness to confront her was explained by Dr. Hibbard as the result of her having a famous father and the fact that she paid more for her room and board than the other patients. Hibbard said that she had a better room.

28. JC Diary, Dec. 27, 1906. Not all the patients at Katonah were persons with epilepsy. One of the sanitarium clients, for example, was being treated for alcoholism. See JCE Diary, April 18–19, 1907.

29. JC Diary, Jan. 20, Dec. 31, 1906.

30. JC Diary, Dec. 29, 1906, Jan. 5, 1907.

31. JC Diary, Jan. 14–16, 1907.

32. JC Diary, [Jan. 18, 1907]. The date page is torn out of this partially censored entry, but because of the context and the fact that it is wedged between the Jan. 17 and Jan. 19 entries, this is the most likely date.

33. JC Diary, Jan. 16, [18], 20, 22–24, 3°> 197- Quote at Jan. 24.

34. JC Diary, Jan. 14, 1907.

35. JC Diary, Jan. 14; JCE Diary, July 22, 1907.

36. JC Diary, Jan. 10 (“Father has been here and gone,” JC noted), 12, Feb. 4, 1907.

37. JC Diary, Feb. 4, 1907.

38. JC Diary, Feb. 3–5, Jan. 17, 26–28, 1907.

39. JC Diary, Feb. 10, n, 18, 27, 1907.

40. JC Diary, Feb. 18, 1907.

41. JC Diary, Feb. 15, 1907; JCE Diary, Apr. 8–9, 1907.

42. JCE Diary, Apr. 13, 8, 15, 1907.

43. JCE Diary, May 4, Apr. 5, May 15–16, 1907.

44. JC to SLC, June 24, 1907, CFP.

45. JC to SLC, July 23, 1907, CFP.

46. JC to SLC, July 23, 1907, CFP.

47. JCE Diary, July 22, 25, 30, Aug. 2, 5, 1907.

48. JCE Diary, Aug. 2, 19, 1907.

1. AL, 34–35, 269, 394–95. In ME.

2. Hill, 156. Also IVL Daily Reminder 1906 ts., Mar. 28, Apr. 6, n, June 15, 1906.

3. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 22–24, !9o6; actually recorded on a loose-leaf paper inserted in the diary between pages headed Oct. 21 and Oct. 22, 1906. Lyon does not mention Johnson by name.

4. Most of the specific information about this incident comes from Charlotte Teller Johnson's “Foreword” to a privately printed collection of letters, “S.L.C. to C.T.,” as cited in Hill, 156. Lyon never mentions that Clemens asked Johnson to move.

5. See IVL Datebook, May 22, 1907, for another report of a rumor spread by Lyon about Charlotte Johnson marrying Clemens. Lyon denied the charge in this case. Clemens also enjoyed flirting with Henry Rogers's daughter-in-law, Mary Rogers, with whom he maintained a regular correspondence. See Lewis Leary, ed., Mark Twain s Letters to Mary (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); hereafter cited as Letters to Mary.

6. Hill, 156. Even her champion, the biographer Hamlin Hill, attributes her breakdown to the gossip over her boss and the young playwright, but he believes the root cause is Lyon's fear that a marriage rumor might be turned upon her.

7. Hill, 155–56. SLC to Mary Rogers, Nov. 28, 1906, in Letters to Mary, 92–94. IVL Daily Reminder, Dec. 10, 4, 1906. The quoted comment was written in pencil (the entries that preceded and followed were in pen) and could have been added later. It was untouched in the original but was crossed out with instructions to omit in the Webster ts.

8. IVL Daily Reminder, Dec. 12, 1906. ABP, Biography, 1342–50. IVL Daily Reminder, Dec. 13, 1906.

9. IVL Stenographic Notebook #i, Jan. 4, 1907.

10. IVL Datebook, Jan. 29, Mar. 10, 9, 15, 1907.

11. IVL Datebook, June 7, Jan. 13, June i, 1907.

12. IVL Datebook, May 4–5, 29, 1907. Macnaughton, 202–3. On dictations, see ABP, Biography, 1405, and Everett Emerson, Mark Twain: A Literary Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 286. Twain did seventy dictations in 1907.

13. IVL Datebook, May 29, 1907.

14. IVL Datebook, May 13, 25, 30, June 3, 4, 1907.

15. IVL Datebook, June 20, 22, 1907. Twain and Ashcroft sailed for England on June 8, 1907. The degree was awarded June 26, and they sailed for home on July 13. See ABP, Biography, 1380–1404.

16. AL, 395–96. In ME.

17. AL, 396. IVL Datebook, July 26, 1907.

18. See IVL Datebook, July 25, 1907, ts. insert 264 ¹/₂ for Samuel Webster's handwritten comment reporting Lyon's verbal claim that Charlotte Johnson had threatened, “I'll get even with you for this!” Lyon began talking with the Websters in the late 19405. Her original diary contains no report of an explicit threat by Johnson during this encounter, though she did write: “I think we'll hear from her again”; IVL Datebook, May 22, 1907. For Twain's alleged concurrence, IVL Datebook, July 25, 1907.

19. AL, 397–98. In ME. The brackets are Twain's choice of punctuation for his commentary. Although Twain did not remember whether this conversation took place before or after Lyon planted the marriage rumor, it must have followed, since he was in England when the story started to circulate.

20. AL, 399 (in ME), 394–95. The friends included Mrs. Henry H. Rogers, and Mr. Broughton and Mr. Benjamin, both sons-in-law of Rogers.

21. AL, 395 (in ME), 393. In ME.

22. AL, 73. In ME.

23. IVL Daily Reminder, Dec. 29, 1906; Hill, 153; also AL, 38. By comparison to the Clemens family's “only $25, 000 a year,” in 1906 a postal employee earned 38 cents per hour; a public school teacher made $409 per year, and jobs in finance and insurance might pay about $1, 085 Per year. Scott Derks, ed., The Value of a Dollar: Prices and Incomes in the U.S., 1869–1999 (Lakeville, Conn., Grey House Publishing, 1999), 74–75.

24. See Hill, 172. The first mention of the gift is in IVL Datebook, June 13, 1907, and see AL, 13. JCE Diary, May 21, 1907. May 7, 1907, Power of Attorney to Isabel V. Lyon, AL File. See chapter 14, note 27, for a later irony involving a second, disputed power of attorney.

25. JCE Diary, June 8, 1907.

26. AL, 45–55. In ME.

27. JCE Diary, June 28, July 27, Aug. 12, 1907.

28. JCE Diary, Sept. 18, 1907.

29. SLC to JC, Jan. n, 1907. In ME.

30. JC to Nancy Brush, Oct. 2, 1907, ph.

31. JCE Diary, Sept. 20, 22, 28, 1907.

32. JCE Diary, Sept. 26, 30, 1907.

33. JCE Diary, Oct. 2, 3, 1907.

34. IVL Stenographic Notebook #4, Oct. 5, 1907.

35. Lyon often had good intuition about how far she could push people. See Twain's later comment in AL, 292.

36. AL, 251, i. SLC to CC, Mar. n, 1909. IVL Datebook, Oct. 23, 1907.

37. Hill, 184–85.

38. CC to SLC, Aug. 13, 26, 1907, CEP.

39. CC to SLC, Sept. i, 1907, CEP.

1. JC to Nancy Brush, Jan. 16, 1907 [misdated and misfiled; actually 1908], ph.

2. IVL Datebook, Oct. 2, 1907. According to Hill Lyon “rushed” to Katonah to meet with Dr. Peterson; 185–86. JCE Diary, Oct. 7, 1907.

3. SLC to JC [early Oct. 1907] (in ME); this survives as a typescript included in “The Ashcroft's [sic] Defense in Suit against S.L. Clemens,” RWA to John

4. SLC to JC [early Oct. 1907]. In ME.

5. JC to Nancy Brush, Mar. 10, 1908, ph. On the theory that a fall had caused Jean's epilepsy, as noted in chapter 2, see SLC, Aug. 5. Saturday [1899], “Jean's Illness,” insert following ms. +2; My Father, 214.

6. Macnaughton, 230–31.

7. IVL Datebook, Oct. 2, 1907.

8. SLC to JC [early Oct. 1907]. In ME.

9. JC to Nancy Brush, Oct. 2, 31, 1907, ph. (my emphasis).

10. JCE Diary, Oct. 5, 7, 13, 12, 1907.

11. JCE Diary, Aug. 30, Dec. 3, 1907.

12. JCE Diary, Nov. i, Dec. n, 1907.

13. JCE Diary, Nov. 4, Dec. n, 1907.

14. JCE Diary, Oct. 13, 1907. ABP, Biography, 1445. IVL Datebook, Oct. 22, 1907; see also IVL Datebook, ts., Oct. 27, 1907; JCE Diary, Oct. 28, 1907.

15. JCE Diary, Nov. 2, 1907.

16. JC to Nancy Brush, Oct. 31, 1907, ph. See IVL Datebook, ts., Oct. 27, 1907, for Lyons cautiously optimistic assessment. By the end of the year, Lyon could be certain that this money would not be lost. See IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 2, 1908: “Depositors will get back everything full value in 2 yr., 4 mos.” Also IVL Steno Notebook #3, Jan. 17, 1908.

