1. Sahlins 1976: 55. [BACK]

2. Rabinow 1992, Haraway 1991, Latour 1993. [BACK]

3. Kierkegaard 1988: 9-15; I am indebted to Veena Das for many discussions about Kierkegaard's relevance for a philosophy of age (see Das 1996). [BACK]

4. Strathern 1981. [BACK]

1. Cohn 1996. [BACK]

2. Scheper-Hughes 1990. [BACK]

3. Scheper-Hughes 1992. [BACK]

1. Kali was a larger-than-life figure for British correspondents, the emblem of all that was uncanny about the conditions of colonial rule and its effects, and one need take the attribution of the letter to her—along with most other religious specifics of the Balua affair—as the sediment of the available descriptive language of the time. Thus the otherwise confusing concatenation of Kali, Shani, and Lord Ram in the telling of the deaths at Balua. [BACK]

2. Dirks 1992, Oddie 1995. [BACK]

3. "Benares, April 15" 1865. [BACK]

4. "Benares, April 17" 1865. [BACK]

5. "The Gathering at Hurdwar" 1865. [BACK]

6. The list is by now endless; see Parker et al. 1992, Chatterjee 1993, Mani 1989, McClintock 1995. [BACK]

7. Cowley 1989, Gelman, Hager, and Quade 1989, Kantrowitz 1989. [BACK]

8. Agar 1986. [BACK]

9. Lyman 1989. [BACK]

10. Gubrium 1986. [BACK]

11. Barthes 1976. [BACK]

12. Inden 1990, Madan 1994: 85-107. . [BACK]

13. Nader 1990. [BACK]

14. See discussion of Haraway's cat's cradle in Allucquere Rosanne Stone 1995:21-22; Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty 1976. [BACK]

15. Kumar 1988. [BACK]

16. In the context of contemporary India, these terms—working class, middle class—elide as much as they reveal. The ongoing genealogy of class formation differs from that of European, American, and other contexts, a matter obscured by any common terminology (Chakrabarty 1989, Oberoi 1994). I use the terms in part as a shorthand, acknowledging the problems with them, and in part in the way they are often used locally in Varanasi, in English and in Hindi. [BACK]

1. Ginsberg 1984, Raja Rao 1989. [BACK]

2. Chen 1996, Chen and Drèze 1992, Drèze and Sen 1989, Agarwal 1990, 1994. [BACK]

1. The XII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Science was held from July 24 to 31, 1988. [BACK]

2. Turner 1974. [BACK]

3. I am indebted to James Bono for a conversation on Candide. [BACK]

4. At the time, the group was known as the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association. [BACK]

5. A. Kleinman and J. Kleinman 1991. [BACK]

6. Venkatramani 1985. [BACK]

7. The equation of science, development, and culture in the first decades of independent India under Nehru was repeatedly articulated through the immensity of artifacts: dams, planned cities, new universities (Inden 1995, Visvanathan 1995). [BACK]

8. I use materialize here rather than, for example, construct to avoid the frequent misreading of social constructionist language as idealist and antimaterialist by both its critics and some of its adherents and to suggest that any theory of the social and the subjective must articulate itself in careful relation to body and environment. This entails not only taking the body as the site of the social in the sense of Mauss (1992) and Bourdieu (1990) but as a more robust presence in theory (Rabinow 1993, 1994, A. Kleinman 1989, 1995). I will suggest some of what I mean by robust below. My use of materialize is in part indebted to Butler's Bodies That Matter (1993). [BACK]

9. Maclachlan 1863, Charcot Clinical Lectures on the Diseases 1881, Nascher 1914. [BACK]

10. Durrant 1865, Nascher 1915, Podolsky 1933. [BACK]

11. Montesquieu 1989. [BACK]

12. Kipling 1901, Forster 1924, Haggard 1885, 1886. [BACK]

13. Hegel 1956. [BACK]

14. Moore 1989 [1907]:74. [BACK]

15. 1876:275, my emphasis. [BACK]

16. 1921:182. [BACK]

17. Menon 1992. [BACK]

18. Palthe 1933. [BACK]

19. Naraindas 1996, Arnold 1996, Harrison 1994. [BACK]

20. Beotra 1965: iii. [BACK]

21. Chaudhari and Chaudhari 1963, Roy Chowdhury and Saharay 1988, Hidayatullah and Hidayatullah 1985 [1977], Ramamurti 1980. [BACK]

22. All India Reporter (Madras) 1940: 73. [BACK]

23. Roy Chowdhury and Saharay 1988: 118. [BACK]

24. Beotra 1965. [BACK]

25. Roy Chowdhury and Saharay 1988: 112. [BACK]

26. Chaudhari and Chaudhari 1963: 256. [BACK]

27. DSM-IV 1995. [BACK]

28. DSM-III-R 1987. [BACK]

29. DSM IV 1995. [BACK]

30. 1989: 806. [BACK]

