CCalanus: abundance correlated with herring catches, 906–907 abundance correlated with whale catches, 905 biology of, in the Gulf of Maine, 864 feeding mechanism, 886–887 oxygen consumption by, 853, 870, 873 reproduction, 322–323, 903 vertical migrations, 836–837
Calcareous material in Sediments (see also Calcium carbonate) :
organisms contributing to, 950
Calcareous oozes (see also Pelagic sediments), 972 areas covered by, 975, 977, 978
Calcite, 998, 1027 Calcium, 178, 179 deposition by animals, 304–306, 853–855 deposition by plants, 290, 301, 855
Calcium Carbonate:
factors controlling organic precipitation, 999, 1000 inorganic precipitation, 208, 998 percentage in sediments, 998–1008 as function of depth, 1004, 1005 distribution, 1002–1008 factors controlling, 1007, 1008
solubility, 205–208 solution near bottom, 1001 supply to sediments, 1000
California Current, 724–727 annual variation of temperature, 131, 132 comparison with Peru Current, 725 off Southern California, 454
Canyons:
sediments in, 1024, 1026 submarine:
character, 39–41 formation, 41, 42
Carbon, 179 cycle of, 916 in sediments, 1010, 1011 organic, 248–251 ratio to nitrogen, 1010
Carbon dioxide:
as a limiting factor, 768 as a measure of production, 768 distribution, 208–210 exchange with atmosphere, 203 importance to deposition of calcium carbonate, 1000, 1001 methods of determination, 192, 193 partial pressure, 201–203 solubility, 190, 191, 202
― 1064 ― system, 197–202 utilization of, by plants, 768
Carbonic acid, dissociation consta,nts of, 199, 204, 205 Carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus ratio, 236, 237, 931 Caribbean Sea:
bottom topography, 35 currents, 641, 642 oxygen content, 640 water masses, 638, 641
Ceratium (see Dinoflagellates) Chaetognatha:
as indicator species, 863 reproduction, 322 synopsis, 308
“Challenger,” dredging by, 805–807, 809 Chemical transformations, importance of to sediments, 952 China Sea, 735 Chitin, 289 Chlorine, 175 Chlorine-equivalent, 52 Chlorinity, 51, 52 units for expressing, 51
Chlorosity, 52 factors, 167
Chordata, synopsis of, 312–314 Circulation:
Bjerknes' theorem, 460–462 deep water, 745–755 thermal, 507–509 thermohaline, 509–510 transverse:
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 618–620 caused by upwelling, 501 Equatorial Countercurrent, 635, 636, 711 Gulf Stream, 676
Circulation (water movements), biological significance of, 273–274 Clay minerals, 988–990 base exchange, 988, 990 flocculation, 958, 990 groups of, 989 origin, 990
Cl-ratio, 167 Coccolith ooze, 973 Coccolithophoridae, 301 Coelenterata:
reproduction, 319–320 synopsis, 306
Collection of:
bacteria, 383 benthos, 374 nekton, 376 plankton, 376–383
Color of animals, 824–830 changes, 825–827 of deep-sea animals, 826–829 of surface oceanic animals, 827 protective, 826
Color of sediments, 967–969 continental shelf, 1023 deep-sea, 978, 979
Color of the sea, 88, 89 Color of water, biological causes of, 289, 783–784 Compensation depth, 779 in various areas, 780
Compensation point, 778 Composition of foraminiferal tests, 991 Composition of marine organisms:
average, 230 body fluids, 232 concentration of elements, 233 elements reported, 228, 229 ratios O: C: N: P, 236, 237 skeletal material, 231
Composition of river water, 214–216 Composition of sea water, 165–174 constancy, 165–168 influenced by exchange with atmosphere, 212, 213 influenced by freezing, 216–219 influenced by rivers, 213–216 tables, 166, 173, 176, 177
Composition of sediments, 971, 972 Compressibility, 68 Concentrations, 158 conservative, 158 non-conservative, 159 units for reporting, 169, 171
Conductivity :
electrical, 71, 72 thermal (see also Eddy conductivity), 60, 61
Continental shelf:
average inclination, 21 extension, 20, 21 formation, 24, 25, 1019 sediments on, 1018–1023
Continental slope, inclination of, 22 Continuity, equation of, 423–426 used for finding layer of no motion, 457
Convergence, 419, 420 caused by winds, 500–503 regions of, 139, 140 vertical motion derived from, 425
Copepoda (see also Calanus): as food for fish, 892, 907 as food of whales, 905 as grazers, 772, 901 food of, 901 reproduction, 322, 323, 903 synopsis, 309
― 1065 ― Coral-reefs:
formation of, 854–855 organisms of, 855
Corals:
reproduction of, 319 systematic position of, 306
“Core method,” 146 Cores of sediments:
apparatus for obtaining, 345–347 compaction, 1037 relation between water content and particle size, 994 stratification in, 1038, 1039
Coring apparatus, 345–347 Corioli's force, 433–438 importance to ocean currents, 390 importance to waves, 520
Cotidal lines, 557 charts, 563 semidiurnal tide of Atlantic Ocean, 581, 582
Crinoidea:
bathymetric distribution, 807 synopsis, 312
Ctenophora, 307, 320, 890 Current meters, 366–373 Currents (see also Circulation, Tidal currents, and Wind currents):
absolute, 455–457 accuracy of computed, 393, 394, 453–455 computation, 391, 447–452 derived from ships' logs, 427, 428 derived from tongue-like distributions, 503–507 effect of bottom friction, 499, 500 effect of bottom topography, 466–469 Antarctic Circumpolar, 616 North Atlantic, 681 North Equatorial, Atlantic, 671, 672
importance to distribution of sediments, 965, 966, 1042, 1043 in stratified water, 444–447 related to the distribution of density, 389–395, 447–451 relative, 391, 442, 447–451 representations, 428–430 slope, 442, 458 sorting of shallow water sediments by, 1017–1019 transportation of particles along bottom by, 959–966 transportation of settling particles by, 959 units used, 363 vertical convection, 510, 511 wavelike pattern in South Atlantic, 630
Cyclic salt, 213, 214
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