17. JC to Nancy Brush, Dec. 9, 1907, ph.

18. Hill, 153, 191; SLC to CC, Aug. 3, 1906. Clemens's figure is, however, undoubtedly too high.

19. JCE Diary, Dec. 7, 9, 15, 22, 1907.

20. JCE Diary, Dec. 15, n, 25, 15, 1907.

21. JC to Nancy Brush, Jan. 16, 1907 [misdated and misfiled, actually 1908], ph. JCE Diary, Dec. 25, 1907.

22. Lifetime, 282, 310.

23. IVL Stenographic Notebook #2, Jan. 16, 1907.

24. IVL Daily Reminder ts., Oct. 18, 1905. Lyon makes no mention of pincushions in the summer of 1906. Twain notes dryly that she stopped making pincushions after he gave her check-signing privileges; AL, 11–12.

25. See AL, 39–44; SLC to CC, June 8, 1905; and IVL Daily Reminder, Feb. 25, 1906.

26. Lifetime, 341. AL, 29–30. In ME. IVL Datebook ts., Aug. 30, 1907.

27. Hill, 62–63, 101–4.

28. AL, 417–20, and AL File, one-page description of RWA (in ME), ph., original at University of Wisconsin, Madison. This piece was written in SLC's hand but is undated and has no attribution of author.

29. See an enclosure titled “In the Supreme Court of Fair Play S. L. Clemens, Presiding Judge,” in RWA to SLC, Sept. 16, 1904; also AL, 8–9; IVL Antenne-Dorrance Daily Reminder, Jan. 9, Apr. 26, 1905. Ashcroft called on Clemens twice in die first half of 1905.

30. On Plasmon, AL, 8–9. (Twain apparently lost another $25,000 by investing in a new version of Plasmon, the Milk Products Co. See SLC reply to letter from Charles Lark to ABP, Aug. 10, 1909, 11–13, in AL File.) On hairpins, safety pins, and insoles, RWA to SLC, Sept. 19, 1904, June 23, 1905; HHR, 623–24, fn. i. And see chapter 16.

31. Hill, 155. ABP, Biography, 1325–26.

32. See HHR, 623–24 fn. i; two letters cited, RWA to SLC, Nov. 10 and 25, 1906, are not in the collection of letters to SLC at MTP. SLC Probate, 4.

33. AL, 234. Twain dates die initiation of Lyon and Ashcroft's friendship to the latter half of 1906 and their “excessively friendly & sociable” relationship from the beginning of 1907.1 have found no evidence in the first six months of Lyon's 1907 Datebook to support diis latter contention.

34. Hill, 188, 183, 191–92.

35. AL, 82–83, 279–80.

36. IVL Datebook, Oct. i, 13, 1907. She later edited “sweet” out of the original Oct. i entry with red pencil.

37. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 9, 5, 10, 1908. It appears that Ashcroft did attempt to learn billiards but never became much of a player; Clemens commented to one of his Angelfish, “And he [Ashcroft] plays good billiards now. Not as good as Col. Harvey or Mr. Paine, but better than formerly”; SLC to DQ, Aug. 10, 1908, in Cooley, ed., 198.

38. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 12, 1908. The Bermuda trip lasted twelve days, Jan. 25-Feb. 6, 1908. See IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 23, 1908.

39. See, for example, AL, 38.

40. IVL Daily Reminder, Feb. 22, 1908.

41. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 23, 1908.

42. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 24, 1908.

43. SLC to WDH, Jan. 22, 1908, in MTHL, 828. WDH to SLC, Feb. 4, 1908, in MTHL, 829–30.

44. ABP to IVL, Jan. 28, 1908, AL File.

45. ABP to Mrs. Lyon (IVL's mother), July 21, 1909, AL File; see also ABP to IVL, Jan. 28, 1908, AL File.

46. WDH to SLC, July 8, 1908, in MTHL, 830. WDH to ABP, July 8, 1908, Albert Bigelow Paine Collection, HEH.

47. IVL Daily Reminder, July 26, 1908. According to The Oxford Companion to Medicine, Phenacetin is an aspirin-like analgesic that was introduced in 1887. Widely used in the past, it is no longer recommended because it can cause serious kidney damage.

48. See AL, 36, 38. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 6, 1908; emphasis in the original. Twain dates the rise of Ashcroft's financial influence from the beginning of 1907, but I believe it began no earlier (and probably later) than the Knickerbocker Trust collapse in late October 1907. See AL, 234, and IVL Datebook, Oct. 24, 1907.

49. Charles Lark to Bernard DeVoto, Aug. 28, 1940, attachment, “Report of Miss X,” 2, ph., DeVoto Papers, Stanford, Calif.

1. See JCE Diary, Nov. 5, 1907, for Jean's first mention of the sisters; and JCE Diary, Dec. 22, 1907, where Jean learns of the plan for her release. Lyon mentions the Cowleses in her Daily Reminder, June 17, 27, 1903, ph.

2. JCE Diary, Dec. 6, 25, 1907. Lyon confirmed the plan by phone on December 25. Jean later reports that she had caught Edith eavesdropping; JC to IVL, Aug. 5, 1908.

3. IVL Stenographic Notebook #4 1907 & 1908, Feb. 16, 1908. This is apparently a draft or copy of a letter Lyon wrote to Gra Thayer.

4. On the Cowleses, JCE Diary, Dec. 6, 1907; JC to IVL, Aug. i, 1908. On Dr. Peterson, JCE Diary, Dec. 25, 1907. On moving day, IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 9, 1908. On Marguerite Schmitt, JCE Diary, Oct. 14, Dec. 6, 29, 1907. Though Jean never states her name, she describes a young French woman, about twenty years of age, whom Peterson started bringing along on his sanitarium visits in mid-October and with whom she enjoyed the chance to speak and listen to good French. Both her age and the diminutive “little” Jean uses to describe her, as well as her French nationality, fit the profile of Marguerite Schmitt (born about 1887) when she is identified in Jean's later letters.

5. JC to Nancy Brush, June 29, 1908, ph.; JC to Nancy Brush, Aug. 5, 1908, ph. See JC to IVL, Aug. i, 1908.

6. JC to Nancy Brush, Feb. 17, 1908, ph.

7. JC to Nancy Brush, Feb. 23, 1908, ph.

8. JC to Nancy Brush, Mar. 2, 1908, ph.

9. See JC to Nancy Brush, June 29, July 23, 1908, ph. Jean reports she has been ordered to go sailing frequently by the local doctor; she was also swimming regularly.

10. JC to Nancy Brush, Mar. 29, 1908, ph. SLC to JC, June 14, 1908. It is possible that Clemens took Jean back to New York with him on that April visit and that they spent an hour or two at 21 Fifth Avenue in violation of Peterson's prohibition before she returned to Greenwich. See IVL Daily Reminder, Apr. 24, 1908, and SLC to Helen Allen, Apr. 25, 1908, in Cooley, ed., 144. Lyon states categorically that Clemens and Ashcroft went to Greenwich on April 24,

11. Frederick Peterson to IVL, Mar. 26, 1908.

12. SLC to JC, Mar. 23, 1908. In ME. Frederick Peterson to IVL, Mar. 26, 1908.

13. JC to Nancy Brush, Mar. 29, 1908, ph. “Some” appears to be crossed out with “the” written above it.

14. SLC to JC, May 20, 1908. In ME. JC to Nancy Brush, June 29, 1908, ph. JC to IVL, Aug. 4, 1908. SLC to JC, May 20, 1908. In ME.

15. JC to SLC, May 26, 1908, CFP.

16. SLC to JC, May 20, 1908. In ME. SLC to JC, [May 21, 1908]. In ME.

17. SLC to JC, [May 21, 1908]. In ME.

18. SLC to JC, June 14, 1908. In ME. SLC to JC, [June 19, 1908]. In ME.

19. SLC to JC, [June 19, 1908]. In ME.

20. George de Forest Brush to SLC, Aug. 25, 1908.

21. IVL Stenographic Notebook #4 1907 & 1908, Feb. 16, 1908. After “misunderstood,” a full parenthesis encloses two question marks—“(??)”—in the original text. I have excised the question marks from the quote. Lyon may be indicating her difficulty deciphering the word, or she may be editorializing.

22. IVL Stenographic Notebook #4 1907 & 1908, Feb. 16, 1908.

23. AL, 52.

24. SLC to DQ, Aug. 9, 1907, in Cooley, ed., 49. SLC, autobiographical dictation, Apr. 17, 1908, in Cooley, ed., 137–41.

25. See IVL to DQ, Aug. 31, 1907, in Cooley, ed., 59–60. On meeting the children's trains, see in Cooley, ed., SLC to DQ, Aug. 9, 1907, 49; SLC to Dorothy Sturgis, May 9, 1908, 151. On photographs, see, for example, in Cooley, ed., IVL to DQ, Oct. 7, 1907, 75; Dorothy Sturgis to SLC, May 21, 1908, 159. On tea, IVL Datebook, Aug. 5, 26, 1907. Although Lyon makes a negative comment about Dorothy Quick in her Sept. 9, 1907, Datebook entry, while on a six-week vacation with Clemens in Bermuda in 1908, she offers no overt criticism of his behavior with children.

26. IVL Datebook, Aug. 7, 9, 1907. And see in Cooley, ed.: IVL to DQ, Aug. 31, 1907, 59–60; DQto SLC, Aug. 26, 1907, 55–56; Irene Gerken to SLC, Mar. 13, 1908, 121; Dorothy Sturgis to SLC, Apr. 14, 1908, 135.

27. IVL Daily Reminder, April i, 1908. On Angelfish, Cooley, ed., 94. SLC, autobiographical dictation, Feb. 12, 1908, as quoted in Cooley, ed., xvii.