31. ICD-10 1992, ICD-10 1993. [BACK]

32. Clarfield 1988. [BACK]

33. Meyer et al. 1986. [BACK]

34. Chui 1989, Graves et al. 1994. [BACK]

35. WHO Scientific Group on Senile Dementia 1986, Graves et al. 1994, Homma and Hasegawa 1989. [BACK]

36. Jorm et al. 1987. [BACK]

37. Graves et al. 1994, Katzman et al. 1988, Rocca et al. 1990, Sulkava et al. 1985. [BACK]

38. Graves et al. 1994, Jorm et al. 1987. [BACK]

39. Henderson 1988, Meyer et al. 1998. [BACK]

40. Wadia 1992; Osuntokun et al. 1991. [BACK]

41. Osuntokun et al. 1991. [BACK]

42. Gelman, Hager, and Quade 1989. [BACK]

43. Marriott 1976. [BACK]

44. Clifford 1988. [BACK]

45. Moore 1986. [BACK]

46. Johnson and Johnson 1983. [BACK]

47. A. Kleinman 1977. [BACK]

48. Lutz 1985: 89. [BACK]

49. I began the process of developing appropriate MSEs first through training to use the Folstein MMS in clinical settings (Folstein et al. 1975), then through observation of the community-based home follow-up MSE testing of the East Boston Senior Health Project (n.d.), then through intensive literature reviews (Venkoba Rao et al. 1972, Pershad and Wig 1979, Venkoba Rao and Madhavan 1982, Chandra et al. 1994) and interviews with neurologists in five cities in India. [BACK]

50. Chandra et al. 1994. [BACK]

51. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs 1982, Keyfitz and Flieger 1990. [BACK]

52. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs 1982. [BACK]

53. Venkoba Rao 1989; Bharucha et al. 1987. [BACK]

54. Krishnan 1976. [BACK]

55. Wadia 1992. [BACK]

56. Butler 1993, Althusser 1971. [BACK]

57. Cohen 1996. [BACK]

58. Schweitzer 1936. [BACK]

59. Kumar 1988. [BACK]

60. Patrick Olivelle (1993) has convincingly argued that asramadharma emerged in dharmasastra , Hindu writings on normative social order, more as an edifice to encompass different prescriptive models of the religious life by containing them within a single scheme of ''stages of life," and less as an effort to theorize the life course. His work is consonant with Sylvia Vatuk's more contemporary finding in a village in the vicinity of Delhi that people did not frame their old age in correspondence with the typology of asramadharma (1980). Still, as Vatuk notes, though the last two stages of vanaprastha and Sannyasa are not models for old age in any strict sense, they are critical in how many persons reflect on their old age or that of others. Whatever the origins of the four stages, they have become part of the explicit or implicit terms by which many persons may think about age. [BACK]

61. Parry 1994, Kumar 1988, Alter 1992. [BACK]

62. See Mani 1990, Gupta and Ferguson in press. [BACK]

1. http://www.infi.net/~combsdm/ALG.htmlpostings , http://www.infi.net/~combsdm/Secure-Book-Order-Form.html , http://www.alz.org/assoc/media/institut.html , http:// www.alz.org/assoc/media/25.html , http://www.mentalhealth.com//icd/p22-oro4 . html, http://www.biostat.wustl.edu/alzheimer/(all last downloaded 10/22/96). [BACK]

2. http://www.biostat.wustl.edu/hypedists/alzheimer/9512/0218.html (last downloaded 10/22/96). [BACK]

3. http://www.biosmt.wustl.edu/hyperlists/alzheimer/9502/0002.html (last downloaded 10/22/96). [BACK]

4. http://www.biostat.wustl.edu/hyperlists/alzheimer/9502/0052.html (last downloaded 10/22/96). [BACK]

1. Michals 1992. [BACK]

2. See Lock 1993 for an excellent example, in medical anthropology, of the selective use of European history in the construction of a Japanese ethnography and history of the present. [BACK]

3. New genetically engineered subspecies of mice marketed as viable animal models of Alzheimer's disease for laboratory research have been patented in the United States. Newspaper reports of this research have been as likely to appear on business as science pages of American newspapers. See King 1995, Kolata 1995, Riordan 1995, "Alzheimer's Work Aided by New Breed of Mouse" 1996. [BACK]

4. Rabinow 1989:7. [BACK]

5. Comment made at a seminar at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, 1990. [BACK]

6. A. Kleinman ''Illness Narratives" 1988. See Good and Good 1981. [BACK]

7. I am grateful to Linda Hunt for providing me with a supply of supermarket tabloids when I was in Varanasi. [BACK]

8. Donaldson 1988. [BACK]

9. Cowley 1989, Gelman, Hager, and Quade 1989. [BACK]

10. Fox 1989. [BACK]

11. Cowley 1989, Gelman, Hager, and Quade 1989, Kantrowitz 1989. [BACK]

12. Mace and Rabins 1981.

13. Ibid.: 14. [BACK]

12. Mace and Rabins 1981.

13. Ibid.: 14. [BACK]

14. Turner 1969. [BACK]

15. Egan 1990. [BACK]

16. One might compare the publicity over Adldns's case with that over Gerald Klooster, a California obstetrician apparently diagnosed with Alzheimer's whose wife, Ruth, allegedly tried to involve Kevorkian in a hotly contested "assisted suicide" for her husband. A custody battle erupted, one son winning custody of Klooster in a Michigan court, "saving his life" from Kevorkian and Ruth Klooster, and a daughter regaining custody in a California court. Legal and other representatives of both children framed the issue to the court and press in terms of Klooster's suffering, but descriptions of this suffering invariably invoked the ''other victim" (Lewin 1996, see pp. 303-4). [BACK]

