Index
Note: Italicized page numbers indicate tables.
AALS (Association of American Law Schools), 25, 26, [208n113]
AB 47 (Assembly Bill 47), 69, 71
academic excellence: conditions for, 43–44; diversity and/or, 64–65, 123; faculty hiring and, 34–35, 48–49; focus on, 56, 167; "objective" search for, 35–36, 42; use of term, 33. See also merit
Academic Senate (UC), 89
Academic Support Program (ASP), 47
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
ACT, reliance on, [226n45]
Adams, Jan, 96
Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 81–82, 123
administration: affirmative action development/adoption and, 17–18, 20; changeover in, 176; Cole Report and, 135, 138–39; as committed to diversity, 10, 43–45; criticism of, 119, 122, 167, 169, 178–79, [220n35]; eliminating affirmative action and, 81, 84, 160–61; faculty hiring and, 36, 51–52, 60–61; hate mail and, 74; name-blind policy and, 100; outreach efforts of, 6–7; on "race-blind" measures' impact on, 105–6, 107–8, 118–19. See also Choper, Jesse; Halbach, Edward; Kadish, San ford; Kay, Herma Hill
admission/enrollment figures for minorities: for 1966, 6; for 1967–1971, 15; for 1968, 9, 14, [205n43]; for 1971, 20; for 1990, 42; for 1991, 171; for 1994–1999, 159, 172; for 1995, 92; for 1996, 150; for 1997, 110, 150, 155, 183; for 1998, 147, 150; for 1999, 154–55, 184; Asians and whites compared, 170–71, 172; in early years at Boalt, 2–3; overview of, [203–4n9], [208n115]; under "race-blind" measures, 105
Admissions Committee: CDF/ SB recommendations on, 126; Cole Report on, 136; on "critical mass" principle, 63; "race-blind" policy implemented by, 100–101; role of, after 1996 vote, [217n81]. See also Special Admissions program
Admissions Office, 8, 14
Admissions Policy Task Force, 63–65
admissions process: biases in, 27–28; Cole Report on, 135–36; director's role in, [217n81]; faculty evaluation of, 32, 91–93; faculty policy on, 22, 33; federal investigation of, 103; intentional discrimination in, 38–42; modification of, 8, 10–11; name-blind policy proposed for, 100; 1993 policy on, 64–65; numbers-only policies in,
― 234 ―170–72; percentage plans for, 156–58, 196–97; quota vs. target range in, 33, 62; race as used in, 183–84; regents' compromise of, 91; student evaluation of, 5, 103–4, 121–22; student input in, 21–22, 152. See also admission/enrollment figures for minorities; Admissions Committee; entrance requirements; financial aid; grades; Law School Admission Test (LSAT); outreach efforts; Special Admissions programAdvanced Placement courses, 155–56, 199, [222n87]
affirmative action programs: Asian admissions tied to, 39–42, 61–62; broadening criteria of, 175; constitutionality of, 20, 26–27; dismantling of, 66, 76–77, 84, 169–70, 183–86 (see also Proposition 187 ["Save Our State," or "SOS"]; Proposition 209 [California Civil Rights Initiative, CCRI]; Special Policy 1 [SP-1]); as fair/unfair, 73; goals of, 16, 43–44; hopes for, 78–79; informal type of, 8; long-term consequences of, 179–81; myths of, 44; national campaign against, 99–100; necessity of, 23, 200–202; opposition to, 34–35, 41–42, 43, 55, 61–62, 76–77, 96, 97 (see also academic excellence; merit); as remedy for discrimination, 190–92; review of and hearings on (1996), 80–81, 82–83; "soft" type of, 7, 10–11; for specific instances only, 36–37; support for, 2, 68, 96, 97; test question on, 172–73; value of, 111–12; vote to end (1996), 83–85, 91; weakening of, 37–38. See also diversity; Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI); Special Admissions program
African American Law and Policy Report,163–64
African Americans: admission/enrollment figures for, 2–3, 14, 42, 105, 113, 146–47, 147, 151, [205n43]; affirmative action questioned by, 73; affirmative action's impact on, 179–81; average scores in 1970s, 32; on Boalt without affirmative action, 164–65; discrimination's impact on, 26–27, 38; as faculty, 18, 48–49, [211n49]; grading process and, 18–19; graduation rates vs. numerical indicators and, [225n33]; isolation of, 64, 74–75; LSAT scores of (1996–98), 153; as percentage of legal profession, 9
Aguilar, Norma: activities of, 116, 121, 129, 132, 133; on administration's attitude, 119; on affirmative action, 124–25; background of, 114–15; on silence about diversity, 168–69
Alaska, race-conscious admissions allowed in, 187
Alexander, Michelle, 156
alumni: appeal to faculty, 122; as Boalt faculty, 50, 54, 176, [212n56]; CDF/ SB recommendations for including, 126; class of 2002, 182–83; Cole Report on, 135; color lines broken by, 200; EEOI support from, 141, 144; on eliminat ing affirmative action, 111–13; in In digenous Peoples Day protest, 127–28, 130; LSAT scores and success of, 174; minority and white compared, 179; opportunities and challenges for, 159–61; outreach efforts and, 131, 137, 151; positions held by, 69, 93, 99, 107, 108, 109, 110, 115, 194; at speakout on affirmative action, 115–18
Alumni Association (UC), 91, 130–31, 137
Alvarez, Sandra, 145
American Association of Law Schools, 60
American Bar Association, 112–13, [206n60]
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): on Davis, [223–24n118]; on declining number of underrepresented minority undergraduates, 147; EEOI support from, 144; lawsuits and, 99, 155, 156, [229n105]
American Civil Rights Institute, 99–100, 106, 184
American Council on Education, 197
American Council on Higher Education, 191
Arizona, race-conscious admissions allowed in, 187
Armstrong, Barbara, [205n44]
Asian Americans: admission/enrollment figures for, 3, 14–15, 42, 105, 147, 170–71, [204n11], [205n43]; admissions process for, 21, 22, 62, [207n101]; and arguments for "race-blind" measures, 170–71, 172; average scores in 1970s,