28. Hill, xxvii. Hill also made a more specific accusation. On the basis of hearsay circulated in a letter by a party twice-removed from the source, he speculated that Clemens might be guilty of an act of sexual impropriety with Helen Allen, a Bermuda Angelfish; 260–61. Two scholars who have studied the evidence in detail dismiss this conjecture. See especially Laura E. Skandera-Trombley, Mark Twain in the Company of Women (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 181–83, 194, footnote 10, which indicates that Helen

29. See the photographs in Cooley, ed., 44, 50, 77, 112, 126, 187, 190, 201, 213.

30. ABP, Biography, 1440; IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 14, 1908.

31. Skandera-Trombley, In the Company of Women, 183. Cooley, ed., 282–83; Albert E. Stone, The Innocent Eye: Childhood in Mark Twain s Imagination (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press), 1961.

32. IVL Daily Reminder, Feb. 6, 28, 1908; see also SLC, autobiographical dictation, Feb. 13, 1908, in Cooley, ed., 104–6.

33. In Cooley, ed.: SLC, autobiographical dictation, Apr. 17, 1908, 141; photograph, 196; SLC to Frances Nunnally, June 20, 1908, 180; SLC to Margaret Blackmer, July 7, 1908, 185–86.

34. Cooley suggests that soon after Clara returned from Europe, the Clemens household stopped saving Angelfish letters, perhaps because of her disapproval; 177–78.

35. In Cooley, ed.: SLC to Helen Allen, Apr. 25, 1908, 144; SLC autobiographical dictation, Apr. 17, 1908, 137–41; and see 176.

36. SLC to Helen Allen, Apr. 25, 1908, in Cooley, ed., 144. As noted above, Clemens went to Greenwich on April 24 and may have brought Jean back to the city for a brief visit.

37. Cooley, ed., 95. During the spring and summer of 1908, Clemens's letters to his Angelfish totaled more than half of his entire correspondence.

38. SLC to DQ [late July 1907], in Cooley, ed., 45; die list of Angelfish as constituted in June 1908 can be found on p. 165. IVL to DQ, Sept. 2, 1907, in Cooley, ed., 61.

39. IVL Daily Reminder, Feb. 8, 1908.

1. IVL Daily Reminder, June 7, 21, 28, Aug. 18, 13, 1906. Clemens continued to purchase property in Redding as late as April 1909; see SLC Probate.

2. SLC to CC, Aug. 3, 1906, and Hill, 153. IVL Datebook, Aug. 5, 1907; JC Diary, Sept. 15, 1906. CC to SLC, Aug. 6, 1907, CFP. Clemens authorized Clara and John Howells to spend $15,000 and allowed another $5,000 or $6,000 as a reserve. The architect's estimates were in the neighborhood of $25,000 to $30,000, but he assured Clemens diat it was possible to design a house for any sum. See John Howells to SLC, Sept. 19, 1906.

3. IVL Datebook, May 23, 1907; Hill, 172.

4. Hill, 182. John Howells to IVL, May 29, 1907; John Howells to SLC, May 29, Aug. 3, 1907. Though Clara was intimately involved in the initial design,

5. IVL Datebook, Apr. 9, 1907. Lifetime, 289.

6. IVL Daily Reminder, May 2, 1908.

7. IVL Datebook, June 15, 1907; and see IVL Datebook, June 22–24, 19°7-

8. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 8, 1908. IVL to ABP, loose notes, undated, written around Jan. 23, 1908, and inserted into her 1908 Daily Reminder.

9. JCE Diary, Dec. 7, 1907. SLC Probate. AL, 9–10.

10. AL, 10 (in ME); also see Twain's reply to a letter from Charles Lark to ABP, Aug. 10, 1909, 10, in AL File.

11. Statements and Accounts/Ashcroft-Lyon71907–1909, “Statement submitted in behalf of Mrs. Ashcroft at the request of Mr. Stanchfield, in which are classified (E. & O.E.) die cash disbursements made by Mrs. Ashcroft for Mr. Clemens during the two years ending February 28, 1909,” folder 2, in AL File, hereafter cited as IVL Statement of Accounts. See also Accountants' Statements and Schedules /Ashcroft-Lyon Affair/ March 1907-Feb. 28, 1909, schedule #5, in Folder i, AL File; hereafter cited as Auditor's Report.

12. IVL Daily Reminder, May 2, 4, 1908.

13. Lifetime, 282, 303. Charles E. [Will] Wark to IVL, June 24, 1908.

14. CC to IVL, June 24, 1908.

15. IVL Statement of Accounts. AL, 24–25. In ME.

16. AL, 337–39.

17. Mark Twain, Extract from Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 43–54. The work remains incomplete and exists in several different versions; see James Miller, ‘Afterword,” in Stormfield, i. See also Everett Emerson, Mark Twain: A Literary Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 40, 54, 126.

18. SLC to JC, Oct. 2, 1908. My Father, 276–77.

19. IVL Datebook, Aug. 5, 1907. Undated note in IVL Statement of Accounts, folder 2, in AL File; see also AL, 280–81, 388. AL, 292. See Hill for a flat denial that any extant evidence supports the statement that Jean could never come home; 215.

20. In Cooley, ed.: SLC to Margaret Blackmer, July 7, 1908, 185; SLC to Frances Nunnally, June 20, 1908, 180–81; SLC to DQ, July 16, 1908, 188; Clemens described the loggia as a “fish market” for his Angelfish in Cooley, ed., 192. SLC to JC, June 19, 1908. In ME.

21. The difficulty of where Clemens was to stay may have helped squelch the planned visit. JC to SLC, May 26, 1908, CFP; SLC to Frances Nunnally, June 3, 1908, in Cooley, ed., 167; SLC to JC, June 19, 1908. In ME.

22. ABP, Biography, 1455. AL, 53. JC to Nancy Brush, Jan. 16, 1907 [misdated and misfiled; actually 1908]. No odier letter Jean wrote to friends in 1908 gives any indication that she was having seizures. Though her letters are not as reliable

23. AL, 54–55. In ME.

24. AL, 52–53. SLC to JC [July 2, 1908]. In ME. Two months earlier, Lyon had managed to locate a “dear old house” on a yo-acre farm for Zoheth and Sheba Freeman. See IVL Daily Reminder, May i, 1908. Mr. Freeman was a well-known banker and one of the executors of Mark Twain's will.

25. JC to Nancy Brush, letter fragment [circa July 1908], ph. I have corrected one use of the verb tense “had” to “have.”

26. On Jean's thought of Germany instead of Dublin, seeJC Diary, Oct. 21, 1906 (the first page of this entry is torn out of the journal). JC to Nancy Brush, Aug. i, 1908, ph. Frederick Peterson to IVL, Aug. 15, 1908. JC to IVL, Aug. i, 1908. See Hill, 199, for the claim that it was Clemens who devised the plan to send Jean to Berlin.

27. JC to Nancy Brush, July 23, 1908, ph. JC to IVL, Aug. i, 1908. JC to IVL, Aug. 4, 1908. Jean's sympathy did not extend to a reprieve for the sisters. After watching their maneuvers with the local doctor's wife, she lobbied Lyon to ensure their swift departure. On August 4, Dr. Peterson ordered the sisters to vacate the Gloucester cottage as soon as possible. Jean stayed on with Marguerite Schmitt and various servants until her departure for Germany. SeeJC to IVL, Aug. 5, 1908.

28. JC to IVL, Aug. 5, 1908.

29. JC to Nancy Brush, Aug. i, 1908, ph.; AL, 49. (John Stanchfield was also one of Twain's lawyers.) JC to IVL, Aug. 5, 1908. Frederick Peterson to IVL, Aug. 18, 1908; Prof. Hofrath von Renvers to IVL, Sept. 16, 1908.

30. IVL Daily Reminder, Aug. 8, 6, 1908. See also ABP, Biography, 1458–59. IVL to Harriet Whitmore, Aug. 17, 1908, Mark Twain Memorial, Hartford, Conn. Paine later said that doctors told him this dizzy spell was probably the first indication of “a more serious malady.” Paine dated the incident after Clemens returned from Sam Moffett's funeral on August 5, while Lyon claimed Paine told her on August 6 that Clemens had had the “fainting spell” while playing billiards ten days earlier. In this case, I follow Lyon's timeline rather than Paine's because hers was constructed at the time of Clemens's sickness.

31. IVL Daily Reminder, Aug. 8, 1908; ABP, Biography, 1459. IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 9, 1908.

32. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 15, Sept. 10, 1908.

33. AL, 16–17. In ME. ABP to Mrs. Lyon (IVL's mother), July 21, 1909, AL File. ABP to IVL, Jan. 28, 1908, AL File. IVL Daily Reminder, Aug. 8, 1908.

34. ABP to Mrs. Lyon, July 21, 1909.

35. ABP, Biography, 1328, 1324–32. On invitations to ABP to play billiards at Stormfield, see IVL Daily Reminder, Aug. 29, 1908, and SLC to JC, [June 19, 1908].

36. ABP, Biography, 1324, 1327–29, 1330, 1332.

1. IVL Daily Reminder, Aug. 4, 1908. AL, 36, 425–26. See report titled “Employees, S.L. Clemens” in Folder 2, Statement and Accounts, 1907–1909, AL File.

2. AL, 86–90, 284–85; quote at 88. In ME.

3. AL, 279, 25. In ME.

4. AL, 73. IVL Daily Reminder, Mar. 22, 1908.

5. AL, 12, 122–26; quotes at 125, 126. In ME. IVL to SLC, Apr. 12, 1909 [a 6-page letter included in AL manuscript, all pages numbered 122].

6. IVL to SLC, Apr. 12, 1909, in AL, 122. AL, 123–24 (quote at 123), 92, 12, 73. In ME. Lyon stated that Clara's offer of a clothing supplement came in 1907 while Jean was emphatic that her sister's permission was given in the winter of 1908. See “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 323–24. (See chapter 15 for an explanation of this narrative.)