17. Ramos 1995, Stone 1994. [BACK]

18. Sidey 1994

19. Ibid. [BACK]

18. Sidey 1994

19. Ibid. [BACK]

20. Morris (1995) points out the additional importance of Reagan having written out the letter by hand. [BACK]

21. There are other ways children of parents diagnosed with dementia have approached its twin victimizations, avoiding both the pious silencings of Alzheimer's professionalism and its gerontocidal tabloid parody. Deborah Hoffmann's 1994 film, Complaints of a Dutiful Daughter , acknowledges her ambivalent and at times difficult relationship with her mother before and during the latter's illness, without the story ever falling into either Grand Guignol or granny-dumping. The mother in the film never ceases to be a person, however difficult or impoverished her relationships with others become. The filmmaker reports realizing that her initial problem with her mother during the progressive course of the latter's dementia lay in expecting her to be someone she no longer was. The message is that of The 36-Hour Day , but unlike its realization in the ADRDA meeting, the message here never degenerates into the denial of selfhood. Alzheimer's is acknowledged, but the acknowledgment does not replace the old woman as the heart of the story. [BACK]

22. Cole 1992. [BACK]

23. Angler 1990. [BACK]

24. "Researchers Say Skin Test May Identify People with Brain Disease" 1993. [BACK]

25. Humphry 1991. [BACK]

26. Cited in Lyman 1989:599; see Gubrium 1986. [BACK]

27. Lyman 1989: 599. [BACK]

28. Dawson and Reid 1987, Rader 1987. [BACK]

29. Lyman 1989: 602. [BACK]

30. Thewlis 1941. [BACK]

31. Nascher 1914. [BACK]

32. Canguilhem 1989. [BACK]

33. Charcot 1866, considerably revised as Charcot 1867. Early English versions included Tuke's Clinical Lectures on Senile and Chronic Diseases (1881) and an American edition, Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of Old Age , trans. L. H. Hunt (1881). Alain Lellouch (1992) offers a far broader catalogue of Charcot's writings on "la pathologie se[?]nile." [BACK]

34. Charcot, Clinical Lectures on the Diseases : 17. See also Lellouch 1992: 86. [BACK]

35. Prus 1840. [BACK]

36. Lellouch, p. 94n. "The medicine of old people is still to be made." [BACK]

37. Charcot, Clinical Lectures on the Diseases : 20. [BACK]

38. Thomas Cole, attempting to insert Charcot into a narrative of the ever more routinized split of the normal and the pathological in the movement toward geriatrics, downplays Charcot's observation that the distinction collapses in old age (1992: 201-2). But Canguilhem's discussion, cited by Cole, troubles the seamless movement Cole suggests, as I will discuss below. [BACK]

39. Canguilhem 1992: 104. [BACK]

40. Cole 1992: 106.

41. Ibid.: 199-200. [BACK]

40. Cole 1992: 106.

41. Ibid.: 199-200. [BACK]

42. Nascher 1914: 195. [BACK]

43. Maclachlan 1863. [BACK]

44. Rostan 1823: 217, 244. [BACK]

45. Weiner 1993: 188-89. [BACK]

46. Cohn 1996, Rabinow 1989. [BACK]

47. Rowland 1851: 50-55. [BACK]

48. Jackson 1875. [BACK]

49. Dieulafoy 1918: 983. [BACK]

50. Kraepelin 1968 [1904], Bleuler 1924. [BACK]

51. Maclachlan 1863: 24, see also Sicherman 1981. Flint 1879:669. [BACK]

52. See Cole 1992. [BACK]

53. Bacon 1683: 11. [BACK]

54. Smith 1752. [BACK]

55. Maclachlan 1863: 21. [BACK]

56. Kraepelin 1968 [1904]: 9.

57. Ibid.: 221. [BACK]

56. Kraepelin 1968 [1904]: 9.

57. Ibid.: 221. [BACK]

58. Tanner 1860, cited in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) 1989 (8): 56. [BACK]

59. Power and Sedgwick 1888, cited in OED 1989 (8):56. [BACK]

60. Nascher 1915, discussed below. [BACK]

61. On Alzheimer, see Kraepelin 1987. [BACK]

62. Warthin I929:77-78.

63. Ibid.: 113, 115. [BACK]

62. Warthin I929:77-78.

63. Ibid.: 113, 115. [BACK]

64. Barrett 1910, Simchowicz 1910, Fuller 1911, Tiffany 1913-14. [BACK]

65. Gubrium 1987. [BACK]

66. Fox 1989. [BACK]

67. The lone voice in the wilderness was the Canadian neuropathologist Vladimir Hachinski (e.g., Hachinski 1990). [BACK]

68. Curtin 1972, de Beauvoir 1972, Blau 1973, Butler 1975, Gubrium 1975. [BACK]

69. Sankar 1984. [BACK]

70. Luborsky and Sankar 1993; see also Cohen 1994. [BACK]

71. Cole 1992. [BACK]

72. Callahan 1987, 1993. [BACK]

73. Cohen 1994. [BACK]

74. Cited in Mora 1991: lviii.

75. Ibid.: lxii. [BACK]

74. Cited in Mora 1991: lviii.

75. Ibid.: lxii. [BACK]

76. Weyer 1991 [1583]: 523-24.

77. Ibid.: 285. [BACK]

76. Weyer 1991 [1583]: 523-24.

77. Ibid.: 285. [BACK]

78. Scot 1964 [1584]: 33. [BACK]

79. Kramer and Sprenger, 1948: 44. [BACK]

80. Scot 1964: 29. [BACK]

81. Macfarlane 1970. See also Demos 1982 for attention to why the voices of certain women, particularly at midlife, presented a threat in seventeenth-century New England. [BACK]