― 235 ―33; on Boalt without affirmative action, 168; double bind for, [210n19]; as faculty, [211n49]; graduation rates vs. numerical indicators and, [225n33]; intentional discrimination against, 38–42; isolation of, 64; LSAT scores of (1996–98), 153; outreach to, 15; as vehicle to attack affirmative action, 39–42, 61–62Asian American Students Association, 15, 21
Asian National Bar Association, 144
Asian Pacific American Law Center, 155
Asian Task Force, 39, 40–41
ASP (Academic Support Program), 47
Assembly Bill 47 (AB 47), 69, 71
Assembly Committee on Urban AVairs and Housing, 69
Association of American Colleges and Universities, 182
Association of American Law Schools (AALS), 25, 26, [208n113]
Association of American Medical Colleges, [208n125]
ASUC (campus student government), 51–52
Atkinson, Richard C., 196–98
Bagley, William, 83, 194–95, [215n48]
Bakke, Allan. See Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Bar Association of San Francisco (BASF), 111–12, 150, [219n3]
Bell, Derrick A., Jr., 27–28, 48–49, [211n53]
Berdahl, Robert, 118, 146, 176–77
Berkeley, housing discrimination in, 3–4
Berkeley Community Law Center (BCLC). See East Bay Community Law Clinic (EBCLC; earlier, Berkeley Community Law Center [BCLC])
Berkeley Distinguished Teacher Award, 50
Berkeley Women's Law Journal,134–35
Berley, Marc, [225n10]
Berring, Robert: on admissions policies, 169, 178; on faculty diversity, 54, 60–61; on student-faculty interaction, 58–60
Black Law Students Association (BLSA), 21–22, 28–29, 30
Blackmun, Harry A., 26
Black Panthers, 16
Boalt Hall School of Law: crossroads for, 178–79; differing visions of, 56–61, 65; as example, 200–202; history of minority admissions at, 2–3, [205n43]; ranking of, 136–37, 177; reputation of, 32, 194; social atmosphere of, 19, 55, 64, 86, 162–63; transition of, 17–18. See also administration; admissions process; alumni; California Law Review (journal); entrance requirements; faculty; students; Writ (student news paper)
Boalt Hall Student Association, 10, 11, 58, 124
Boalt Students for Affirmative Action (BSAA): on affirmative action support/opposition, 96, 97; forums of, 87, 96; founding of, 86–87; merging of, 121; protests of, 87–88
Board of Regents (UC): appointments for, 69, 70–71, 86–87; criticism of, 91; faculty appeal to, 89; percentage plans of, 156–58, 196–97; SP-1 reconsidered by, 90, 194–96; students' appeal to, 80–81; vote to end affirmative action, 82–85. See also Castaneda v. Regents of the University of California; Connerly, Ward; Regents of the University of California v. Bakke; Special Policy 1 (SP-1)
Bok, Derek, 179, 180–81
Bollinger, Lee, 189
Bowen, William G., 179, 180–81
Bowie State College (Md.), 93–94
Brennan, William J., Jr., 26
Brooks, Eric: activities of, 120–21, 122, 129, 138, 163–64; on administration's attitude, 119; on affirmative action, 125; background of, 113; as model, 150; orientation activities and, 114, 118; on race and difference, 165–66; on speakout, 116
Brophy, Roy, 83, 84
Brown, Kathleen, 71
Brown, Leslie, 106
Brown University, 106
Brown v. Board of Education,28, 29, 163
BSAA. See Boalt Students for Affirmative Action (BSAA)
Bush, George W., 185
Bush, Jeb, 184–86, [230–31n133]
Bustamante, Cruz, 195–96
California: demographics of, 39, 71, 118, 182; proposed educational cuts in, 142–43; wedge issues in, 72, 75–76
― 236 ―California Bar, racial composition of, 182–83California Bar Association, 107
California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI). See Proposition 209 (California Civil Rights Initiative, CCRI)
California Department of Housing and Community Development, 69
California Faculty Association, 144
California Law Review (journal), 13, 19, 50
Californians for Justice (CFJ), 95–96, 98
California State Assembly: anti–affirmative action initiative and, 68–69, 71; Asian undergraduate admissions and, 41; Latino Caucus of, 196; members of, 69; on outreach programs, 158
California State University: CCRI's implications for, 95–96; faculty hiring/Wring at, 67; outreach to students of, 124, 137
California Superior Court, [211n49]
California Teachers Association, 144
Cantor, Nancy, 189
"cascading," problem of, 157
Castaneda v. Regents of the University of California,155–56, [223n110]
Caucasian Law Students Association (proposed), 47
CCRI. See Proposition 209 (California Civil Rights Initiative, CCRI)
CDF. See Coalition for a Diverse Faculty (CDF)
CDF/ SB. See Coalition for a Diverse Faculty and Student Body (CDF/ SB)
Center for Individual Rights (CIR), 187, 189–90, 191
Center for Social Justice (proposed), 136
CFJ (Californians for Justice), 95–96, 98
Chavez, Lydia, 70, 73
Chawla, Manjari: activities of, 116, 121, 132; on affirmative action, 124–25; class discussion and, 120
Chicanas/Chicanos, use of term, 79, [215n34]. See also Latinos
Childhood and Government Project, [209n141]
Chinese Americans. See Asian Americans
Cho, Sumi, 40–41
Choper, Jesse: on affirmative action, 19–20; criticism of, 60–61; on Dwyer's appointment, 177; faculty diversity and, 54; on racism, 46; reflections of, [213n82]; successor to, 62; tactics of, 59; tenure decisions and, 51–52; vision of, 56–58, 60, 61
CIR (Center for Individual Rights), 187, 189–90
Cisneros, Oscar, 163
Civil Rights Act (1964): CCRI's use of, 98; components of, 2, 4; Lyndon B. Johnson on, 4–5; opposition to, 37–38
Civil Rights Act (1991), 76
Civil Rights Commission, U.S., 37
civil rights organizations and movement: CCRI's use of, 96, 98; Connerly's use of, 99–100; EEOI and, 149; lawsuits and, 155–56; marches and, 122; merit issue and, 34
class. See social hierarchy; societal discrimination; socioeconomic factors
class-rank system (high school), 185
Clinton, William J.: on affirmative action, 82; CCRI and, 95; election of, 66; reelection of, 76, 86, 98; referenced in hate mail, 73–74
Coalition for a Diverse Faculty (CDF): defense of, 55, 59; faculty diversity hires and, 53–54; goals of, 35–36, 49–50; merging of, 121; reorganization of, [211n54]; tactics of, 57–58; tenure decisions and, 51