7. AL, 12, 73. In ME. IVL Datebook, Mar. 6, Apr. 7, 13, June 9, July 10, 29, 1907.

8. AL, 126 (in ME), 232, 262, 351.

9. The departure date is Hill's, 213. Clemens's letter of Sept. 30, 1908, to Louise Paine would indicate Sept. 29 instead; Cooley, ed., 210. On Marguerite Schmitt, JC to IVL, Dec. n, 1908. On Jean's finances, JC to IVL, Aug. i, Oct. 19, 1908; AL, 50; JC to IVL, Oct. 20, 1908; JCE Diary, Accounts Rec'd and Paid, Jan.-Dec. 1907.

10. JC to IVL, Oct. 27, 1908.

11. JC to IVL, Oct. 27, 1908. JC to IVL, Dec. n, 1908. Jean self-consciously underlined the word “successfully” in referring to the narration. See JCE Diary, Accounts Rec'd and Paid, Jan.-Dec. 1907; in that year Jean's dividends totaled $300.

12. SLC to JC, Dec. 17, 1908, telegram. AL, 49–50. In ME.

13. JC to Marguerite Schmitt, Oct. 19, 1909; all letters to Schmitt are typescripts in English translated from the French originals owned by Hamlin Hill. Hill has a different interpretation. “Nothing in the surviving record indicates that Miss Lyon was instrumental in keeping father and daughter apart,” he states flatly, “and if that were her intention, she would surely not have vetoed Jean's plea to stay in Berlin”; 215. Hill is also mystified by Clemens's claim that he did not know about Jean's plea to stay in Germany. I believe that Peterson, not Lyon, ordered her home. (Peterson might have been less censorious if he

14. IVL Daily Reminder, Dec. 30, 1908; Hill, 214–15.

15. JC to SLC, Mar. 5, 1909.

16. JC to SLC, Mar. 5, 1909; SLC, “Closing Words of My Autobiography” in Autobiographical Dictations File, Dec. 24, 1909, Folder no. 252, ms. 27.

17. AL, 3. In ME.

18. See Accountants' Statements and Schedules/Ashcroft-Lyon Affair/ Mar. 1907-Feb. 28, 1909, schedules #4 and #5 for Miss Clara Clemens, in Folder i, AL File. On schedule #4 Clara's total expenditure for die year ending Feb. 29, 1908, was $11,233.61; her total for the following year, ending Feb. 28, 1909, was $11,669.64. On schedule #5, only $100.00 cash is credited to Clara but anodier notation for Santa (Clara's nickname) of $250.00 adds up to a total of $350.00 in die year ending Feb. 28, 1909. Note diat diese totals include bodi verifiable and unverifiable cash payments. I posit diat Clara received all the C.C. cash in both years, unlike her fadier, who believed diat some C.C. cash was stolen by Lyon.

19. See AL, 25. In ME. IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 9, 1908.

20. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 26, 1908.

21. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 18, 26, 1908.

22. AL, 3. In ME.

23. On Clara's whereabouts, see My Father, 257, 266; IVL 1903–1904 Journal ts., Nov. 30, 1904; IVL Datebook, June-July 1907; SLC to Emilie Rogers, Nov. [5?], 1906, in HHR, 619–20; SLC to JC, June 19, 1908; IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. 6, 1908. Clara returned from her western concert tour on March 28, 1907; see IVL Datebook 1907. She was in Europe from May 16 to Sept. 9, 1908; see IVL Daily Reminder 1908.

24. AL, 26. In ME.

25. SLC dictation, Oct. 21, 1909, “Miss Lyon's habits,” 1–4, quote at 3 (in ME); AL, 405; see also AL, 342. Lyon's huge capacity for alcohol consumption was confirmed almost forty years later by Sam and Doris Webster, despite the fact that they were favorably disposed toward Lyon from their initial meeting and became fast friends. See Webster notes on IVL.

26. ABP to Mrs. Lyon (IVL's mother), July 21, 1909, AL File.

27. IVL Daily Reminder, Oct. i, 20, 1908. AL, 107–8.

28. On Ashcroft, see AL, 234, 347, 417–20, and AL File, one-page description of RWA, ph., original at University of Wisconsin, Madison. At AL 426, Clemens offered the modified opinion that Lyon was already a small diief before she met Ashcroft, who turned her into a large one. On Clemens's wealth, see SLC Probate.

29. AL, 280. In ME. IVL Daily Reminder, Sept. 3, 1908.

30. AL, 25 (in ME), 123, 127, 3 (in ME), 4 (in ME).

31. AL, 3–4. In ME.

32. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 24, Feb. 12, Jan. 25, 1908.

33. AL, 27, 28. In ME.

34. AL, 26, 34. In ME.

35. AL, 27 (in ME), 403–5, 406, 25.

36. See IVL Datebook, Apr. 12, 19, June 2, 15, Sept. 26, 1907; IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 4, Feb. 12, Apr. 15–23, Sept. 28–29, 1908; AL, 73. But Lyon did enjoy a 6-week vacation in Bermuda from March i to April n, 1908. See Hill, 202–3, and Cooley, ed., 93, 117–18.

37. AL, 36–38, 200–210.

38. IVL Datebook, June 7, July 27, Sept. n, 16, Oct. 10, 1907. AL, 132.

39. AL, 225–30, 85. In ME.

40. AL, 223–28.

41. AL, 229–30.

42. AL, 217. See Michael L. Closen, Glen-Peter Ahlers, Robert M. Jarvis, Malcolm L. Morris, Nancy P. Spyke, Notary Law and Practice: Cases and Materials (Chatsworth, Calif.: National Notary Association, 1997), 218–19, which states that “With respect to notarial acts in particular, numerous uniform laws and state statutory provisions have declared that notarial acts are entitled to interstate recognition”; for example, Nicholson v. Eureka Lumber, 1912, cited at 223–26. Interestingly, Nickerson's authority was uncontested throughout this period. In fact, he notarized Twain's Probate Inventory after his death. Later, one newspaper, The American, reported that the two men who had purportedly witnessed Clemens's signature, “when shown the document, said positively they had never seen it before.” The newspapers printed a host of lies, half-truths, and factual errors in their accounts of this affair. Thus I cite this claim only as a possibility within a larger pattern of evidence. See AL File.

43. IVL Daily Reminder, Nov. 10–11, 12–14, 1908; quote at Nov. n.

44. AL, 216–25; Exhibit A/Copy of the Ashcroft-Lyon Power of Attorney, AL File.

45. AL, 71. In ME.

1. AL, 292, 45, 47 cont., 25. Clemens was far from isolated, however. Close to twenty guests per month were providing him with pleasant diversion at Stormfield. See AL, 73.

2. AL, 17. In ME.

3. AL, 71 (in ME), 420 (in ME), and see 417–20. IVL to SLC, Feb. 25, 1909, in AL File.

4. AL, 81 (in ME), and see 420–21, 81–83.

5. AL, 400–401; Twain gives no specific dates but it seems likely this began sometime in the winter of 1908–9.

6. Everett Emerson, Mark Twain: A Literary Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 294; Leslie Fiedler, “Afterword,” in Mark Twain, 1601 and Is Shakespeare Dead? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 9.

7. Twain, Is Shakespeare Dead?, 127–28. Paine is absolutely convinced that Twain thought Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays, and Twain does appear to have held that belief. But the point of his essay is much more complex. See ABP, Biography, 1478–81, 1486.

8. This insight about the autobiographical nature of Is Shakespeare Dead? came from Fiedler's “Afterword,” 14.

9. Is Shakespeare Dead?, 144. The word count is Emerson's in A Literary Life, 286.

10. AL, 58, 400–401, 22–24. SLC to DQ, Cooley, ed., 251–52. Also see Hill, 221, and ABP to Mrs. Lyon (IVL's modier), July 21, 1909, AL file; ABP, Biography, 1480.

11. AL, 60, 61, 63, 33, 30–31. As noted in chapter 11, Paine had already informed Clemens about Lyons use of bromides, which he ignored; see ABP to Mrs. Lyon, July 21, 1909. Clemens probably recognized her cocktail habit because it was a daily exercise.

12. AL, 32–33, 62. In ME.

13. AL, 35–36, 61–65; SLC to JC, Mar. 3, 1909. See also Hill, 218; IVL to Hat-tie Whitmore Enders, Feb. 16, 1909.

14. This scene is drawn from Clemens's account in AL, 65–70. In ME. In order to present it as dialogue, I have adapted some of Clemens's indirect discourse, excerpting only portions of the conversation, summarizing one of Ashcroft's colloques, changing pronouns and verb tenses, and using “and” in place of ampersands. Such paraphrases are indicated by the use of single quotes. Exact quotations are in double quotes.

15. AL, 69–71.

16. AL, 28, 127–28.

17. AL, 68, 97–98 (in ME), 72, 96–97.

18. “Report of Miss X,” ph., DeVoto Papers, Stanford, Calif. The detective was hired by the Clemenses' family lawyer to investigate whether Lyon might have any Twain manuscripts in her possession.

19. See AL, 58 (in ME), 68.

20. IVL to SLC, undated [early March 1909].

21. AL, 421, 59. In ME.

22. AL, 57–58, 157–59-

23. AL, 127–28. In ME.

24. AL, 77, 81. In ME.

25. SLC to CC, Mar. n, 1908, in AL, 245–56.

26. SLC to CC, Mar. n, 1908, in AL, 250–52. In ME.

27. SLC to CC, Mar. n, 1908, in AL, 253–55.1° ME.

28. AL, 77, 86, 244.

29. AL, 78–79. Twain notes that without specific mention of compensation, the first contract was nonbinding. He was incorrect: a paper exchange of one dollar was acknowledged in the contract that made Ashcroft his business manager. See AL File, Folder 2.