82. Pliny as translated by Philemon Holland (1601: vii: xlix: 182). [BACK]

83. Kennedy 1844: 245-46. [BACK]

84. Lock 1993:303-29. [BACK]

85. Laqueur 1990. [BACK]

86. Durrant 1865: 233. [BACK]

87. Halford 1833: 10-13. [BACK]

88. Skae "Climacteric Insanity" 1865, Skae "Climacteric Insanity in the Male" 1865. [BACK]

89. Podolsky 1933: 70. [BACK]

90. De Fleury 1910, Gleason 1916. [BACK]

91. Galloway 1933:129. [BACK]

92. Moinson 1934. [BACK]

93. Nascher 1914: 1. [BACK]

94. Nascher 1915: 541-43. [BACK]

95. Nascher 1914: 6. [BACK]

96. See, for example, Walker 1985. [BACK]

97. See, for example, Martin 1987. [BACK]

98. Nascher 1914: 16-17.

99. Ibid.: 18-19. [BACK]

98. Nascher 1914: 16-17.

99. Ibid.: 18-19. [BACK]

100. Nascher 1915:541-44. [BACK]

101. See Amaducci, Rocca, and Schoenberg 1986, Beach 1987, Berrios 1990, Berrios and Freeman (eds.) 1991. [BACK]

102. Berrios 1990: 363.

103. Ibid.: 362. [BACK]

102. Berrios 1990: 363.

103. Ibid.: 362. [BACK]

104. Alzheimer 1907. [BACK]

105. Berrios 1990: 359-63. [BACK]

106. I am less certain than Berrios appears to be as to whether the Alzheimer of the 1907 paper is as much a part of this consensus as Berrios seems to suggest. Alzheimer repeatedly stresses, in that paper, the failure of existing classifications to capture the peculiarities of the case in question. [BACK]

107. Wolfenstein 1955, FitzGerald 1986. [BACK]

108. Egan 1992. [BACK]

109. Chui 1989. [BACK]

110. Shakespeare 1974: II: iv: 204. [BACK]

111. Fuller 1912: 452-53, 453-54.

112. Ibid.: 541-43. [BACK]

111. Fuller 1912: 452-53, 453-54.

112. Ibid.: 541-43. [BACK]

113. Ramaseshan and Martin (eds.) 1992. [BACK]

114. See, for example, the cover of Berrios and Freeman (eds.) 1991. [BACK]

1. "Study Suggests . . ." 1996. [BACK]

2. Herrnstein and Murray 1994. [BACK]

3. Daly 1996. [BACK]

1. In an earlier draft of this chapter (Cohen 1992), I used pseudonyms for the four individuals I discuss at length here; in this version, I use the real names. With reflection, issues of honesty and accountability (mine) seemed of greater concern than an imagined and never requested need for confidentiality. [BACK]

2. Bose and Gangrade 1988. Pati and Jena 1989. [BACK]

3. Soodan 1975, Bose and Gangrade (eds.) 1988, Desai (ed.) 1982, Sharma and Dak (eds.) 1987, de Souza and Fernandes (eds.) 1982, Biswas (ed.) 1987, Pati and Jena (eds.) 1989. [BACK]

4. Obviously, there have been books with other titles; the point here is to stress the degree of routinization and the epistemological consequences of social science that must be nominated as "in India." Other works with different titles but similar narratives include Bhatia 1983 and Vijaya Kumar 1991; works with different narratives are fewer, and include Marulasiddaiah's classic 1969 study. [BACK]

5. See George Basalla's discussion of "the spread of Western science" in three similar but less ironically treated phases (1967), as well as Deepak Kumar's critique (1995). [BACK]

6. Soodan 1975: 1.

7. Ibid.: 11. [BACK]

6. Soodan 1975: 1.

7. Ibid.: 11. [BACK]

8. Subrahmanium 1988: vi. [BACK]

9. Gangrade 1988:27. [BACK]

10. See Cohen 1983. [BACK]

11. Desai 1982, Desai 1987, Goyal 1989, Kohli 1987, Mishra 1989, Mohanty 1989, Ramnath 1989, Saxena 1988, Sinha 1989, Srivastava 1988, Subrahmanium 1988. [BACK]