Coalition for a Diverse Faculty and Student Body (CDF/ SB): Indigenous Peoples Day protest and, 127; outreach efforts and, 124; on "race-blind" measures, 121–22; recommendations of, 125–26
Cole, Robert: on admissions policies, 21, 169–70; on diversity task force, 125, 126, 135–36; on faculty/student interaction, 17–18; on student input into decision making, 56; on vote to eliminate affirmative action, 84
Cole Report and task force on diversity: adoption of, 138–39; opposition to, 176; recommendations of, 135–36, 154; students' recommendations to, 125–26
College Board, 198
Colorado, anti–affirmative action campaign in, 100
Columbia University, 53, 108
Columbus Day. See Indigenous Peoples Day protest
Committee on Aid to Minority Groups, 5, 7
community college system, including students from, 196–97
community service work: center for, 56–57; minorities' participation in, 16–17, 179
Congress, U.S. See Civil Rights Act (1964); Civil Rights Act (1991); Voting Rights Act (1965)
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE; Berkeley), 4
Connerly, Ward: admissions process circumvented by, 91, [216n79]; anti–affirmative action efforts of, 73, 77, 79–80, 81, 82–83, 90–91, 99–100, 184–85, 186; background of, 69–70; on CCRI passage, 98; on data on race, 201; on effects of "race-blind" measures, 105–6, 146, 156; on holistic evaluation, 198; on initiative campaigns, 139; on Kay as dean, 108–9; language of, 94, 98; name-blind policy of, 100; as regent, 70–71; on repeal of SP-1, 194–95, 196; on students' protests, 88, 125; on 12.5 percent plan, 197
Cook, Ellen, 70
Cook, Jerry, 70
Cop Watch, 128
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality; Berkeley), 4
Cornell University, 108
corporations: CCRI campaign and, 95; on
evaluation criteria, 198; on need for diversity in universities, 191
Crawford, James, [211n49], [212n59], [227n55]
"critical mass" principle, 63–65, 75, 151
Cross Examiner (newspaper): Berring's memo in, 58–59; on Boalt's atmosphere, 55; on faculty diversity, 53, 54; on faculty hiring, 48; on merit, 55; on racism, 46; on Tien's appointment, [210n30]
culture: admissions biases and, 27; LSAT biases and, 24–25, 31–32, 102, 153
curriculum: class discussion and, 120; Cole Report on, 136; criticism of, 15–16; demand for relevant, 52–53; diversity needed in, 29–30, 118–19, 120, 124–25, 166–67
Custred, Glynn: AB 47 and, 71; anti–affirmative action efforts of, 67–68, 85; language of, 94; strategies of, 68–69, 72–73
Daily Californian (newspaper), 51, 89, 167–68
Dartmouth Review,42
Daughters of the American Revolution, 111
Davis, Gray: criticism of, [223–24n118]; on 4 percent plan, 157–58; gubernatorial campaign of, 149; on vote to eliminate affirmative action, 85
DeFunis, Marco, 23–25
DeFunis v. Odegaard,23–25, 27
Delgado, Richard, 19, 93
Dellums, Ronald, 21, 104, [222n79]
Democratic Council, 144, 148–49
Democratic Party: anti–affirmative action initiatives and, 76–77, 94–95, 184; listserve of, 148–49; Republican ideas adopted by, 66
Denley, Krystal, 107
Department of Education, U.S. See Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
Der, Henry, 41
difference, class on, 165–66
discrimination: affirmative action as remedy for, 190–92; alleged elimination of, 37–38, 41–42; complaint of, 101–3; effects of, 3, 26–27, 111, 112; in grading process, 18–19; in housing and jobs, 3–4, [211n53]; intentional, 31, 38–39; legislative initiative on, 61–62; race consciousness to avoid, 29; religious, 17; sexual, 53; societal, 26–27, 28, 36–37, 193. See also reverse discrimination
diversity: academic excellence and/or, 64–65, 123; administration's support for, 10, 43–45; avoiding subject of, 114–15, 127, 133; as compelling interest (or not), 186–92, 194, 199, [229n114]; decline of, 159, 159–61; differing commitment to, 75; faculty task force on, 125–26; hostility toward, 19, 43, 53, 55, 56–57, [225n10]; recommendations on, 103–4, 125–26; silence about lack of, 168–69, 177–79, 200–201; tensions over, 15–16, 17–18, 62; on UC Board of Regents, 69, 70; value of, 52–53, 63–65, 78–79, 93–94, 112–13, 118–19, 130, 164, 180–82, 190–91. See also affirmative action; Cole Report and task force on diversity; Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI); faculty diversity; student diversity
Diversity Committee, 59
diversity initiative. See Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI)
Diversity Project (1990), 45–46
Dole, Bob, 76–77, 85
Douglas, William O., 24–25, 27, [228n84]
D'Souza, Dinesh, 43–44
Duster, Troy, 45–46, 147
Dwyer, John, 176–77
East Bay Community Law Clinic (EBCLC; earlier, Berkeley Community Law Center [BCLC]): Choper's speech at, 56–57, 60; class preparation for, 165–66; diversity at, 167; name of, [225n13]
Educational Testing Service (ETS), 11, 12–13, 102, 198
EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission), 99
EEOI. See Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI)
Elders, Jocelyn, 74
Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 186, 193
Enchill, Sonya, 120–21, 132, 150–51
entrance requirements: Advanced Placement courses and, 155–56, 199, [222n87]; alumni interviews and, 113; competitiveness of, 7–8, 20, 22–23, 32–33, 44; essay in, 100–101; failure of, 79–80; in "race-blind" context, 92–93; recommendations on adjusting, 104, 121–22, 126, 197–99; student evaluation of, 5; task force on, 90; "whole person" characteristics considered in, 102–3, 197–98. See also grades; Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
Epstein, Susan, [203–4n9]
Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI): campaigns for, 142–49; language of, 140–42; origins of, 139–40
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 99
ethnicity. See race and racial issues
ETS (Educational Testing Service), 11, 12–13, 102, 198
eugenics, 12
Evers, Medgar, 1