30. AL, 79–81, quote at 81. In ME.

31. AL, 77–85, 279–80.

32. AL, 86, 87. In ME.

33. SLC to CC, Mar. 14 postscript to Mar. n, 1908, letter, in AL, 257–58. In ME.

34. AL, 262.

35. AL, 91, 90 ^l/₂ In ME.

36. AL, 93–94. In ME.

37. AL, 86. In ME. And see, for example, AL, 244, where Clemens wrote of the contracts as a “diarrhea” and a “spectacular flux”; also AL, 173–74 an (1 279–80, where he characterized them as “impertinent.”

38. AL, 182; May 7, 1907 Power of Attorney to Isabel V. Lyon, AL File. See also SLC, one-page outline for “Ashcroft-Lyon Ms.,” in AL File.

39. AL, 139, 182, 214, 98. In ME.

40. AL, 98. In ME.

1. AL, 97, 378–79; quote at 379. In ME.

2. AL, 426.

3. AL, 98.

4. AL, 161. In ME.

5. AL, 162–63. In ME.

6. AL, 161, 163. In ME.

7. AL, 163.

8. Horace Hazen to SLC, [Apr. 26, 1909], in AL, 147–48. AL, 155.

9. Hill, 222. Horace Hazen to SLC, [Apr. 26, 1909], in AL, 149, 150. AL, 141.

10. AL, 142, 99–102, quote at 100. In ME.

11. AL, 101–2. In ME. The quoted speeches in this dialogue are exact, although I have excerpted only a portion of the conversation.

12. Horace Hazen to SLC, [Apr. 26, 1909], in AL, 146–52.

13. AL, 102. In ME. Clemens's parenthetical remarks about Ashcroft's silence are excluded from this exchange.

14. AL, 102–3. In ME. In this dialogue, I have again excerpted only a portion of the conversation, though the speech quoted here is verbatim.

15. AL, 104–5. In ME. In early April, at the time this incident occurred, Twain was merely confused. Later he observed that this was one of “the smallest & shabbiest” dishonesties that had ever been practiced upon him; see AL,

16. AL, 107–8.

17. AL, 108–9 (in ME), 137–38.

18. AL, 108 (in ME), no. Clemens wrote (at no) that he saw Clara on April 7 and she made an appointment with Peterson for four o'clock the next day. But in an outline for the AL manuscript, Clemens dates her appointment three days later, on April n. Given the specificity of the date on die outline and the fact diat diis document was probably written closer in time to the actual event, I prefer April n. SLC, Outline for “Ashcroft-Lyon Ms.,” in AL File.

19. AL, 115–16, 81, 95. It appears likely that the decision to fire Mrs. Ashcroft was made on April 7 when Clemens saw Clara, aldiough it may have been a day or two later. Clearly Twain had decided before he went to New York on April 12.

20. AL, 109–10.

21. AL, in. In ME.

22. AL, in-12. See chapter 10, n. 22, for a discussion of the evidence diat led me to this conclusion.

23. SLC, Oudine for “Ashcroft-Lyon Ms.”

24. AL, 112.

25. AL, 113, 116; SLC, Outline for “Ashcroft-Lyon Ms.”; AL, 112–13. In ME.

26. AL, 116–18. Twain thought, but wasn't absolutely certain, that he had this conversation with Ashcroft on April 14.

27. IVL to SLC, Apr. 15, 1909, in AL, 136 V'i.

1. AL, 140, 173–75; quote at 174. In ME.

2. AL, 118, 174, 175. In ME.

3. AL, 173–77 (in ME), 82–83, 280.

4. AL, 169, 173–76.

5. Henry Rogers to SLC, Apr. 23, 1909, in AL, 165.

6. AL, 176–78. In ME. Clara harbored strong suspicions that leaving Lyon's trunks untouched may have been a mistake for reasons other than car-nelian beads. See “Report of Miss X,” ph., and Bernard DeVoto to Mr. Andrews, Oct. 14, 1946, DeVoto Papers, Stanford, Calif. After Twain's death in 1910, Ashcroft put the original manuscript of Is Shakespeare Dead? on the market in New York City, and Charles Lark, one of the lawyers handling Twain's estate, bought it back for a “nominal consideration,” in his words. Avoiding an outright charge of piracy, he noted carefully that “we did not know that he had the same or claimed any right thereto.” See note by Charles Lark, Feb. 28, 1911, AL File.

7. ABP to Mr. Lark, June 7, 1909, in AL, 179–81.

8. AL, 181, 179, 114, 167.

9. SLC to JC, Apr. 19, 1909. In ME. SLC, “Closing Words of My Autobiography” in Autobiographical Dictations File, Dec. 24, 1909, Folder no. 252, hereafter cited as “Closing Words,” ms. 22.

10. AL, 64, 113–14. Ashcroft bought die farm in the last week of February, and the deed was recorded on April 8, 1909. See SLC Probate.

11. See JC to Marguerite Schmitt, Nov. 7, 1909, English ts. of French original. Not every day was the same, but Jean was nearly always occupied. The day she described in detail in this letter to her friend is the basis for my description of her routine.

12. SLC to CC, July 18, 1909. In ME.

13. SLC to CC, July 18, 1909. As far as I know, he bestowed this praise—“like her mother”—on no one else. SLC, “Closing Words,” ms. 31, 22.

14. AL, 210, 141–43 (quote at 141; in ME), 155.

15. RWA to SLC, Apr. 29, 1909, in AL, 171.

16. RWA to SLC, Apr. 29, 1909, in AL, 172.

17. AL, 5 [written May 2, 1909]. In ME. Neither Clara nor Jean ever approached the power Isabel Lyon wielded over dieir father.

18. AL, 185–86.

19. AL, 186–87. In ME. The auditor's report confirms Lounsbury's figures: Lyon spent a total of $3,435.24. See Accountants' Statements and Schedules/ Ashcroft-Lyon Affair/Mar. 1907-Feb. 28, 1909, Schedule #2, in Folder i, AL File; hereafter cited as Auditor's Report.

20. AL, 189–91; quote at 187. In ME.

21. Auditor's Report, Schedule #12, Notes and Comments. AL, 264, 266. This early example of Lyons revisionist work seems analogous to her later practice of altering her diary to suit her version of history. See die Epilogue.

22. AL, 196, 198–99, 186–87; see Auditor's Report, Schedule #2.

23. AL, 264–65, 129–30. In ME. See chapter 15, note 19, for a more detailed discussion of house money.

24. AL, 213 (in ME), 214.

25. AL, 215–16; quote at 216 (in ME); also see chapter 11. ABP, Biography, 961–79, 983–87, 1017, 1021; Caroline Harnsberger, Mark Twain: Family Man (New York: Citadel Press, 1960), 213. AL, 223. In ME.

26. Hill, 231–32.

27. ABP, Biography, 1432–33, 1442–44, 1456, 1464–69. Twain may have been careless about the exact boundaries of legal documents that he signed. For example, he acknowledged giving Isabel Lyon die power to sign checks for him in 1907. Aldiough he was fully cognizant of signing diat document and of his assignee (see AL, 214), he apparently did not realize diat this was a comprehensive, not a restricted, power of attorney—that is, it was not limited to check-signing privileges, but already granted the wide range of power Lyon and

28. AL, 139, 233–36 (in ME).

29. “Report of Miss X.”

30. AL, 236, 237. In ME. In fact at his death Twain's estate came closer to half a million; see SLC, Probate.

31. See Charles T Lark to Mr. A. B. Payne [sic], Aug. 10, 1909, in AL File. Lark described a long itemized statement that Ashcroft presented to him “as to services rendered Mr. Clemens beginning with May 1903 with the alleged value of each service detailed.” Lark listed a number of the items in Ashcroft's memo along with their dollar amounts.

32. Memo by SLC to Mr. Lark, undated (in ME), and memo by SLC to Mr. Lark, Aug. 15, 1909, 5–6 (in ME), both attached to Charles Lark to Mr. Payne (sic), Aug. 10, 1909, AL File. AL, 238–39. Revocation of November 14, 1909, Power of Attorney to Ralph W. Ashcroft and Isabel V. Lyon, June i, 1909, AL File.

33. AL, 205 (in ME); 190, 139. In ME. (Twain was an excellent speller but he missed on “potato,” which I have corrected silently here.)

1. AL, 113. In ME. SLC to CC, July 18, 1909. In ME.

2. See AL, 114, 167, 308–9. The latter pages were written sometime in July 1909. On Jean's seizures, JC to Nancy Brush, Jan. 16, 1907 [misdated and mis-filed; actually 1908], ph.

3. RWA to SLC, Apr. 29, 1909, in AL, 172.

4. AL, 240, 261–62. RWA to SLC, June 3, 1909, AL File. Unused interview prepared by SLC on June 8, 1909, 5, AL File. Charles Lark to ABP, June 12, 1909 in AL, 241.

5. AL, 263, 267–68. Clara blamed the leak to the press on the Bridgeport notary; see AL, 366.

6. New York American newspaper clipping, “Twain Charges False, Declares Mrs. Ashcroft,” in AL, 267.

7. See AL, 210, where Twain asks similar questions.

8. AL, 275–76. Newspaper articles such as the one in The Evening Telegram, July 13, 1909, reveal the story that Mrs. Ashcroft was telling herself.