12. United Nations World Assembly on Aging 1982. [BACK]

13. United States Department of State 1982. [BACK]

14. India, Ministry of Welfare 1987. [BACK]

15. United Nations Office at Vienna 1988. [BACK]

16. India, Ministry of Welfare 1988. [BACK]

17. United States Department of State 1982: 1.

18. Ibid.: 3, my italics. [BACK]

17. United States Department of State 1982: 1.

18. Ibid.: 3, my italics. [BACK]

19. Cowgill and Orgren 1979:503-4 [BACK]

20. Cowgill and Holmes 1972. See Robertson 1984. [BACK]

21. Parsons 1949:230-31. [BACK]

22. Burgess 1960. [BACK]

23. De Beauvoir 1972: 321-22. [BACK]

24. Palmore and Manton 1974: 210. [BACK]

25. See Drèze and Sen 1989, Agarwal 1990, 1994, Chen and Dreèze 1992. [BACK]

26. De Souza 1981, De Souza and Fernandes (eds.) 1982. [BACK]

27. Laslett 1985. [BACK]

28. Nydegger 1983. [BACK]

29. Townsend 1981: 9. [BACK]

30. Neysmith and Edwardth 1984: 39. [BACK]

31. Cowgill and Holmes 1972: 310-11. [BACK]

32. Quadagno 1982: 5-6. [BACK]

33. Fischer 1978. See also M. Johnson 1973. [BACK]

34. Minois 1987, but see Cohen 1994 for a critique. [BACK]

35. Fischer 1978; Achenbaum 1985. [BACK]

36. Stearns 1977. [BACK]

37. Quadagno 1982: 22-23. [BACK]

38. Rhoads 1984: 249. [BACK]

39. Reid 1985: 92. [BACK]

40. Nydegger 1983. [BACK]

41. Ross 1982: 286-90. [BACK]

42. Bailey 1957. [BACK]

43. Epstein 1962. [BACK]

44. Epstein 1973: 210. [BACK]

45. Desai 1956. [BACK]

46. Epstein 1973: 201, citing Desai. [BACK]

47. Kolenda 1967, Y. Singh 1973. [BACK]

48. Epstein 1973: 206-10. [BACK]

49. Cohn 1960, Madan 1965, Rao 1968, Gore 1968, Shah 1974, Van der Veen 1976. [BACK]

50. Gray and Mearns (eds.) 1989. [BACK]

51. Propp 1968. [BACK]

52. Nandy 1983. [BACK]

53. See Shweder and Miller 1985, Ramanujan 1989, Daniel 1984, Marriott 1976, 1989, Roland 1988. [BACK]

54. Tharu 1989: 127. [BACK]

55. Ahmad 1992. [BACK]

56. Djurfeldt and Lindberg 1980. See de Souza 1981: 42 for the application of Djurfeldt and Lindberg to the study of the poor eldedy. [BACK]

57. Walford 1983. [BACK]

58. Mahdihassan 1979. [BACK]

59. Ojha and Kumar 1978. [BACK]

60. Capra 1975. [BACK]

61. Francis Zimmermann has recently offered a fairly lengthy critique of my work based upon the following few paragraphs on Chyawanprash (1995). Charging me with the faults of being on the one hand a "cultural relativist" and on the other a champion of biomedical primacy in the tradition of the medical anthropologist George Foster, Zimmermann rightly suggests that any attention to the bodily politics of Chyawanprash is incomplete without an effort to analyze its efficacy and locate this efficacy within a genealogical narrative of herbal medicines (" Si nous nous limitons à décrire les ressorts du succès de l'industrie

ayurvédique qui satisfait à une demande artificiellement suscitée par la publicité et l'idéologie hindoue, comme le fait Cohen, sans poser la question de l'efficacité, nous sombrons dans le relativisme culturel et le cynicisme des observateurs comme George Foster . . . "). His effort to take my argument on the tonic in a different direction is welcome.

Unfortunately, Zimmermann seems less interested in engaging the arguments on the old body presented here than in reading them somewhat awkwardly within what seems to be a contemporary French anxiety over cultural relativism and the associated dangers of the American style. But the point in the paragraphs above is not that Chyawanprash is or is not reducible to the politics of its contemporary commercial or generational dynamics. Rather, it is that the old body is ambiguously framed as a legitimate medical object within a variety of textual and ethnographic materials, that this ambiguity can be heightened and exploited for a variety of clinical or other practical ends, and that efforts to think in thirdperson terms about the relation of "the old body" to particular old bodies in space and time need engage such uses of ambiguity. This point is as relevant for the deployment of allopathy as for that of Ayurveda . [BACK]