faculty: admissions policy adopted by, 22, 33; admissions process evaluated by, 32, 91–93; appeal to regents, 89; Boalt graduates as, 50, 54, 176, [212n56]; CCRI and, 122–23; Cole Report and, 138–39; as committed to diversity, 2–3; "critical mass" principle and, 64–65; criticism of, 160–61, 167, 168–69, 178–79; demographics of, 34–35; discussions absent among, 59–60; diversity task force of, 125–26; elimination of affirmative action and, 84, 89; hate mail and, 74; and LSAT, perceptions of, 177; public meetings of, 51–52; on "race-blind" measures, 119–20; ranking as concern of, 136–37; Special Admissions limits and, 20–22; student interaction with, 17–18, 19, 60; students' demands of, 130. See also faculty diversity; faculty hiring and promotion; speci W c faculty members
faculty diversity: absence of, 34–35, 49–51; demand for, 35–36, 51–53; discussion of, 58–61; increase in, 53; opposition to affirmative action in maintaining, 67–68; student diversity compared to, 35, 48–49; student input in, 53–56
faculty hiring and promotion: criteria for, 35–36, 47–51; eliminating affirmative action in, 67–68, 83–84; recommendations for quotas for, 49; token person of color in, [212n59]
"Faculty Policy Governing Admission to Boalt Hall" (1973), 22, 33
FAST (Foundation for Academic Standards and Traditions), [225n10]
Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, 76–77
Feller, David, 25, [208n113]
Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, 183, 187–88, 190–92
Filipinos, admission/enrollment figures for, 171, [213n92]. See also Asian Americans
financial aid: attempt to eliminate affirmative action in, 91; scholarships as, 7, 10, 150, 170; student evaluation of, 5
Florida: anti–affirmative action efforts in, 100, 183, 184–86; 20 percent (One Florida) plan in, 185–86, [230–31n133]
Florida Civil Rights Initiative, 184–86
Forbes, Steve, 184
Ford, Bryan, 52, [227n55]
Foundation for Academic Standards and Traditions (FAST), [225n10]
Fourteenth Amendment, 4, 20, 183
Fowler, Don, 95
Free Speech Movement, 4
Fruitvale, community needs of, 17
Gardner, David, 39–40, 77
Georgetown University, 108
Georgia, affirmative action eliminated in, 183, 186
ghetto, white society's role in, 9
GI Bill of Rights, 2
Gibney, James, 41–42
Gingrich, Newt, 76, 95
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 183
Glass Ceiling Commission, 76–77
Goddard, Henry H., 12
Gomez, Ed, 83
Gonzalez, Alice, 83 Gotanda, Neil, 14–15
grades: Advanced Placement courses and, 155–56, [222n87]; anti–affirmative action initiative and, 71; average, 23, 32–33, 65, [207n103]; as barrier, 7–8; CDF/ SB on, 126; Cole Report on, 135–36; discrimination in, 18–19; disparate impact of, 30–31, 31, 152–53; lawsuit's failure to address, 27–28; LSAT and, 154, 170, 171; reverse discrimination and, 20, 24; under Special Admissions program, 11; weight given to, 5, 83, 102, 123, 154, 175, 200
Graduate Assembly, 40–41
Gratz v. Bollinger,189–92, 193, [229n106]
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.,28–29
Grutter v. Bollinger,189–90, 191–93, [229n106]
Guinier, Lani, 175
Gupta, Sunil, 168
Gurin, Patricia, 181
Halbach, Edward: on minority admissions, 2–3, 17, 56; outreach efforts and, 6–7; successor to, 35
Harris, Angela, 52, 177–78
Harris, Robert, 107
Harvard University: graduates of, 123, 162; outreach efforts of, 107–8; student strike at, 53; study of diversity at, 182, [227n73]
Hastings (college), 13
"hate crime" categories, 37
hate speech: directed at EEOI campaign, 146; directed at judge, 103; directed at minority students, 73–75, 86
Hawaii, race-conscious admissions allowed in, 187
Hayden, Tom, 83
Henderson, Thelton, 99, 103, 107
Hernandez, Aileen, 99
Heyman, Ira Michael, 41, 55
Heyns, Roger, 2
hiring and promotion, BASF guidelines on, 111, [219n3]. See also faculty hiring and promotion
Hispanic National Bar Association (HNBA), 144
Hispanics. See Latinos
Hitch, Charles, 2
Hopwood v. Texas: closure of, 193; criticism of, 190; findings of, 183–84, 186–88
housing discrimination, 3–4, [211n53]
Howard University, 4–5, 137
Huerta, John, 13, 16, 18, 20
Hughes, Teresa, 157–58
Idaho, race-conscious admissions allowed in, 187
immigration, Proposition 187 as response to, 71–72
Immigration Act (1965), 38–39
India, affirmative action programs in, 116
Indiana University, 113
Indigenous Peoples Day protest: criticism of, 132–33; description of, 127–31, [220–21n45]; students arrested at, 131–32, [221n50]; support for, 134–35
individualism, focus on, 167. See also merit
initiative campaigns, requirements for, [222n69]. See also Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI); Proposition 209 (California Civil Rights Initiative, CCRI)
Internet, initiative campaign utilizing, 140, 145, 148–49
IQ (intelligence) tests, 12–13
Jackson, Jesse: EEOI support from, 143–44; marches organized by, 122, 138; on regents' vote, 84; at student protest, 88; testimony of, 83
Japanese American Citizen's League (JACL), 61–62
Japanese Americans. See Asian Americans
Jaramillo, Joe: on admissions criteria, 79–80; complaint filed by, 101–3; on cross-race interaction, 79; phone call to Connerly, 82–83
Jewish people, discrimination against, 17
job discrimination, 4
Johnson, Lyndon B., 4–5, 9
Johnson v. Board of Regents,186, 187, 193
Jones, Van, 128
Jordan, June, 147
Justice Department, U.S., 37
Kadish, Sanford, 35–36, 46, 47–48
Kane, Thomas, 158
Karabel, Jerome, 89
Kay, Herma Hill: on affirmative action, 63–64, 80; on affirmative action, eliminating, 87, 92, 123; appointments for, 62, [205n44]; Cole Report and, 138–39; on diversity, 36, 75, 118–19, 159; on diversity task force, 126, 127; on Indigenous Peoples Day protest, 133; lawyers' recommendations to, 112–13; outreach efforts and, 130–31; on "race-blind" measures, 105, 106, 107–9, 169; resignation of, 176; on student arrests, [221n50]; students' demands of, 130; on students' voices, 22; on test scores, 154; on white privilege, 9–10
Kennedy, John F., 1
Kidder, William C.: on LSAT biases, 152–54, 172–73; on numerical indicators for admissions, 170, 171, [226n35]