9. Lyon's statement in The Evening Telegram, July 13, 1909, in AL, 276. See additional newspaper clippings in AL, 288–89, 281, 276. Each daughter was fingered in at least one account. One paper reported that Mrs. Ashcroft declined to name the culprit.

10. The Evening Telegram, July 13, 1909, in AL, 276. And see applicable newspaper clippings in AL, 267, 276, 282, 288–89. On Clemens's reckonings, AL, 217–18; the figures were verified in the final auditor's report.

11. AL, 305–8; quote at 308 (in ME); ABP to Mr. Lark, July 13, 1909, AL File.

12. AL, 310. In ME. I have changed “she” to “you.”

13. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 311–12. Jean's handwritten 24-page report, which Twain titled “Jean's Narrative,” is placed in its entirety in AL, as pp. 311–34.

14. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 312–13.

15. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 314–15.

16. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 316–17.

17. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 318, 314, 321–22.

18. “In a year & ten months she drew nearly ten thousand dollars house-money!” Twain announced in June 1909; AL, 265. But die final auditor's report clearly indicates that house money “claimed to have been paid” for the two-year period totaled only $5,575: $2,950 in die year ending Feb. 29, 1908, and $2,625 in the year ending Feb. 28, 1909. See Accountants' Statements and Schedules/Ashcroft-Lyon Affair/Mar. i9O7-Feb. 28, 1909, Schedule #12 Notes and Comments, in Folder i, AL File; hereafter cited as Auditor's Report.

19. AL, 264–65. In ME. The Clemens camp was confused about the exact figure. Paine incorrectly notes diat Miss Lyon spent $4,000 “house money” in 1907, less dian $1,000 of which was used for the purpose of paying servants' wages in cash. He adds that similar conditions prevailed in 1908. He estimates that half of die remainder was misappropriated. See ABP to Mr. Lark, July 13, 1909, in AL File. Twain's numbers differ from Paine's, which differ from Lark's, who said she stole $4,000. See “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 321. Luckily the final auditor's report stands as an arbiter of the conflicting claims. Note the last line in Auditor's Report, Schedule #12 Notes and Comments: “There are some receipted invoices which have not been traced to checks, and these presently account for part of die currency obtained by means of cashed checks” (in other words, some house money was used for legitimate purposes).

20. AL, 324–25.

21. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 325–26. Dialogue enclosed in single quotes paraphrases die original by changing pronouns and verb tenses.

22. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 326–27.

23. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 322–23, 328.

24. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 327–29.

25. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 328.

26. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 330–31.

27. “Jean's Narrative,” in AL, 332.

28. AL, 308.

29. SLC to CC, July 18, 1909. In ME.

1. AL, 351–52.

2. AL, 345–46. In ME.

3. The quotes that follow are taken from Clara's handwritten report, which Twain labeled “Clara's Narrative” and inserted in AL, 354–73; Clara recorded the conversation as direct dialogue.

4. Clara said that Mrs. Lyon repeated here her earlier remark about faithful devotion, so I have repeated that quotation at this point.

5. “Clara's Narrative,” in AL, 374–75. Although Clara is vague about the exact timing of Lounsbury's observation of Mrs. Ashcroft at her window, it seems reasonable that he saw her around this time.

6. Again, all quotes are taken directly from “Clara's Narrative” in AL, 354–73.

7. AL, 375–76. My thanks to Sally Gordon for her legal perspective on this interaction.

8. See “Clara's Narrative,” in AL, 364–65; AL, 234–35; “Report of Miss X,” ph., DeVoto Papers, Stanford, Calif.

9. AL, 424–26.

10. AL, 388, 72.

11. AL, 78–79. See also RWA, “Memorandum for Mr. Rogers re. Clemens' Matter,” AL File; RWA to Mr. Stanchfield, July 30, 1909, titled “The Ashcroft's Defense in Suit against S.L. Clemens,” AL File. On the contract Clemens signed on Clean-Up Day, see chapter 12.

12. SLC's reply to Charles Lark to ABP, Aug. 10, 1909, 2 (in ME), AL File, hereafter cited as “SLC reply.” SLC Probate, 4. In the summer of 1909, Clemens reckoned his investments in hairpins and safety pins at $12,000. It is unclear whether this figure included the earlier sum of $4,500 he had invested in 1904 (see chapter 8). Also see one-page summary of the settlement with the Ashcrofts dated Sept. 10, 1909, AL File.

13. “SLC reply,” 10. In ME.

14. “SLC reply,” 11–13; also AL> 8–9. Note that the original Plasmon investment was Twain's own doing. At his death, Twain owned 400 stock shares and 32 bonds in the American Mechanical Cashier Company, all worthless; 375 shares of the Plasmon Milk Products Company, “which stock is practically worthless,” according to his probate inventory; and 345 shares of the Koy-lo (hairpin) Company, again worthless according to probate records. See SLC Probate.

1. See RWA to Mr. Stanchfield, July 30, 1909, tided “The Ashcroft's Defense in Suit against S.L. Clemens,” AL File; hereafter cited as “The Ashcrofts' Defense.” Despite its title, the letter constituted a setdement offer, or rather a list of demands, not a legal action.

2. RWA to Mr. Whitmore, Aug., 1909, Mark Twain Memorial. “The Ashcrofts' Defense.”

3. “The Ashcrofts' Defense.”

4. AL, 380.

5. “Ashcroft Accuses Miss Clara Clemens,” New York Times, Aug. 4, 1909, in AL 382–83.

6. AL, 264–65; and see SLC's reply to Charles Lark to ABP, Aug. 10, 1909, 2, AL File.

7. See Accountants' Statements and Schedules/Ashcroft-Lyon Affair/ Mar. i9O7-Feb. 28, 1909, Schedule #4 for Miss Clara Clemens, in folder i, AL File. In the two-year period from February 28, 1907 to February 28, 1909, Clara went through a whopping $22,903.25; see note 18 to chapter 11. Five of the six checks paid to the Lincoln National Bank were for unverifiable cash or credit, according to the auditor's notation of an uncertain deposit. This untraceable cash totaled $1,165. F°r <J1 other checks either there was a specific payee or the auditor noted that there was some evidence that “this ck was deposited to order ofCC.”

8. SLC to JC, [early Oct. 1907]; see chapter 8, at notes 3–4. AL, 389. In ME.

9. AL, 391.

10. AL, 408–9. In ME.

11. See AL, 77–95, which was probably written between June 27 and 29, 1909 (see p. 77 for confirmation of the June 27 date). The discussion of the promissory notes on Clean-Up Day is at AL, 86–87. See AL, 409–10, for Clemens's later reaction to his discovery of the forgery.

12. AL, 412–16, 384, and “The Ashcrofts' Defense.”

13. AL, 139.

14. AL, 391. In ME.

15. Edna Ashcroft to Mr. Frederick Anderson, Oct. 26, 1968, AL File.

16. Clipping of “Mark Twain Suits All Off,” New York Times, Sept. 13, 1909, attached to SLC to Mr. Ochs, undated [approx. Sept. 15, 1909], AL File; Ochs was the editor and publisher of the New York Times.

17. On the date of the property gift, see unused interview prepared by SLC, 2–3, AL File; IVL Datebook, June 13, 1907.

18. “Mark Twain Suits All Off,” New York Times, Sept. 13, 1909. SLC to Mr. Ochs, AL File. I could find no extant legal document to support Ashcroft's claim of a loan nor any reference in any letter written to Twain's lawyers nor any evidence in die remaining correspondence.

19. “MarkTwain Suits All Off,” New York Times, Sept. 13, 1909.

20. See SLC to Mr. Ochs, 4–6; this letter was probably never mailed. Also see loose one-page summary of the setdement by Twain dated Sept. 10, 1909, AL File.

21. Kaplan, 386. Edna Ashcroft to Mr. Frederick Anderson, Oct. 26, 1968, and Robert Ashcroft to Simon and Schuster, Publishers, Nov. 2, 1968, AL File.

22. SLC to Mr. Ochs, 1–2. In ME.

23. SLC to Mr. Ochs, 8, 2. In ME.

24. AL, 387. In ME. Given that Ashcroft became an intimate of Lyon in early 1908, his involvement did not span the three-year period Jean was exiled. In all likelihood, Ashcroft was never an initiator of actions toward Jean.

25. AL, 388 (in ME), 53–55.

26. AL, 292, 349. In ME.

1. George Bernard Shaw to SLC, July 3, 1907, as quoted in ABP, Biography, 1398; the line is from Shaw's play John Bull's Other Island, act 2.

2. Macnaughton, 32–33, 173.

3. AL, “To the Unborn Reader,” 9. In ME. Twain dated only the first and last of the thirty-two sections of the manuscript. For a while he numbered sections following die first one, but then dropped that convention as well and used spaces to indicate breaks in die text. Whenever possible I have dated these undated sections through internal clues. See also AL, 4–5.

4. See Hill, 229–32. According to Hill, the Ashcroft-Lyon manuscript became publicly known “for the first time” in 1970. Many scholars have followed Hill's lead, characterizing the manuscript as “malicious,” “laughable,” “petty,” “unfair,” and in certain respects, a complete fabrication. See Allan Gribben, “Autobiography as Property,” in Sara de Saussure Davis and Philip Beidler, eds., The Mythologizing of Mark Twain (University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1984), 44; Laura E. Skandera-Trombley, Mark Twain in the Company of Women (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 177–81. Others have described Twain as “floundering in fantasy during his closing year” and veering into a “dead-end despair.” See Louis Budd, “A ‘Talent for Posturing’: The Achievement of Mark Twain's Public Personality,” in Davis and Beidler, eds., Mythologizing 97; Arthur G. Pettit, “Mark Twain and His Times: A Bicentennial Appreciation,” in Louis J. Budd, ed., Critical Essays on Mark Twain, ipw-ifiSo (Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1983), 210. Everett Emerson has described the manuscript as “a sad document”; A Literary Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 294–95.

