1. It cannot be expected that a paper of this nature dealing with a territory such as the Ciskei can be too explicit about stating its sources. I hope, however, that by supplying sources for the statistical material and supporting documentation for some of the more continue

surprising data I have managed to give credibility to the whole. [BACK]

2. There is no compact or trustworthy account of the Ciskei today. A great deal of unevenly presented raw material is to be found in the following very different books: University of Fort Hare, The Ciskei-a Bantu Homeland (Fort Hare, 1971); N. Charton, ed., Ciskei (London, 1980); Surplus People Project, Forced Removals in South Africa, Vol. II: The Eastern Cape (Cape Town and Pietennaritzburg, 1983); G. Quail et al., Report of the Ciskei Commission (Pretoria, 1980). For a useful and incisive journalistic portrait of the Ciskei, see J. Leiyveld, Move Your Shadow: South Africa, Black and White (New York, 1985), pp.155-84. [BACK]

3. Quail, Report, p.19; Surplus People Project, Forced Removals, p.19. [BACK]

4. Quail, Report, p.15. [BACK]

5. Surplus People Project, Forced Removals, pp. 41, 67.

6. Ibid ., pp.336-8. [BACK]

5. Surplus People Project, Forced Removals, pp. 41, 67.

6. Ibid ., pp.336-8. [BACK]

7. J.B. Peires, The House of Phalo (Johannesburg, 1981), Chapter 9. [BACK]

8. C. Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (London, 1979). [BACK]

9. P. Walshe, The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa (Berkeley, 1971), Chapter 1. [BACK]

10. T. Lodge, Black Politics in South Africa since 1945 (London, 1983), pp.27, 55-8, 348-9. [BACK]

11. 'Flashpoint: East London', South African Labour Bulletin, 7 (special issue), February 1982. [BACK]

12. Surplus People Project, Forced Removals, p.3. [BACK]

13. For the early constitutional development of the Ciskei, see C.C.S. Holdt, 'Constitutional development' in University of Fort Hare, The Ciskei—A Bantu Homeland . For the later period, N. Charton and G.R. kaTywakadi, 'Ciskeian political parties' in Charton, Ciskei . [BACK]

14. On the referendum, see especially Work in Progress (Johannesburg), 18 June 1981. [BACK]

15. For the most recent events in the Ciskei-East London area, see N. Haysom, 'Ruling with the whip', Occasional Paper 5, Centre for Applied Legal Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1983. [BACK]

16. Eastern Province Herald, 5 Dec. 1985. It is impossible to give further details of these fascinating events here, but see, for example, Sunday Star, 18 Aug. 1985, and the Weekly Mail, 16 July 1987. [BACK]

17. These events were covered in detail in the local press. See, for example, Daily Dispatch, 30 Sept. 1986; 20 Feb. and 11 April 1987. [BACK]

18. This section and the next are based on R. A. Moyer, 'Some current manifestations of early Mfengu history'. Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Collected Seminar Papers on the Societies of Southern Africa, Vol. 3 (1971-2), and C.W. Manona, 'Ethnic relations in the Ciskei', in Charton, Ciskei . [BACK]

19. Charton and ka Tywakadi, 'Ciskeian political parties', p.130. [BACK]

20. This paragraph is based on Surplus People Project, Forced Removals, pp.33-8, 110-11, 118-19. [BACK]

21. On the causes of forced relocation in the Ciskei, see Surplus People Project, Forced Removals, pp.99-111. [BACK]

22. On the resuscitation of the Rharhabe chieftainships, see J.B. Peires, 'Continuity and change in Ciskei chieftainship'. Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Collected Seminar Papers on the Societies of Southern Africa, Vol. 8 (1976-7). [BACK]

23. Quoted in Peires, 'Continuity', p.137. [BACK]

24. Surplus People Project, Forced Removals, p.72. [BACK]

25. Manona, 'Ethnic relations', p. 117. [BACK]

26. Information on the Maqoma and Burns-Ncamashe chieftainships derived from private sources. [BACK]

27. On Sebe's initial claims see Peires, 'Continuity', pp. 138-9. Sebe's allegedly illegitimate birth was common gossip throughout the Ciskei after Charles Sebe was detained. break [BACK]

28. S. Bekker et al ., 'Tsweletswele', Institute of Social and Economic Research Development Studies Working Papers, No. 13 (Grahamstown, 1983), pp. 11-12. [BACK]

29. Surplus People Project, Forced Removals, p.119. Cf. ibid ., pp.89-90, for attitude of Chief Njokweni of Peddie towards resettlement. [BACK]

30. Eastern Province Herald, 6 Oct. 1978. [BACK]

31. Information on the Rharhabe Paramountcy from a former Ciskeian now resident in the Transkei. There is a brief and incomplete account in Peires, 'Continuity', p.139. [BACK]