62. Somadeva 1968 [1880]. [BACK]

63. See Cohen "The Epistemological Carnival" 1995. [BACK]

64. Jordens 1978: 150-52. [BACK]

65. Bakshi 1991: 88, 174. [BACK]

66. Butalia 1993. [BACK]

67. Goffman 1961, Gubrium 1975. [BACK]

68. Langer 1989. [BACK]

69. Estes 1980. [BACK]

70. Stevens 1987. [BACK]

71. Foucault 1977. [BACK]

72. Banerji 1990 [1929]; Premchand 1978 [1921]. [BACK]

73. Paul 1983. [BACK]

74. Banerjee 1989. [BACK]

75. Sarkar 1989:38. [BACK]

76. Nandy 1980: 7-9. [BACK]

1. Atharva Veda XX: 129-32. Griffith 1895-96:437f. [BACK]

1. Denby 1994. [BACK]

2. King Lear III: iv: 11-14. [BACK]

3. King Lear II: iv: 108-10. [BACK]

4. Vatuk 1990: 67. [BACK]

5. Sontag 1978. [BACK]

6. Berrios 1990. See also Amaducci, Rocca, and Schoenberg 1986. [BACK]

7. Freud 1966. [BACK]

8. Zimmermann 1989. [BACK]

9. Brass 1972, Leslie 1976. [BACK]

10. D. Ojha and A. Kumar 1978, Zimmermann 1992. [BACK]

11. Filliozat 1976. [BACK]

12. Cohen "The Epistemological Carnival" 1995. [BACK]

13. Capra 1975. [BACK]

14. Susruta ( Cikitsasthanam XXVII: 6) 1981 [1911]: vol. 2: 516-18. [BACK]

15. Caraka ( Cikitsasthanam I: i: 7) 1983: vol. 2: 4. [BACK]

16. Srikanta Murthy 1984: iii. [BACK]

17. Sarngadhara (I: vii: 20) 1984:30. [BACK]

18. Varma 1987. [BACK]

19. J. Ojha 1978: vii, 14-15. [BACK]

20. Caraka ( Cikitsasthanam I: i: 68-74) 1983: vol. 2: 9-10.

21. Ibid. (I: i: 17-21) 1983: vol. 2: 4-5.

22. Ibid. (I: iv: 27) 1983: vol. 2:31. [BACK]

20. Caraka ( Cikitsasthanam I: i: 68-74) 1983: vol. 2: 9-10.

21. Ibid. (I: i: 17-21) 1983: vol. 2: 4-5.

22. Ibid. (I: iv: 27) 1983: vol. 2:31. [BACK]

20. Caraka ( Cikitsasthanam I: i: 68-74) 1983: vol. 2: 9-10.

21. Ibid. (I: i: 17-21) 1983: vol. 2: 4-5.

22. Ibid. (I: iv: 27) 1983: vol. 2:31. [BACK]

23. Good and Good 1981. [BACK]

24. Nichter 1980. [BACK]

25. See A. Kleinman "A Window on Mental Health" 1988. [BACK]

26. Boral et al. 1989. [BACK]

27. Hubert and Mauss 1981 [1898]: 21-28. [BACK]

28. Caraka ( Cikitsasthanam II: 2: 14-17) 1983: vol. 2:41-42. [BACK]

29. Maine 1876: 283-90. [BACK]

30. Both of these persons are described through pseudonyms: in one case the family requested not to be named and in the other I did not have the opportunity to meet all of the relatives I discuss in order to ask permission. [BACK]

31. Biswas 1968: 892. [BACK]

32. Potter 1977: 172-73, Larson 1992. [BACK]

33. Matilal 1985: 208. [BACK]

34. Larson 1992. [BACK]

35. Potter 1981.

36. Ibid.: 69. [BACK]

35. Potter 1981.

36. Ibid.: 69. [BACK]

37. Marriott 1976. [BACK]

38. O'Flaherty 1984: 209-10, 220, 224. [BACK]

39. Babb 1987: 123. [BACK]

40. Somadeva 1968: 374-75. [BACK]

41. Edgerton 1926: lii-liv. [BACK]

42. Vikramacarita 1926: 6-7. [BACK]

1. Discussion with the journalist and media critic Amita Malik, 17 June 1996. [BACK]

1. Subramaniam 1965: 49. [BACK]

2. Benson 1975. [BACK]

3. Ninan 1991. [BACK]

4. Marriott 1989. [BACK]

5. Trawick 1990. [BACK]

6. O'Flaherty 1981. [BACK]

7. Marriott 1976, 1989; Daniel 1984. [BACK]

8. Varma 1987. [BACK]

9. De 1986: 157. [BACK]

10. B. Mishra and V. Mishra 1965. [BACK]

11. The connections between contemporary Rasayana and urine therapy are minimal but do exist and are far from Desai's idiosyncrasy alone. See Mithal 1979, Patel 1978. [BACK]

12. Myerhoff 1978. [BACK]

13. The discussion of such triangles leads from Lévi-Strauss on the circulation of women to Rubin 1975 and Sedgwick 1985. [BACK]

14. Ramanujan 1983. [BACK]

15. See Das 1982. [BACK]

16. Sobti 1991. [BACK]

17. See Das 1996. [BACK]

18. Carstairs 1958; Kakar 1981. [BACK]

19. Nandy 1983. [BACK]

20. Carstairs 1958:138, 153.

21. Ibid.: 158-60, my emphasis. [BACK]

20. Carstairs 1958:138, 153.

21. Ibid.: 158-60, my emphasis. [BACK]

22. Nandy 1983: 4-18. [BACK]

23. Such a description of Hijras, the "third gender" of India, is not mine but that of Carstairs, who saw Hijras as living metaphors for Rajasthani men. See Carstairs 1956, Cohen "The Pleasures of Castration" 1995. [BACK]

24. Nandy 1983: 17-18. [BACK]

25. Kakar 1982: 134-35. [BACK]

26. See Cohen "Holi in Banaras" 1995. [BACK]

27. Kakar 1979: 125-26. [BACK]

28. Despite the emergence of several important works in psychological anthropology and sociology, such as Stanley Kurtz's critical rethinking of Oedipus in India literature (1992), as well as work on aspects of adult masculinity in Varanasi by Nita Kumar (1988), Joseph Alter (1992), and Steven Derne (1995), work on family relations and child development in north India paralleling Margaret Trawick's seminal work in Tamil Nadu (1990) has been limited. [BACK]

29. Ramanujan 1983: 252. [BACK]

30. Leach 1962, Courtright 1985, Obeysekere 1990, Cohen 1991. [BACK]

31. Mahabharata (1 [7.c]. 78: 30-80: 12) 1973: 191-94. [BACK]

32. Saraswati 1975. [BACK]

33. Ramayana ( Ayodhyakanda 57, 58) 1986: 205-10. [BACK]

34. Vatuk 1980: 147. [BACK]

35. Poems read at the Indian Institute for Advanced Study, Simla, June 19, 1996. [BACK]

36. Marriott 1989. [BACK]

37. Brahma Purana , Part I, 1985: xix. [BACK]

38. Brahma Purana (126: 27-33), Part 3, 1986: 687. The editors' license in translating the text using contemporary medical terms (asthma, bronchitis) should be noted. [BACK]

39. Padma Purana ( Kriyayogasarakhanda 26: 26) Part 10, 1992: 3547. [BACK]

40. Jones 1807:368-69 [BACK]

41. Chatterjee 1993. [BACK]

42. Chadha 1989, "The Janata Dal candidate" 1989. [BACK]

43. "Paschim Bangal" 1989. [BACK]