King, Coretta Scott, 9, 98, 144
King, Dexter Scott, 98
King, Martin Luther, Jr.: assassination of, 1, 8–9; CCRI's use of, 98; Connerly's use of, 99–100; "I Have a Dream" speech of, 1–2, 98, 122
King, Martin Luther, Jr. III, 100
King, Rodney, 66
Kragen, Adrian, 10
labor unions, Paycheck Protection Act and, 149
LaGrone, Jamese, 146–47
Laird, Bob, 147
language: adjustments in, 18; in discussing affirmative action, 94–95; in discussing racial issues, 45–46; utilizing "civil rights," 98, 99–100; for welfare debate, 66
La Raza Centro Legal, 17
La Raza Law Journal,[224n5]
La Raza Law Students Association, 108, 123, 128
Latino Caucus (state legislature), 196
Latinos: admission/enrollment figures for, 2–3, 14, 42, 105, 113, 147, [205n43]; average scores in 1970s, 33; on Boalt without affirmative action, 163, 167–69; in community legal work, 16–17; diversity survey by, 75; graduation rates vs. numerical indicators and, [225n33]; hostility toward, 19, 53; isolation of, 64, 75, 114–15; LSAT scores of (1996–98), 153; outreach to, 107–8; use of term, [204n10]
Lawrence, Charles, 165–66
Law School Admission Council (LSAC): adjustments made by, 172, 173; on LSAT, validity of, 92, 153; and LSAT scores, recommendations on, 174–75
Law School Admission Test (LSAT): average scores for, 23, 32–33, 65, [207n103]; as barrier, 7–8; biases of, 24–25, 31–32, 152–54, 172–73; court on use of, 192, [229–30n118]; disparate impact of, 30, 152–53; grades and, 154, 170, 171; possible scores for, [223n103]; recommendations for using, 126, 135, 174–75; reverse discrimination and, 20, 24–25; school rankings and, 136–37, 177; score band/admissions and, 153–54, 155; under Special Admissions program, 11–12; validity of, 12–13, 92, 153, 174–76, [205n51]; weight given to, 5, 83, 92–93, 102, 121, 123, 136–37, 138–39, 170, 176, 200
Law Students of African Descent (LSAD): chair of, 163–64; hate mail and, 74; outreach efforts of, 150–51; "raceblind" measures and, 120–21
Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights, 155
Lee, Barbara, 144, [222n79]
legal education. See curriculum
legal profession: demographics of (1968), 9–10; diversity's importance in, 80, 119, 167; hiring practices in, 111, [219n3]; minorities as percentage of, 6, 9, 26; "race-blind" measures' impact on, 107; skills needed in, 175. See also alumni; community service work
Little Rock Central High School, as touchstone, 117, 129
Locke, Gary, 184
Los Angeles, riots in, 66, 78
Los Angeles State College, 13
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 72, 99, 195
Louisiana, affirmative action and desegregation in, 183, [228n81]
LSAC. See Law School Admission Council (LSAC)
LSAD. See Law Students of African Descent (LSAD)
LSAT. See Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
Lucky's stores (Berkeley), 4
Lungren, Dan, 158
Lye, Linda, 130–31
Malcolm X, 1
MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund), 101–3, 155, [229n105]
Mandelman, Rafael, 162–63, 164
Marshall, Ray, 107
Marshall, Thurgood, 26–27, 36–37
Martin Luther King Fund, 10
Mason, Homer, 6, 7, 85
MCAT (Medical College Admission Test), 27–29, [208n125]
McGhee, Venus, 126–27
McNulty, John, 18
MEChA (Movimiento Estuduantil Chicano/a de Aztlan), 7
Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), 27–29, [208n125]
merit: Cole Report on, 135; committees on, 154, 175; LSAT as "objective" measure of, 176; malleability of, 38–39, 65–66; "race-blind" measures and, 34, 55, 61; shortcomings of, 40; as sole criteria for privilege, 38, 61. See also academic excellence
Merit Committee, 175
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF), 101–3, 155, [229n105]
Mexicans. See Latinos
military: integration of, 78; IQ tests used by, 12
minorities: adjustments of, 17–18; curriculum influenced by, 15–16; declining number of undergraduate, 146–47, 147, 151; encouraging enroll ments of, 6, 15; exclusion of, 5; as faculty, 34–35, 48–49, 53, [211n49]; hate mail sent to, 73–75, 86; isolation of, 19, 64, 74–75, 114–15, 165; as percent age of legal profession, 6, 9, 26; Proposition 187's implications for, 71–72; use of term, [203n1]. See also admission/enrollment figures for minorities; diversity; outreach efforts; specific minorities
Miramontes, Michael, 107–8
Mishkin, Paul, 25, [208n113]
Mississippi, affirmative action and desegregation in, 183, [228n81]
Mitchell, Horace, [221n50]
"model minority," Asian Americans as, 41
Montana, race-conscious admissions allowed in, 187
Moran, Rachel, 52, 63
Moreno, Albert, 7
Mother Jones (periodical), 45–46
Movimiento Estuduantil Chicano/a de Aztlan (MEChA), 7
multiculturalism, 45–46, 79. See also diversity
Murphy, Mike: activities of, 116, 117, 121; on affirmative action, 124–25; Brooks's interaction with, 118; on Dwyer's appointment, 177
Murray, Adam: on Democratic Council, 149; initiative campaign and, 139–41, 142, 144, 148
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 144, 155, [229n105]
National Advisory Commission, 9
National Association of Scholars, 67
National Black Law Journal,[224n5]
National Center for Education Statistics, [208n115]
National Council of Churches, 9
National Organization for Women (NOW), 144
National Public Radio, 107–8
National Urban League, 198
Native American Law Student Association, 126
Native Americans: admission/enrollment figures for, 3, 105, 113, 127, 147, [204n11], [205n43]; average scores in 1970s, 33; graduation rates vs. numerical indicators and, [225n33]; LSAT scores of (1996–98), 153; studying criminal cases about, 163
Nelson, Jennifer, 106
neutrality, constitutional interest in, 19–20
Nevada, race-conscious admissions allowed in, 187
Newbern, Alistair, 116–17, 121
New Definitions of Merit Committee, 154
"New Directions in Diversity" (report), 121, 125–26
New Hampshire, presidential primary in, 85
New Republic (periodical), 41–42, 43
Nichols, Evangeline, 47
