1. Claire Cooper, "Capitol's New Dignity: Will It Rub Off?" The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 5, 1982. [BACK]

2. Martin Smith, "Betting on Willie Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 14, 1980. [BACK]

3. William Grant, "Willie Brown's Problem with Regent's Seat," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 5, 1980. [BACK]

4. William Endicott, "Brown's Regent Appointments a Political Mystery," Los Angeles Times , as published in The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 12, 1981. [BACK]

5. Larry Liebert and John Balzar, "Willie Brown's Frustrations," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 8, 1980. [BACK]

6. Daniel J. Blackburn, "How Willie Brown Solidified His Speakership," California Journal , Jan. 1982, p. 5. [BACK]

7. Nancy Skelton and Mike Goodman, "Hallett Role in Speaker Fight Aided Husband," Los Angeles Times , Dec. 11, 1980. [BACK]

8. Jim Dufur, "UFW Still Is Backed by Speaker Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 15, 1980; Jim Dufur, "Speaker Sows Seeds of Farmer Harmony," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 17, 1980. [BACK]

9. Willie Brown was elected two months before Jimmy Carter left office. Those serving during the period Brown was California Assembly Speaker were Presidents Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Bush, and Bill Clinton; Governors Jerry Brown, George Deukmejian, and Pete Wilson; and Assembly Republican Leaders Carol Hallett, Robert Naylor, Patrick Nolan, Ross Johnson, William Jones, and Jim Brulte. [BACK]

10. "Willie Brown's Leadership Still Untried," United Press International, published in the The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 9, 1981. [BACK]

11. Howard Berman, interview, Washington, D.C., June 8, 1993. [BACK]

12. Ibid. [BACK]

13. For a masterful account of Phillip Burton's gerrymander, see John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , pp. 414-440. [BACK]

14. Ibid. pp. 432-433. [BACK]

15. Bruce Cain, The Reapportionment Puzzle , p. 98. [BACK]

16. Interviews, Bruce Cain, Berkeley, Calif., Oct. 22, 1993; William Cavala, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 21, 1994. [BACK]

17. Cain, Reapportionment Puzzle , p. 95. [BACK]

18. Bruce Cain, interview. [BACK]

19. Cain, Reapportionment Puzzle , pp. 105-106. [BACK]

20. Ibid., p. 93. [BACK]

21. Ibid., p. 94. [BACK]

22. Bruce Cain, interview; Cain, Reapportionment Puzzle , pp. 113-114. [BACK]

23. Robert Naylor, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 18, 1993. [BACK]

24. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993. [BACK]

25. Robert Naylor, interview. [BACK]

26. Patrick Nolan, interview. [BACK]

27. Bruce Cain, interview. [BACK]

28. Claire Cooper, "Speaker Plots Revenge on Remap Plan," The Sacramento Bee , June 24, 1981. [BACK]

29. Maxine Waters, interview, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993. [BACK]

30. Bruce Cain, interview. [BACK]

31. Blackburn, "How Willie Brown Solidified His Speakership." [BACK]

32. Martin Smith, "Jerry Brown Pulls Strings," The Sacramento Bee , July 12, 1981; Claire Cooper, "Assembly Seat for Isenberg Rumored," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 7, 1981. [BACK]

33. Claire Cooper, "Demo Fight Looms on Redistricting," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 22, 1981. [BACK]

34. Claire Cooper, "Power Play," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 20, 1981. [BACK]

35. "Sayings of Chairman Willie," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 16, 1981. [BACK]

36. Liebert and Balzar, "Willie Brown's Frustrations." [BACK]

37. David S. Broder, "Willie Brown's Winning Ways," The Washington Post , Feb. 22, 1981; the column was mailed to Virna Canson with a note from Congressman Mervyn Dymally, Mar. 5, 1981, found in NAACP West Coast Regional Office Papers, carton 2, 1978-81 (86/162c), file "Brown, Willie L. Jr.—1976, 1981, 1984," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; also, Virna Canson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 11, 1993. [BACK]

38. Letter from Virna Canson, NAACP western regional director, to Willie Brown, Mar. 17, 1981, and reply from Willie Brown to Virna Canson, Mar. 27, 1981, NAACP West Coast Regional Office Papers, carton 2, 1978-81 (86/162c), file "Brown, Willie L. Jr.—1976, 1981, 1984," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. [BACK]

39. Virna Canson, interview. [BACK]

40. Sheila Caudle, "Willie Brown's Free-Swinging Day in Washington," Oakland Tribune , Mar. 25, 1981; "Badges? I Don't Got to Show You No Stinkin' Badges," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 29, 1981. [BACK]

41. Alice Huffman, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 28, 1993. [BACK]

42. Herbert A. Sample, "Black Political Power: As Asian and Latino Populations Expand, Will Black Political Power Fade?" California Journal , May 1987, p. 238. [BACK]

43. Steve Gibson, "Speaker Denies Speech to Blacks Racist," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 8, 1981. [BACK]

44. Austin Scott, "Speaker to Create Second Latino Seat in Congress," Los Angeles Times , Jan. 28, 1981. [BACK]

45. Ellen Hume, "Lawmaker in Powerful Role Has Colleagues on Edge." Los Angeles Times , July 23, 1981. [BACK]

46. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 434. [BACK]

47. Ibid., p. 415. [BACK]

48. Eric Brazil, "A Mixed Bag of Messages from Those Ballot Propositions," California Journal , Dec. 1982, p. 442. [BACK]

49. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 474-475. [BACK]

50. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; also Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 441-445; Larry Liebert, "California Congressmen Who Don't Often Vote," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 31, 1981; Wallace Turner, "Retiring California Lawmaker Shuns Washington," The New York Times , Mar. 14, 1982. [BACK]

51. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994. [BACK]

52. Wallace Turner, "Retiring California Lawmaker Shuns Washington," The New York Times , Mar. 14, 1982. [BACK]

53. Notecard in Phillip Burton Papers, carton 4, file "JLB Quits Congress '82," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. [BACK]

54. "The Best-Dressed Politician in America," GQ Nov. 1985; Aleda Oldershaw, "Willie Brown's Clothes Come out of the Closet," Frisko , May 1991. [BACK]

55. Trish Donnally, "His Honor the Fashion Plate," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 4, 1996. As he prepared to take office as San Francisco mayor in Jan. 1996, he gave yet another tour of his closet to a reporter and held forth with more fashion tips. [BACK]

56. A program for "Oh, What A Night!" was kept by Phillip Burton in Phillip Burton Papers, carton 4, file "1982 Campaign, Black Community," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. [BACK]

57. "A Capitol Birthday Party," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 21, 1982. [BACK]

58. Transcript to 60 Minutes segment, Vol. XVI, No. 29, broadcast over the CBS television network, Apr. 1, 1984, transcript provided by Barbara Metzger, Sacramento, Calif., Brown's former press secretary. [BACK]

59. Julian Dixon, interview, Washington, D.C., June 9, 1993. [BACK]

61. Copies of Republican campaign mailers loaned to the author by Gale Kaufman, Brown's director of Assembly Majority Services. [BACK]

62. Martin Smith, "Making an Issue of Willie Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 23, 1986. [BACK]

63. Richard A. Clucas, The Speaker's Electoral Connection: Willie Brown and the California Assembly , table 4, p. 51; table 5, p. 55. [BACK]

64. The phrase "Willie Inc." was coined by John Jacobs, political editor of McClatchy Newspapers, in the article "The Rise and Fall of Willie Inc.," The Sacramento Bee , June 4, 1995. [BACK]

65. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 4, 1994. [BACK]