A
― 1061 ― Absorption coefficients for dissolved gases, 190, 191, 202 Absorption of radiation (see Radiation) Abyssal-benthic zone, 277 animals of, 805–810
Accessory growth factors, 769 Adaptations to planktonic existence, 764–766, 821–823 Adiabatic temperature distribution, Mindanao Trench, 739 Adiabatic temperature gradient, 63, 64 Advection, definition of, 157 Agulhas Stream, 696 Air-borne material in sediments, 955 Aleutian Current, 722, 723 Algae:
benthic, distribution of, 290, 291, 293, 295, 782 blue-green, 288–290 brown, 291–294 coralline, 290, 295, 855 green, 290–291 red, 294–295 yellow-green, 295–302
Alkalinity, 195–198 distribution, 208–210 relation to calcium carkonate content, 1000, 1001
Allogenic minerals in sediments, 987 Alternation of generations:
animals, 306, 319–320 plants, 290, 292, 294
Aluminum, 182 Ammonia:
distribution in oceans, 243, 244 produced on sea bottom, 995 role in nitrogen cycle, 256, 257 seasonal variation, 252, 253
Amphidromic point, 557, 558 Anchoring, in deep sea, 361, 362 Angular velocity of earth's rotation, 433 Animal exclusion, hypothesis of, 900 Animal population, 303 diversity of, 282 ecological gropus:
benthos, 280, 800 nekton, 281, 810 zooplankton, 281, 812
synopsis of, 304–314
Animals and the environmental factors, 823–873 light, 824 color correlations, 824–830 structural correlations, 830–833 vertical migrations, 835–839
ocean currents, 858–869 dispersal by, 858 maintenance of endemic population by, 863–865
oxygen, 869 anaerobic conditions, 871 consumption of, 852, 853, 870, 873
salinity, 839–843 a selective agency, 840 euryhalinity, 840 size and, 842 stenohalinity, 839
temperature, 843–858 effect of freezing, 844 influence on calcium precipitation, 853 influence on geographic distribution, 845, 849, 851 influence on metabolism, 852 influence on reproduction, 845–849, 857 influence on size, 855–857 influence on speciation, 867–869
Annelida:
reproduction, 321 synopsis, 308
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 613–621 Antarctic Circumpolar Water, 607, 610–611 renewal, 620
Antarctic Convergence, 139 biology of, 809, 941, 942 formation, 618 location, 606, 607
― 1062 ― Antarctic Intermediate Water, 139, 608 formation, 619 Indian Ocean, 691, 692, 697 North Atlantic, 670, 685, 686 South Atlantic, 626, 627, 629 South Pacific, 699–701 spreading of, 139, 744, 745
Antarctic Ocean:
bottom topography, 32 currents, 613–621 oxygen distribution, 621–623 water masses, 605–613
Antilles Current, 672, 675 Aragonite, 998, 1027 Arctic Intermediate Water:
North Atlantic, 670, 685, 686 Pacific, 717, 718 formation, 722
spreading, 745
Arctic plankton, 856, 868 Argon, 189 Arsenic, 183 Arthropoda:
reproduction, 322–324 synopsis, 309
Artificial sea water, 185, 186 Ascendant, definition of, 156 Associations of organisms, 880–882 commensalism, 881 environmental associations, 880 parasitism, 882 symbiosis, 881
Atlantic Ocean (see also North Atlantic and South Atlantic):
boundaries, 11 equatorial region, 631–637 currents, 632–637 water masses, 631, 632
oxygen distribution, 210, 686, 748 tides, 581–585
Atmosphere, composition of, 189 Authigenic minerals in sediments, 1027 frequency of occurrence, 987
Auxospores, 298
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