44. Bali 1989. [BACK]

45. [Old woman voting] 1989. [Old woman voting] 1990. [BACK]

46. Raza 1990. [BACK]

47. A. Kleinman and J. Kleinman 1991. [BACK]

48. Das 1982; Marglin 1977. [BACK]

49. Shweder 1989, Shweder and Miller 1985. [BACK]

50. See Das 1995. [BACK]

51. Ramayana ( Ayodhyakanda 57: 32) 1986: 206. [BACK]

52. Vatuk 1990; 82. [BACK]

53. Khosa n.d. [BACK]

54. Kaufman 1986: 7. [BACK]

55. Cole and Gadow 1986; de Beauvoir 1972. [BACK]

56. Neugarten 1968. See also Cohen 1994. [BACK]

57. Sankar 1984. [BACK]

58. Scheper-Hughes and Lock 1987. [BACK]

59. Vatuk 1990. [BACK]

60. Kakar 1979. [BACK]

61. J. Levin and W. Levin 1980. [BACK]

62. Madan 1987. [BACK]

1. Kumar 1988, Cohen "Holi in Banaras" 1995. [BACK]

2. "Punjabi Bagh" 1990. [BACK]

3. Fraser 1989: 22. [BACK]

4. Turner 1969. [BACK]

5. Anantharaman 1979, Ramamurthy 1979, Saraswathi and Dutta 1988: 120, S. Mishra 1989, Sinha 1989. [BACK]

6. Burgess 1954, Havighurst 1954, Cumming and Henry 1961. [BACK]

7. Dalvi and Gandhi 1989. [BACK]

8. M. Singh 1989. [BACK]

9. See for example Danielou 1964, 1982. [BACK]

10. DSM-III-R 1987. [BACK]

11. See Lock 1993 for a more extensive discussion of the issues raised here. [BACK]

12. Sharma and Saxena 1981. [BACK]

13. Lock 1993: 34-36. [BACK]

14. Du Toit 1990. [BACK]

15. George 1988. [BACK]

16. Lock 1993. [BACK]

17. See Laura Nader's critique of "harmony ideology" for a related discussion of the limits of balance as rhetoric (1990). [BACK]

18. See Woodward 1991 for an exemplary effort to work through questions of subjectivity in old age in terms of a Lacanian concern with mirroring, identity, and difference. [BACK]

19. Mehta 1989. [BACK]

20. Cohen 1983. [BACK]

21. Venkoba Rao 1989. [BACK]

22. Kolenda 1967; Agarwal 1994. [BACK]

23. Obeysekere 1985, Bottèro 1991. [BACK]

24. Yesavage et al. 1979, Coffman 1979. [BACK]

25. Avorn and Soumerai 1983, Soumerai and Avorn 1987. [BACK]

26. Kugler and Agnoli 1988. [BACK]

27. Kugler 1988. [BACK]

28. "Therapeutic Effectiveness" n.d. [BACK]

29. Kugler 1988. [BACK]

1. Premchand 1968. [BACK]

2. Eck 1982. [BACK]

3. Dalit has become a term by which an increasing number of Varanasi Chamar identify their political commonality with other "untouchable" or "Harijan" communities; at the time of research in the late 1980s, however, it was seldom used by people in Nagwa to describe themselves and will not be used here. Chamar can be an offensive term in some contexts, but not it is hoped in the kind of writing offered here. [BACK]

4. Khare 1984. [BACK]

5. See Freeman (1979) for some discussion of untouchable caste performance. [BACK]

6. Ravidas 1988. By permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. [BACK]

7. For a structurally analogous situation, see Gaylene Becker's study of hearingimpaired old people, for whom lifelong identification as deaf transforms the everyday knowledge and experience of being old (1980). [BACK]

8. Dumont 1980. [BACK]

9. Berreman 1971, Mencher 1974. [BACK]

10. Marglin 1977, Dirks 1987. [BACK]

11. Malamoud 1988. [BACK]

12. Appadurai 1986, Das 1982, Dirks 1987, Marglin 1977, Marriott 1989, Quigley 1993, Raheja 1989, Uberoi 1996. [BACK]

13. Khare 1984. [BACK]

14. See Searle-Chatterjee (1981) for a related finding. [BACK]

15. The string amulet as differential signifier of the male body across class has been used in contemporary advertising campaigns, perhaps nowhere as explicitly in terms of its complex relation to kamzori as in the television ad in which a wife enters the bedroom to find her husband, Bi-joy (a homoerotic play on the Bengali name Bijoy), in bed with a thinner, amulet-wearing bhaiya (north Indian lumpen). The husband panics and scrambles to get dressed; the bhaiya is thoroughly unconcerned. The ad, somewhat mysteriously designed to sell television sets (the wife drops their television in surprise), offers a doubled and inverted reading of kamzori : both the rich Bijoy versus the lumpen bhaiya , thin and protected by his amulet, and the unprotected and anal-receptive (notably Bengali) Bi-joy versus the amuletprotected and active bhaiya Televisions that do not break are being offered as protective wrapping to prevent middle-class weakness in the face of the receptivity of the new consumerism. [BACK]

16. Asli Bara Indrajal n.d. [BACK]

17. One uses ''empowering'' with caution, given its overdetermined and class-laden context; yet menstrual blood in this context is literally empowering through its removal of embodied weakness. [BACK]