5. WDH to SLC, Feb. 14, 1904, in MTHL, 781.

6. See AL, 45–55; quote at 47. In ME.

7. AL, “To die Unborn Reader,” 3. In ME. AL, 155.

8. AL, 134, In ME. 4–5, 65. In ME.

9. See AL, 10, i (in ME), 2 (in ME), 17–18. Twain refers to his financial disasters with Elisha Bliss, his first publisher; James Paige, the inventor of the mechanical typesetter; and Charles Webster, publishing partner and business manager. Also see the excellent essay on Twain's humorous devices by John C. Gerber, “Mark Twain's Use of die Comic Pose,” in Louis J. Budd, ed., Critical Essays on Mark Twain, ipio-ifiSo (Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall and Co., 1983), 131–43.

10. AL, 20.

11. AL, 35, 30–31, 350–51, 43 (in ME), 44. In ME.

12. AL, 47. In ME.

13. AL, 52–56. In ME.

14. AL, 58–61, 71. In ME.

15. AL, 114. In ME.

16. On the firing, AL, 135–37. On bill-paying habits, AL, 36–38, 200–210; quote at 207. In ME.

17. AL, 170, 42 (in ME), 234, 347. It was later that Clemens revised this opinion, deciding that Lyon was already a small thief before Ashcroft turned her into a large one; see AL, 426.

18. AL, 280–81. In ME.

19. AL, 277, 295.

20. AL, 388. “Ashcroft Accuses Miss Clara Clemens,” New York Times, Aug. 4, 1909, in AL, 382.

21. AL, 395. In ME.

22. AL, 393 (in ME), 394–95. In ME.

23. AL, 418. In ME.

24. AL, 398–401. In ME.

25. AL, 402. In ME.

26. AL, 406. In ME.

27. AL, 407. In ME.

28. AL, 399, 421.

29. H.M. Bernheim, “De la Suggestion et de Ses Applications a la Thera-peutique,” in Maurice M. Tinterow, M.D., ed., Foundations of Hypnosis: From Mesmer to Freud (Springfield, 111.: Charles Thomas, 1970), 454. And see Theodore R. Sarbin, “Attempts to Understand Hypnotic Phenomena,” in Leo Postman, ed., Psychology in the Making: Histories of Selected Research Problems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 745–85, quote at 766.

30. Dr. Frederik Van Eeden, “Curing by Suggestion,” The World's Work, Sept. 1909, 11993–99, esP- n997-

31. Van Eeden, “Suggestion,” 11997.

32. Van Eeden, “Suggestion,” as cited in AL, 422.

33. Van Eeden, “Suggestion,” as cited in AL, 422.

34. For the theoretical and experimental foundations of learned helplessness, see Judy Garber and Martin E. P. Seligman, Human Helplessness: Theory and Applications (New York: Academic Press, 1980); also Rebecca Curtis, ed., Self-Defeating Behaviors: Experimental Research, Clinical Impression, and Practical Implications (New York: Plenum Press, 1989). The literature applying the concept to various social, psychological, and educational problems is extensive. For insight into the social conditions that create and maintain dependency in old age, see Margret M. Baltes, Many Faces of Dependency in Old Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

35. AL, 53, 417–20. In ME.

36. Lifetime, 234.

37. See, for example, My Father, 179–80; also see Macnaughton, 21–22, for two of Clemens's hare-brained financial schemes that Livy helped quash.

38. AL, 34–35, 132. In ME.

39. AL, 418. In ME.

40. Norman Maclean, Young Men and Fire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), xiii.

41. AL, 423.

1. Hill, 231.

2. James Martin Miller, ed., Discovery of the North Pole (Chicago: J. T. Moss, 1909), editor's preface, unnumbered, and 124–25. This book contains Cook's autobiographical account of how he supposedly reached the North Pole on April 21, 1908, as well as the story of Peary's discovery of the Pole on April 6, 1909.

3. AL, 428. In ME.

4. AL, 429. In ME.

5. Miller, ed., Discovery, 425, 259, 267.

6. Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York: Scribner's, 1970), i: 53–54. As Twain indicates, the bolder scientist, Le-verrier, whose published calculations were used for the actual observation of Neptune, was given credit for the planet's discovery in 1846, even though he began his investigation later than Adams.

7. Hon. Simeon Davidson Fess, “The North Pole Aftermath,” Speech in the House of Representatives, Mar. 4, 1915, including excerpts from the report of the Congressional Committee of Investigation issued Jan. 21, 1911, 1–27 (pamphlet, U.S. Government Printing Office).

8. See Fess, “Aftermath,” 19–24. Cook managed to get on the Chautaqua circuit, a highly regarded public lecture platform, after he was discredited by the scientific community.

9. ABP, Biography, 1517.

10. AL, “To the Unborn Reader,” 3. In ME.

11. AL, “To the Unborn Reader,” 2. In ME.

12. AL, “To the Unborn Reader,” 2. In ME.

13. Anthony J. Ouellette, “The Paston Letters,” in Dictionary of Literary Biography (Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1994), 146: 420–25.

14. AL, “To the Unborn Reader,” 4. In ME.

15. SLC to CC, Feb. 21, 1910. JC to Marguerite Schmitt, Nov. 7, 1909, English ts. of French original. JC to Nancy Brush, Nov. 10, 1909, ph. JC to Marguerite Schmitt, Oct. 19, 1909, English ts. of French original.

16. JC to Marguerite Schmitt, Oct. 19, 1909, English ts. of French original. My Father, 212–13. Lifetime, 309.

17. CC to SLC, July 9, 1909.

18. SLC to Mr. Stone, Sept. 14, 1909. In ME. ABP to Adolph Simon Ochs, Feb. 14, 1910, Albert Bigelow Paine Collection, HEH. “MarkTwain Done with Work,” New York Times, Dec. 21, 1909, I.

19. SLC to Joseph Twichell, Sept. 19, 1909, ph., Beinecke Rare Book Library, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. [SLC] memo, Sept. 10, 1909, loose in AL File. SLC to Mrs. Whitmore, Dec. 28, 1909 (in ME), ph., Mark Twain Memorial, Hartford, Conn.

20. Mark Twain, “The Turning Point of My Life,” in Louis J. Budd, ed., Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, and Essays, i8pi-ipio (New York: Library of America, 1992), 931–36; quotes at 932, 936.

21. IVL, Aug. 16, [1909]. This was written on a separate card that was stuck in her 1908 diary and thus preserved. No extant copy exists, so far as I know, of her 1909 diary.

22. SLC form letter to Coe, Duneka, Enders, Paine, Starr, Sunderland, Way-land, among others, ca. Oct. 7, 1908, Mark Twain Memorial, Hartford, Conn. ABP, Biography, 1522.

23. My Father, 280–81. Lifetime, 311–13.

24. CC to SLC, July 9, 1909.

25. SLC to CC, Dec. 28, 1909. JC to Marguerite Schmitt, Dec. 21, 1909, English ts. of French original. SLC to CC, Dec. 29, 1909. In ME.

1. ABP, Biography, 1503–5.

2. ABP, Biography, 1528–29, 1509; also note 8 below.

3. ABP, Biography, 1532. See Mark Twain, “Letters from the Eardi,” in Louis J. Budd, ed., Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, and Essays,

fiio (New York: Library of America, 1992), esp. 885–90.

4. “Letters from the Earth,” 914–15.

5. “Letters from the Earth,” 915.

6. “Letters from the Earth,” 915–16.

7. ABP, Biography, 1543–45.

8. “Mark Twain Done with Work,” New York Times, Dec. 21, 1909, 1.

9. On the Christmas tree, JC to Marguerite Schmitt, Dec. 21, 1909, English ts. of French original. On Jean's gifts, see, for example, Emma Thayer to SLC, Dec. 25, 1909; Joe and Harmony Twichell to SLC, Dec. 25, 1909. On the globe, ABP, Biography, 1548.

10. Mark Twain, “The Death of Jean,” Harper's Monthly Magazine, Jan. 1911, 210–15.

11. SLC to Ethel Newcomb [and others], Dec. 24, 1909. In ME.

12. “Closing Words,” Dec. 24, 1909, Autobiographical Dictations file, folder no. 252, 10-ii. He repeated his reasons in a deleted paragraph (41) diat posed the question “Why did I not go?” ABP, Biography, 1549.

13. Twain quoted in ABP, Biography, 1552. See ABP, Biography, 1555; My Father, 286. “The Death of Jean” appears in Henry Seidel Canby, ed., Harper Essays (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1927), 146–59; Charles Neider, The Autobiography of Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), and Kiskis, ed., MT's Autobiography, 245–52.

14. Mark Twain, “Closing Words of My Autobiography,” Stormfield, Christmas Eve, ii a.m., 1909, in Autobiographical Dictations file, Dec. 24, 1909, folder no. 252. This autobiographical essay by Mark Twain is by Richard A. Watson and The Chase Global Private Bank as Trustees of die Mark Twain Foundation, which reserves all reproduction or dramatization rights in every medium. It is published here with permission of the University of California Press and Robert H. Hirst, General Editor of the Mark Twain Project. For a perceptive reading of this essay, see Michael J. Kiskis, “Mark Twain and the Tradition of Literary Domesticity,” in Laura E. Skandera-Trombley and Michael J. Kiskis, eds., Constructing Mark Twain: New Directions in Scholarship (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 221.