32. Matanzima's wish to amalgamate the Ciskei with the Transkei has often been expressed. See, for example, Daily Dispatch, 28 Oct. 1976; Star, 24 March 1977. For the Transkei-sponsored court cases against Ciskei independence, see Star, 29 Sept. 1981. [BACK]

33. The Mercury (King Williams Town), 22 April 1982. [BACK]

34. Rand Daily Mail, 29 Dec. 1980. [BACK]

35. The Mercury, 15 April 1982. [BACK]

36. Umthombo (Zwelitsha), June 1978. Umthombo is published by the Ciskei Department of Information. [BACK]

37. S.E.K. Mqhayi, 'Intaba kaNdoda' in Mqhayi, Ityala lama Wele (1914; 7th edition, Lovedale, 1931), p.87. [BACK]

38. Peires, House of Phalo, pp.39-40. [BACK]

39. For the building and the costs at Ntaba kaNdoda, see Rand Daily Mail, 17Aug. 1981; Daily Dispatch, 14 Jan. 1981. [BACK]

40. Institute of Race Relations, Annual Survey of Race Relations, Vol. 33 (Johannesburg, 1979), p. 326. [BACK]

41. Daily Dispatch, 4 April 1983. [BACK]

42. Speech by L. Sebe, Imvo zaBantsundu (King Williams Town), 16 April 1982, for example noted that: 'The holy Temple of the Nation erected at Ntaba kaNdoda is visible and conclusive witness of the faith and pride of the Ciskeian nation.' [BACK]

43. Golden City Press, 27 Feb. 1983. [BACK]

44. Umthombo, June 1978. [BACK]

45. Eastern Province Herald, 5 Dec. 1985. [BACK]

46. D. Mickleburgh, 'Maqoma goes home', Flying Springbok (SA Airways magazine), August 1983, is a vivid if silly description. See also M. G. Whisson and C. W. Manona, 'Maqoma and Ciskeian politics today' in Charton, Ciskei . [BACK]

47. Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 17 June 1979; Eastern Province Herald, 4 Aug. 1987. [BACK]

48. Daily Dispatch, 28 May 1981. For Bisho, see also Institute of Race Relations, Annual Survey of Race Relations, Vol. 35 (Johannesburg, 1981), p.302. [BACK]

49. For the debate on the meaning of 'Bisho', see Evening Post (Port Elizabeth), 21 May 1981; Daily Dispatch, 11 June 1981. [BACK]

50. Daily Dispatch, 21 March and 9 May 1987. [BACK]

51. L. Sebe, quoted in Imvo (King Williams Town), 16 April 1982. [BACK]

52. Daily Dispatch, 12 and 25 May 1982. [BACK]

53. Institute of Race Relations, Annual Survey of Race Relations, Vol. 34 (Johannesburg, 1980) p.402. See also Daily Dispatch, 25 Feb. 1980. [BACK]

54. Pretoria News, 28 Sept. 1983. [BACK]

55. Daily Dispatch, 3 Dec. 1982. [BACK]

56. Eastern Province Herald, 30 Nov. 1983, 17 May and 22 June 1984, 21 Jan. 1987. Weekly Mail, 16 July 1987. [BACK]

57. Daily Dispatch, 9 May 1984 and 28 July 1987; Eastern Province Herald, 4 Dec. 1985 and 4 Aug. 1987. [BACK]

58. Eastern Province Herald, 30 April 1979. Sebe has what is called in South Africa 'JC plus three', that is, a Junior Certificate (two years short of final year) and a three-year course at a teacher training college. The Transkei's former Prime Minister George Matanzima once accused Sebe of having failed his final examinations. [BACK]

59. Daily Dispatch, 26 Nov. 1981. [BACK]

60. Daily Dispatch, 23 Feb. 1982. break [BACK]

62. Daily Dispatch, 3 Dec. 1983. [BACK]

63. Eastern Province Herald, 30 Nov. 1983. [BACK]

64. Weekend Post (Port Elizabeth), 20 and 27 June 1986. [BACK]

65. Much of the information in this paragraph is derived from the eulogistic pages of T. Bates's glossy brochure, "The Republic of Ciskei' (Durban and Bisho, 1987), subtitled ' The Tax Paradise of Southern Africa'. [BACK]

66. The land in question was originally purchased by the South African government for between R350 and R1000 per hectare. Daily Dispatch, 6 June 1987. [BACK]

67. Daily Dispatch, 20 June and 8 Sept. 1987. [BACK]

68. Daily Dispatch, 29 Jan., 3 Feb., and 28 March 1987. [BACK]

69. City Press, 26 April 1987. [BACK]

70. Daily Dispatch, 13 March 1987. break [BACK]