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 187, 190
Noguera, Pedro, 167–68
nonminorities, special admissions for, 24. See also whites
Northern California Coalition for Immigrant Rights, 115
Northwestern University, 53, 111
NOW (National Organization for Women), 144
Oakland, community legal work in, 17
Oakland Tribune (newspaper), 4
O'Connor, Sandra Day, 176
Office for Civil Rights (OCR): complaint filed with, 101–3; investigation by, 62; on standardized tests, 197, [231n136]
"old boys network," persistence of, 35, 61
Omi, Michael, 46
One Florida plan (20 percent plan), 185–86
Oregon: anti–affirmative action campaign in, 100; race-conscious admissions in, 187
Organization of Chinese Americans, 62
other, black/white as, 3
outreach efforts: of alumni, 131, 137, 151; at
tempt to eliminate affirmative action in, 91; Cole Report on, 135; as factor in choice of school, 107–8; funding for, 130–31; lack of, 123–24; limitations of, 5, 151, 169–70; organizations as focus of, 7, 15; political discourse on, 158; strategies in, 6–7, 10–11; of student organizations, 123–26, 137–38; of students, 6–7, 150–52
Paterson, Eva: background of, 111–12; Brooks's interaction with, 118; EEOI and, 142; recommendations of, 112–13; as speaker, 110, 113, 115
Paycheck Protection Act (Proposition 226), 149
Peguese, Marvin, 109
Peltason, Jack, 77, 81, 84
police: attitudes toward, 164; racial profiling by, 166, [223–24n118]; tactics of, 128, 131–32
political activities: attitudes toward, 50; ban on, 4. See also Democratic Party; Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI); Proposition 187 ("Save Our State," or "SOS"); Proposition 209 (California Civil Rights Initiative, CCRI); Republican Party; student organizations; voters and voting
"pool argument," 48, 60
Powell, Gen. Colin, 86, 93–94, 184
Powell, Lewis F., Jr.: on affirmative action, 27, 28, 187; on diversity, 29–30, 70, 186, 191, [229n113]
predicted grade average (PGA), use of term, 11. See also grades
presidential primary, in New Hampshire, 85
PRIDE (Protecting and Recognizing the Importance of Diversity in Education), [219n6]
Privilege and Tenure Committee (Berkeley), 50–51, 53
professional and medical schools: admissions criteria and, 12–13, 28–29, 34; diversity in, 29–30, 182, [227n73]; as "male" schools, 49; "race-blind" admissions applied at, 100–101, 105–9, 110–11, 170–71, [218n118], [219n2]; raceconscious admissions at, 25–28; racial equality supported by, 2–3; rise in applicants' credentials for, [207n103]; state's interest in, 26. See also speci W c schools
Proposition 21, on juvenile offenders, [223–24n118]
Proposition 187 ("Save Our State," or "SOS"): aftermath of, 86; federal court decision on, [223–24n118]; passage of, 72–73; voting on, 71–72
Proposition 209 (California Civil Rights Initiative, CCRI): campaign for, 68–71, 76, 90–91, 94–96, 98; description of, 68, 122; difficulties of, 89–90; effects of, 95–96, 158; faculty support for, 122–23; language of, 94–95; lawsuit and injunction against, 99, 103; as model, 184; revivals of, 72–73, 85, 87;
― 243 ―SP-1 trumped by, 194–95; students' response to, 129–30, 160–61; and Supreme Court, appeal to, 103, 122, 138–39; vote on, 98–99Proposition 226 (Paycheck Protection Act), 149
public contracts, 81–82, 83, 95
Puerto Ricans. See Latinos
quotas and preferences: faculty limits on, 21–22; percentage goals as, 192; public dislike of, 68; recommendations for faculty, 49; redefinitions of, 86, 91, 94; Supreme Court on, 187; target range vs., 33, 62; as terminology for affirmative action, 96
race and racial issues: avoidance of, 117, 164–66, 178, 201–2; awareness of, 17–18, 77–78, 91, 117; discussions of, 15–16, 45–47; eliminated in "whole person" characteristics, 102–3; lack of proxy for, 77, 158–59, 201; as "plus" issue, 30; record-keeping and, 37, 201; restrictive view of, 187; retreat from, 65–66; silencing voices on, 166–67; standardized tests and, 12–13, [206n60]; use of term, [203n3]; wedge issues in, 72, 75–76. See also discrimination; diversity; racism
"race-blind" measures: alumni speak-out on, 115–18; Asians used in arguments for, 170–71, 172; criticism of, 60, 166–67; effects of, 100–101, 105–18, 170–72, 172, 199–200, [218n118], [219n2]; entrance requirements and, 92–93; faculty on, 119–20; as illogical, 114–15; merit and, 34, 55, 61; student organizations' response to, 120–22, 127–33; support for, 176–77. See also Proposition 209 (California Civil Rights Initiative, CCRI); Special Policy 1 (SP-1)
race-conscious measures: avoidance of, [220n38]; banned by CCRI, 122; constitutionality of, 20, 26–27, 200; courts' rejection of, 192–93; courts' upholding of, 29–30, 186–90, 193; as discrimination, 20–21; gap of understanding of, 46–47; informal application of, 8; opposition to, 23, 70–71, 96, 97; proposed elimination of, 81–82; recommitment to, 65, 199; support for, 24–30, 83, 93–94, 96, 97. See also affirmative action; Special Admissions program
racial equality: affirmative action's role in, 23; granting of, 4; hopes for, 1–3; redefinition of, 38
racial inequality: awareness of, 3–4; rationalization of, 23; structural basis of, 4–5; visible in 1980s, 38
racial profiling, use of, 166, [223–24n118]
racial tensions and violence: blacks blamed for, 43, 44; outbreaks of, 8–9, 42, 66, 78
racism: in 1980s, 42; student organizations charged with, 46–47; subtle type of, 45; use of race as, 55. See also discrimination; minorities: isolation of
Ramsey, Henry, Jr., 108, [211n49], [212nn56], [59]
Reagan, Bernida, 166–67
Reagan, Ronald, 37–38
recruitment. See outreach efforts
Regents. See Board of Regents (UC)
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke: aftermath of, 36, 186–87; court's rejection of, 183, 186; courts' upholding of, 187–91, 193; description of, 25–28, 29–30, 190, [229n113]
Republican Party: anti–affirmative action initiatives and, 72–73, 75–76, 89–90, 95, 98; Asian admissions and, 61–62; 1996 presidential hopefuls in, 85–86; Powell's address for, 94; on welfare, 66