18. See Cohen (1983), where I contrast the use of jara and vrddhatva in Epic and Puranic texts. [BACK]

19. See Madan 1987. [BACK]

20. See Khare 1984 for a lengthy discussion of similar themes. [BACK]

21. Appadurai 1986:752. [BACK]

22. See Cohen "The Pleasures of Castration" 1995 for a discussion of Chandan. [BACK]

23. Cohn 1955, 1960. [BACK]

24. The eponymous grandmother of the internationally televised documentary film Dadi and Her Family (1982) is in many ways similar to Juguli in her concerns over the bahu as the cause of brothers separating and old parents being neglected. [BACK]

25. Tara Devi's name is kept, at her request; the others have been changed. [BACK]

26. Susruta ( Nidanasthanam 1:3) 1981 [1911]: vol. 2: 2. [BACK]

27. Zimmermann 1987: 8. [BACK]

28. Susruta ( Nidanasthanam I: 4—12) 1981 [1911]: vol. 2: 2-4. [BACK]

29. Dash 1978:24. [BACK]

30. Radcliffe-Brown 1940. [BACK]

1. See "Janpad men bheriye se zyada aphvahon ka jor " 1996. [BACK]

2. "Janpad men bheriye se zyada aphvahon ka jor" 1996, "Lakarsunghva[?] ke aphva[?]h se sva[?]tsthy pariksan nah[?]n ho saka" 1996. [BACK]

3. "Wolves Strike Again in Pratapgarh District" 1996, "Hyena Hunters Fail to Convince People" 1996. [BACK]

4. "Human Hyena?" 1996. [BACK]

5. "Hyena Strikes Again, Baby Saved" 1996, "Hyena Menace Still in Villages: Police Forced to Hand Over Killed Girl's Body" 1996, "Child-Killing: Police Still in Dark about Black Figure" 1996, "Three 'Wolf-Men' Lynched in U.P." 1996, "Mysterious Disappearances of Two-Year-Old Girl" 1996. [BACK]

6. "Adamkhor janwar ne adhikariyon va janta ki nind urai" 1996. [BACK]

7. "Another Lynching by Mistake," Northern Indian Patrika 1996, "Another Burnt Alive in Kanpur" 1996. [BACK]

8. "Kanpur Mob Roasts Woman Alive" 1996. [BACK]

9. "Lakarsunghva ke bhram men baba ko pulis ke havale kiya" 1996. [BACK]

10. See Scheper-Hughes (1990) for a discussion of the complex truths behind child-theft rumor. [BACK]

1. I have heard several versions of this couplet. I cite the variant printed in the 1909 Benares Gazetteer (Novill 1909: 90-91), reading Nevill's "sewa" in the second line as the more grammatical sevan . [BACK]

2. Chadha 1988. [BACK]

3. Eck 1982. [BACK]

4. White 1989. [BACK]

5. Drèze and Chen 1992; Agarwal 1994. [BACK]

6. Carstairs 1983; Chen n.d. [BACK]

7. Scheper-Hughes 1992. [BACK]

8. Evans-Pritchard 1937; Favret-Saada 1980. [BACK]

9. Freud 1995: 126, 127. [BACK]

10. Taussig 1980: 181, 230-31. [BACK]

11. See the ethnographies of Saletore 1981 and Kapur 1983 and the writing of Premchand 1988, Bandyopadhyay 1990, and Devi 1990. [BACK]

12. Carstairs 1958, Kakar 1981. [BACK]

13. Obeysekere 1990. [BACK]

14. See Kurtz 1992. [BACK]

15. Carstairs 1983: 63; Chen n.d. [BACK]

16. Premchand 1988: 35, 36. [BACK]

17. Saraswati 1984. [BACK]

18. Premchand 1978 [1921]: 144, 145 (my translation). [BACK]

19. Bhagavata Purana (III. 30. 12-15), Part 1, 1976:398. [BACK]

20. Bhagavata Purana (VII. 14. 9, 11), Part 3, 1976: 980, 981. [BACK]

21. S. Sinha and Saraswati 1978: 50. [BACK]

22. Parry 1982, Svoboda 1986. [BACK]

23. Tambiah 1984: 345. [BACK]

24. For the former, see Howes (ed.) 1991. [BACK]

25. Eck 1981: 4-5. [BACK]

26. Amin 1988. [BACK]

27. Turner 1974: 193-96. [BACK]

28. Munn 1992., O[?]sto[?]r 1993. [BACK]

29. Radcliffe-Brown 1940. [BACK]

1. Myerhoff 1978. [BACK]

1. Haggard 1889. [BACK]

2. Gupta and Ferguson n.d. [BACK]

3. Daniel 1984, Marriott 1976, 1989. [BACK]

4. See CaUahan 1987, 1993. [BACK]

5. Several white staff members at the American hospital on whose ethics committee I have been an observer noted with some exasperation, in a committee discussion of futility and appropriate care, that African American family members were far more likely to resist staff efforts to get them to agree to the withholding of intensive care when it was likely to be futile. The staff understood this resistance, for the most part, as suspiciousness—based upon a history of discrimination—that prevented rational decision-making. [BACK]

6. Roy 1975; Kakar 1981. [BACK]

7. Kleinman 1980. [BACK]

8. Young 1981. [BACK]

9. "Thousands Lost in Mela Yet to Be Reunited" 1989. [BACK]

10. Lewin 1996. [BACK]

11. Kevorkian 1996. [BACK]

12. Farmer and Kleinman 1989. [BACK]

13. Chopra 1992, 1993. [BACK]

14. Chopra, The Return of Merlin 1995, The Way of the Wizard 1995. [BACK]