15. SLC to Mrs. Coe, Dec. 27, 1909 (in ME), Mark Twain Memorial, Hartford, Conn. In this letter Clemens speaks of his dream of family.

16. My Father, 282. CC to Julia Langdon, Jan. 23, 1910.

17. SLC to CC, Feb. 21, 1910. In ME.

18. “Letters from the Earth,” 895.

19. “Letters from the Eardi,” 895.

20. SLC to Joe and Harmony Twichell, Dec. 27, 1909, ph., Beinecke Rare Book Library, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; and see SLC to Mrs. Coe, Dec. 27, 1909, Mark Twain Memorial, Hartford, Conn.

21. SLC to Joe and Harmony Twichell, Dec. 27, 1909 (in ME), ph., Beinecke Rare Book Library, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Joseph & Harmony Twichell to SLC, Dec. 25, 1909.

22. MMT, 84; ABP, Biography, 1556–57.

23. “Was ‘Tom Sawyer’ Danish or American?” New York Times, Feb. 6, 1910, 7.

24. Paine's ditty is found in a letter he sent to SLC on Feb. 6, 1910, and is quoted in Hill, 268. ABP to Adolph Simon Ochs, Feb. 14, 1910, Albert Bigelow Paine Collection, HEH.

25. ABP, Biography, 1560. SLC to CC, Mar. 24, 1910. In ME.

26. ABP, Biography, 1562–63, 1568.

27. ABP, Biography, 1570–73.

28. ABP, Biography, 1575–78; My Father, 290–91.

29. ABP, Biography, 1573. Admittedly, Paine was capable of drastic omissions and elisions in his work. He also intended to show die admirable side of Mark Twain, which dovetailed neatly with the filters Clara wanted applied to her father. Nonetheless his account of Clemens's deathbed courage strikes me as authentic.

30. My Father, 183–84.

1. Lifetime, 331.

2. Lifetime, 335–36.

3. Lifetime, 338, 337.

4. Lifetime, 339, 50–58, quote at 54.

5. ABP to Elizabeth Wallace, Mar. 9, 1912, MTP. ABP, Biography, 1379, 1446. My Father, 257, 270. Lawton described Clara as “the best beloved of all my friends” in her introduction to Lifetime, xiii. On the origin of her book, see xi-xv.

6. AL, 114–15. In ME.

7. Webster Notes on IVL, Mar. 5, 1948, 6. “Report of Miss X,” ph., DeVoto Papers, Stanford, Calif. Jennifer L. Rafferty, “‘The Lyon of St. Mark’: A Reconsideration of Isabel Lyons Relationship to Mark Twain,” Mark Twain Journal 34 (fall 1996): 53. On Ashcroft, see Who's Who In Canada, 412.

8. “Report of Miss X.” In the report, the detective remarked that Lyon's gowns were almost twenty years out-of-date. Also see Webster Notes on IVL, Mar. 5, 1948, 7, for a brief description of her memorabilia table. Lyon worked for die Home Title Company in Brooklyn.

9. In addition to this dated foray back into her original diaries, there are excursions marked “1936” and “June 1937.” The exact timing of odiers would be helpful, but what is essential has been established by these three notations. See IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 15, 1905; IVL Datebook, Oct. 12, 1907; IVL Steno Notebook #2, Oct. 23, 1906. Of course, not every diary is a private confessional. Although it is at odds with our tendency to think of diaries as the protected

10. Laurie Lentz, “MarkTwain in 1906: An Edition of Selected Extracts from Isabel V. Lyons Journal,” Resources for American Literary Study n (spring 1981): 10-ii. Unavailable to Hill, this autographic copy was purchased by the University of Texas, Austin, in 1975 and was made available to scholars in 1976; a copy was given to the Mark Twain Papers at Berkeley in 1976 as well. Lyon actually made one telling slip of the pen that might have given her away even if she had destroyed the original diary. She mistakenly dated an entry May 30, 1946, rather than 1906, perhaps indicating the year (or at least the decade) in which she was actually working on her hand recopy—although this could, of course, merely be a random numerical error. See Austin diary, May 30, 1946.

11. On March 5, 1948, Doris Webster wrote that Lyon was “80 years old and only just retired.” She was actually eighty-four at that date.

12. Webster Notes on IVL, Mar. 5, 1948, 3; Webster was addressing Dixon Wecter. See Doris Webster to Dr. Smith, Dec. 5, 1958, for a sense of the Web-sters' long-lasting friendship with Lyon. See John Seelye to Fred [Anderson], Mar. 18, 1977, IVL MT Notes, for the hint on publication. The Websters were not always faithful to Lyons wishes, however, retaining whole entries that she had clearly intended to excise. See IVL ts., June 28, July 5, July 6, 1906, all accompanied by the notation, “I.V.L. crossed out.”

13. Samuel Charles Webster, Mark Twain, Business Man (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946); see Kaplan, 289–92. It is possible Lyon believed, on the strength of his book, that Webster held a grudge against Twain and would therefore be sympathetic to her version of events.

14. Webster Notes on IVL, Mar. 5, 1948. Doris Webster to Rachel Varble, Oct. 25, 1953.

15. IVL Datebook, June 3, 1907; also, refer to the first half of chapter 7.

16. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 27, 1906, Nov. 26, 1905. Webster's note is on an insert to the typescript, no. Webster Notes on IVL, Mar. 5, 1948, 2. See the discussion of the common folklore of epilepsy and the attitudes of family members in chapter 3.

17. Webster Notes on IVL, Mar. 5, 1948, 1–2. Twain's testimony, Paine's letters, and corroborating evidence in the secretary's own diary demonstrate that she worked ceaselessly to alienate her boss from the biographer and his project.

18. See IVL Daily Reminder, June 28, 1906, for die negative comment on Paine. Lyon also crossed out “Oh, it is so wonderful!,” which referred to the story of Paine's life. IVL Daily Reminder, Jan. 27, 1906. Hill quoted Lyons revised entry for Jan. 27 widiout comment; 120–21. See also Laura Skandera-Trombley, Mark Twain in the Company of Women (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), esp. 16, but also 177–81, and 194 fn. 6; Lentz, “MarkTwain in 1906,” 1–36. In the Austin version, which was not available to Hill, Lyon added even more emphasis, changing “terrible blow” to “heavy blow,” for example. But note diat the January 27 entry contradicts Lyons claim to the Websters that Jean's first attack had occurred die previous November. For a discussion of die ambiguities of dating die insert for Sept. 29, 1906, see note 9 to chapter 5.

19. See Doris Webster to Mr. Smidi, Nov. i, 1954, IVL MT Notes.

20. IVL Daily Reminder, Mar. 20, 1906; Austin version, Mar. 20, 1906. (Katy shared a similar view of Twain's loyalty and sense of justice; see Lifetime, 278.) Lyon did not delete diis passage in her revisions to die original diary; consequently it remains intact in the Webster typescript. This is another notable inconsistency. One explanation might be the time that lapsed between her revisions to die original diaries and her Austin diary rewrite. Anodier might be the variable of alcohol consumption during any given period of revision.

21. Webster Notes on IVL, Mar. 5, 1948.

22. Doris Webster to Dr. Smidi, Dec. 5, 1958, IVL MT Notes.

23. Caroline Harnsberger, Mark Twain: Family Man (New York: Citadel Press, 1960), 220, 228, 252–55. It was Jean's animosity toward Miss Lyon, according to Harnsberger, along with her frequent seizures and highly critical nature, diat forced Twain to place her in a sanitarium for proper treatment and supervision.

24. Harnsberger, Family Man, 269. Isabelle Budd, “Clara Samossoud's Will,” Mark Twain Journal 23 (spring 1985): 17–19.

25. Budd, “Clara's Will,” 18–19. “Rites for Mark Twain's Last Descendent Set,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 19, 1966, II, 2.

26. Justin Kaplan to Mr. Ashcroft, June 18, 1968, AL File; this is Kaplan's defense after a letter objecting to his portrayal of die Ashcrofts was sent to him by the family in early June. Kaplan, 373, 386. Robert E. Ashcroft to Simon and Schuster, Publishers, Nov. 2, 1968, AL File. Edna Ashcroft to Frederick Anderson, Oct. 26, 1968, AL File.

27. Hill, 269, xxvi-xxvii, 230–32. Four years later, John Seelye published a condensed version of Hill's narrative in Mark Twain in the Movies: A Meditation with Pictures (New York: Viking Press, 1977), giving it wider circulation. For a different view of Hill's reliance on Lyons diaries, see Laura E. Skandera-Trombley and Gary Scharnhorst, “‘Who Killed Mark Twain?’ Long Live Samuel Clemens,” in Laura E. Skandera-Trombley and Michael J. Kiskis, eds., Constructing Mark Twain: New Directions in Scholarship (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001).

28. See note 4 to chapter 18 for the critics. Boldest among the defenders of the Ashcroft-Lyon manuscript, Andrew Hoffman credited Twain's charges of embezzlement as “a certainty” and insisted that the autobiography “tells the truth in many places.” But he has left it to others to define what that truth is. See Andrew Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain: The Lives of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1997), 491–92. William Mac-naughton also did not condemn the Ashcroft-Lyon manuscript, though his comments are very brief; 236. Jennifer Rafferty, in “‘The Lyon of St. Mark,’” claimed that the Ashcroft-Lyon manuscript was convincing, but she split the difference, blaming Ashcroft and exonerating Lyon; 52.

29. IVL Daily Reminder, June n, 1906. Mark Twain, “A Fable,” Harper's Monthly Magazine, Dec. 1909, 70–71.