research/scholarship: access to, 163; emphasis on, 50, 57, 61; publishing of, 164, [224n5]
reverse discrimination: claims of, 20–21; lawsuits on, 23–29, 183, 184, 187–93; support for argument of, 37–38, 41–42
Richter, Bernie, 68–69, 71
Rios v. Regents of the University of California. See Castaneda v. Regents of the University of California
Rivera, Tomas, [210n29]
Rodriguez, Dan, 52
Rohrabacher, Dana, 61–62
Russell, Richard, 91, 100, 106
Rutter Award for Excellence in Teaching, 176
Sacramento, march on state capitol, 138
Sacramento State University, 69
San Diego Union Tribune (newspaper), 39
San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper), 100–101, 118, 177
San Francisco Daily Journal (newspaper), 134, 178–79
San Francisco Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights, 110
San Francisco State University, 15–16, 67, 147
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test): biases of, 156; disparate impact of, 39, 41; proposal to drop requirement for, 197, 198, [231n137]; scores of minority students on, 146–47; scores of white students on, 152
Sato, Sho, [211n49], [212n59]
Saucedo, Renee, 52–53, 115, 128, 130
"Save Our State." See Proposition 187 ("Save Our State," or "SOS")
Sayles, Tom, 83
Scalia, Antonin, 82
Scheff & Washington (law firm), [229n105]
scholarship. See research/scholarship
scholarships, 7, 10, 150, 170
Seale, Bobby, 16
segregation: awareness of, 77–78; as effect
of "race-blind" measures, 189–90, 194; invisibility under, 17; persistence of, 181
segregationists, IQ tests used by, 12
selection bias concept, 12
SEO. See Students for Educational Opportunity (SEO)
sexual discrimination, 53
Sheraton-Palace Hotel (San Francisco), 4
Shultz, Marjorie: on admissions process, 92–93, 175; on "race-blind" measures, 115–16, 119–20; tenure issues and, 49–51, 53
Siegel, Reva, 52
Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 190, 193
Smith, Scott, 184
Smith v. University of Washington Law School,187
SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee), 4
social hierarchy, effects of, 12–13, 18
socialization, racial inequality and, 4
social justice work, attitudes toward, 50, 57–58
societal discrimination, courts on, 26–27, 28, 36–37, 193
socioeconomic factors: Cole Report on, 136, 138; focus on, 165; as replacement for race, 77, 158–59, 201
Soto, Cristine, 131
South Asian Students Association, 140
Southeast Asians, as underrepresented, 171, [215n37]. See also Asian Americans
Special Admissions program: components of, 11–13; development of, 8; effectiveness of, 14–15, 112, [206n66]; limits placed on, 21–22; reflections on, 77; scores in 1970s and, 23. See also Admissions Committee
Special Policy 1 (SP-1): complaint filed against, 101–3; compliance with, 87, 91–93, 100; criticism of, 110–12; effects of, 105–9, 158; faculty's response to, 89; motion to rescind, [215n48]; passage of, 84; reconsideration of, 90; repeal of, 194–96; students' response to, 86–87, 129–30, 160–61; text of, [215n49]. See also"race-blind" measures
Sridharan, Priya, [224n123]
SSS. See Students Supporting Students (SSS)
Stanford Daily (newspaper), 143
Stanford University, 42, 53
Steefel Levitt & Weiss (law firm), 115
Steele, Claude, 153
Stone, Larry, 10
student diversity: "critical mass" principle and, 63–65, 75; faculty diversity compared to, 35, 48–49; graduation rates and, 44; hostility toward, 19; opposition to, 42; rationale for, 29–30. See also minorities
Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 4
student organizations: for African Americans, 21–22, 28–29, 30; for Asian Americans, 15, 21, 140; attack on racially identified, 46–47; at Boalt without affirmative action, 164; for Latinos, 108, 123, 128; for Native Americans, 126; outreach efforts of, 123–26; on "race-blind" measures, 120–22, 127–33, 196. See also names of specific student organizations
students: on Admissions Policy Task Force, 63; on affirmative action, 110–13, 115–18, 124–25; anti–affirmative action efforts and, 80–83, 85–89; arrests of, 54, 58, 131–32, [221n50]; on
― 245 ―Cole Report, 136, 138–39; criticism of, 55, 168–69; on diversity, 103–4, 182, [227n73]; on Dwyer's appointment, 176–77; exhaustion of, 151–52; 1996 elections and, 95, 96; outreach efforts of, 6–7, 150–52; protests of, 21–22, 51, 52–54, 87–88, 122, 138 (see also Indigenous Peoples Day protest); repeal of SP-1 demanded by, 195–96; in South, 3–4; success of, 13–15, 28–29, 44, 174, [206n66]; support for participation of, 21–22, 53–56, 152; undergraduate majors of, 101, 199. See also Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI); minorities; student diversity; student organizationsStudents for Educational Opportunity (SEO): campaigns of, 142–44, 148–49; harassment of, 146. See also Equal Educational Opportunity Initiative (EEOI)
Students Supporting Students (SSS): funding for, 130–31; goals of, 124; success of, 137–38, 151
Supreme Court, U.S.: anti–affirmative action decisions of, 81–82; CCRI opponents' appeal to, 103, 122, 138–39; Michigan cases on race-conscious admissions and, 193–94, 199–200; on race in admissions process, 183–84; restrictive view on race-conscious measures, 191–92; on reverse discrimination cases, 24–27, 183, 186; on societal discrimination, 26–27, 28, 36–37; on standardized tests and admissions, 28–29, 174, [226n45]
Swann, Eugene, 3–4
Sweatt v. Painter,29, 184, [228n84]
Swift, Eleanor, 50–51, 53, 55
Task Force on Admissions Criteria, 90
teaching, value of, 57, 61
Tellalian, Daniel: on Boalt without affir
mative action, 167; investigation by, 86–87; outreach efforts of, 123–24, 130–31, 137; on student protest, 88
tenure. See faculty hiring and promotion
Testing for the Public (organization), 152–54, [209n141]
tests, standardized: criticism of, 28–29, 83; cultural biases of, 31–32; development of, 32, 197–99; disparate impact of, 30–31, 31, 39; stereotype threat in, 153, 172; Supreme Court on, 28–29, 174, [226n45]; warnings about, 197, [231n136]. See also Law School Admission Test (LSAT); Medical College Admission Test (MCAT); SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test)
Texas: affirmative action eliminated in, 183; 10 percent plan in, 156, 185
Thernstrom, Stephan, 171, [226n35]
Thind, Aman, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 148
Third World Movement, 15–16
Thomas, Clarence, 82, 123
Tien, Chang-Lin: appointment for, 42–43; on diversity, 43–44; and hate mail, referenced in, 74; hiring criteria and, 47–48; multiculturalism and, 45; successor to, 118
Tillery, Khari: activities of, 164; on Boalt without affirmative action, 151, 165, 168; on Brooks as model, 150; on outreach efforts, 169
Tillotson, Dirk, 178–79, 182–83
"tipping theory," concept of, [211n53]
Treadwell, Lujuana, 114, 168
undergraduate grade point average (UGPA): discrimination's impact on, 192; LSAT vs., 171; use of term, 11. See also grades
underrepresented minority, use of term, [203n1]. See also minorities
United States v. Fordice,174, [226n45]
universities, affirmative action's effects on, 179–82. See also professional and medical schools; speci W c schools
University of California: anti–affirmative action efforts at, 73, 77, 80; ban on political activities by, 4; "cascading" admissions in, 157; CCRI's implications for, 95–96; declining number of underrepresented minority undergraduates at, 146–47, 147, 151, 154–55, [223n109]; lawsuit against, 155–56; mitigating "race-blind" policies at, 196–97; racial composition of students eligible for, 156–58, 157; racial equality supported by, 2–3. See also Board of Regents (UC); specific campuses
University of California at Berkeley: affirmative action forum at, 87; Asian American population and, 39–43; declining number of underrepresented minority undergraduates at, 146–47,
― 246 ―147, 151, 154–55, [223n109]; graduation rates at, 44; multicultural study at, 45–46; as neoconservatives' target, 43; "race-blind" policies' impact on, 139, 167–68; racial tensions at, 42–43; reputation of, 113, 114, 120; responsi bilities of, 125; Third World Move ment at, 15–16. See also Boalt Hall School of Law; Daily Californian (newspaper)University of California at Davis: cross race interaction at, 79; EEOI cam paign at, 145; federal investigation of admissions at, 103; lawsuit against, 25–28, 29–30; "race-blind" measures' impact on, 105, 170–71, 172; student strike at, 53
University of California at Irvine, [218n118], [219n2]
University of California at Los Angeles: declining number of underrepre sented minority undergraduates at, 154–55, [223n109]; federal investigation of admissions at, 103; "race-blind" measures' impact on, 105, 139, 170–71, 172; student strike at, 53
University of California at San Diego, [218n118], [219n2]
University of California Students Association, 81
University of Chicago Law School, 177
University of Georgia, 186, 187, 193
University of Michigan: lawsuits against, 189–94, 199–200, [229nn105], [106]; study of diversity at, 182, 190–91, [227n73]; study of law school alumni of, 174
University of Mississippi, 42, 174, [226n45]
University of Texas Law School: injunction against, 188; lawsuit concerning, 29–30, 183–84, 193
University of Washington Law School, 23–25, 187
University of Wisconsin at Madison, 42
Unruh Civil Rights Act (Calif.), 3–4
U.S. News and World Report (periodical), 136–37, 177, [227n73]
Valentine, Dawn Mann: exhaustion of, 151–52; initiative campaign and, 140, 142, 144–45, 148
veterans, treatment of, 24, 158
Vetter, Jan: on affirmative action, 77, 78–80; reverse discrimination case and, 25, [208n113]
Vietnam War, 8–9, 39
voters and voting: on affirmative action vs. CCRI, 94–95; on CCRI, 98–99; CFJ's appeal to, 96; EEOI and, 142; in presidential primaries and election, 76, 85. See also Proposition 187 ("Save Our State," or "SOS"); Proposition 209 (California Civil Rights Initia tive, CCRI)
Voting Rights Act (1965), 37
Wang, Ling-chi, 38, 39
Warren, Earl, 19
Washington, affirmative action eliminated in, 100, 183, 184
Washington Post (newspaper), 72, 108, 189
Washington v. Davis,36
Watts riots, 78
Weiner, David, [225n10]
Weiss, Leonard, 115
welfare debate, terminology of, 66
Weng, Garner, 134–35
White, Byron R., 26, 36
White, David: background of, [209n141]; on LSAT biases, 30–32, 31, 152–53, 172, 173
whites: adjustments of, 17–18; admission/enrollment figures for, 42, 171, 172; average scores in 1970s, 32; on avoidance of race and racial issues, 178; on Boalt without affirmative action, 162–63, 164, 165; diversity's importance for, 181–82, [227n73]; Indigenous Peoples Day protest and, 129, 132–33; ini tiative to eliminate affirmative action by, 67–68; on race-conscious measures, 46–47; racial hostility of, 19, 43, 53, 55, 56–57, [225n10]; on sidelines of affirmative action debate, 88–89; as underrepresented, 39–42; on value of affirmative action, 112, 116–17. See also reverse discrimination
Widener, Warren, 151
Wightman, Linda, 170
Wilkins, John, 18, [211n49], [212n59]
Wilson, Pete: anti–affirmative action efforts of, 75–76, 77, 82–83, 85, 91; ap pointments by, 70–71; background of,
― 247 ―69–70; CCRI campaign and, 90, 95, 98; on cutting minority programs, 142–43; election of, 71–72; mentioned, 195; politics of, 87, 89, 103Winant, Howard, 46
women: admission/enrollment figures for, 17, [204n31]; as faculty, 10, 34–35, 48, [205n44]; isolation of, 64; tenure decisions and, 49–51, 53
Wood, Thomas: AB 47 and, 71; anti–affirmative action efforts of, 67–68, 85; language of, 94; strategies of, 68–69, 72–73
Writ (student newspaper), 3, 9, 15, 20, [210n30]
Yale Journal of Law and Feminism,172
Yale Law Journal,50
Yale University: graduates of, 69, 123, 162; racial incidents at, 42; student strike at, 53
Yoo, John, 123
"zeroed out," use of term, 171