Index
A
Abdul Qattah of Macina, 31
Ahern, E., 131
Amebiasis, 163
Ancestor's tooth, as cause of sickness, 140
Anxieties, vague, 40
Appetite, lack of, 19 , 24 , 92
Arom, S., 122 -123
Augé, M., 86
B
Bacterial infection, 163
Badju:
cult of affliction, Mai-Ndombe origin, Zaire, 11 ;
in Kinshasa, 19
Bantu languages and cultures, 8 , 57 -63;
Western, 11 -14, 60 -63, 64 , 67 , 68 , 73 , 198 -203;
expansion, 59 -63;
map of, 60 ;
Eastern, 60 -63, 73 , 203 -207;
lexicon of healing and health in, 63 -69;
hypothesis of expansion, and ngoma, 73 -74;
names of, 181 -188;
and distribution of therapeutic cognates, 189 -208;
and instruments of healing rites, 209 -213
Barrenness, 106 , 118 , 162 -165
Bastin, Y., 59
Berger, I., 76
Berliner, P., 70
Bernstein, B., 100
Betani (Swaziland) College of Diviners, 37 -50
Bibeau, G., 12
Bilumbu:
cult of affliction, Luba origin, 11 ;
in Kinshasa, 14 -18;
music for, 212
Bira, Shona rite comparable to ngoma, 212
Blood, high pressure of, caused by fear of others, 40
Bongita, rite of affliction, Mongo origin, 210
Boone, O., 70 -72
Boorse, C., 6
Booth, N., 14
Bourguignon, E., 134
Brideprice, affliction due to nonpayment of, 16
Bührman, V., and N. Gqomfa, 119 -120, 137
Bukavu (eastern Zaire), ngoma in, 92 -93, 97 -98
Burridge, K., 133
Butii, rite of affliction, Warega origin, 211
Buyeye, Sukuma snake-handling ngoma, 150 -151
Byamungu Lufungula wa Chibanga-banga, 92 -93, 97 -98
C
Caldwell, J., 156
Call and response, 44 , 72 , 110 ;
consist
across continent, 72 ;
basis of "doing ngoma," 111 -116
Cancer, 27
rationale for research site, 5 -6;
"doing ngoma" in, 110 -118
Centre International des Civilisations Bantoues (CICIBA), Libreville, Gabon research center, 59
Chavunduka, G., 171 -172
See also Mungano
Christianity:
and ngoma, 15 , 32 , 77 , 98 , 215 ;
in ngoma lyrics, 111 -118, 121
Cokwe people (Zaire, Angola, Zambia), 75
Color (red/white/black) symbolism, 8 ,15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 38 -39, 47 , 50 , 52 , 54 , 64 , 142 , 174 ;
spirits classified in terms of, 95 -99;
course through "the white," 101 -104, 168
Comaroff, J., 138
Cordell, D., 156
Corin, E., 18 -19, 131 , 137 -138
Cornet, J., xi
Cory, H., 2 , 8 , 21 -22, 150 -151
Courlander, H., 126 -127
Cult of affliction: defined, 1 , 10 ;
urban changes in, 18 -20.
See also Ngoma
Cwezi (also BuCwezi): rite of affliction of Ryangombe origin, 21 ;
in Sukumaland, 22 ;
in Dar es Salaam, 76
D
Dance, competition, 22 , 34 , 54 , 109 , 111 -116, 118 , 122 , 149 , 163 .
See also Drum; Rhythm; Song; Song-dance
Dar es Salaam, 10 , 60 , 90 , 142 -143;
rationale as research site, 5 -6;
Dawson, M., 154
DeCraemer, W., 3
De Heusch, L., 3 , 60 , 88 , 95 , 134 -136
Devisch, R., 12 , 131 , 145 , 148
Diabetes, 27
Diagnosis, 41 ;
of misfortune, 90 -94
Diarrhea, 31
Discourse:
on spirits and illness cases, 50 ;
studied, to establish criteria of therapeutic efficacy, 131 ;
expressions of ngoma discourse, 143 ;
as curing qualities of verbal therapy, 144 ;
grid of, in ngoma, 145 ;
centrality of, in ngoma interaction and knowledge, 176 .
See also Knowledge; Ritual; Song; Song-dance
Divination:
"throwing bones," 42 ;
in Swaziland, 37 -50;
in South Africa, 50 ;
mediumship vs. mechanistic, 42 -43, 48 -50;
relationship to cults of affliction, 91 -92;
femba type, 94 ;
of misfortune, 90 ff;
and spirits, 101 ;
communicative structure of, 123 ;
Ngombo type, Pende, 211 .
See also Diagnosis
Dòg, dògá, dògí, dògò , proto-Bantu cognate:
human-caused misfortune, force of words, 65 -66, 67 , 68 , 90 , 141 , 192 ;
addressed in ngoma healing, 85 , 90 ;
and spirit fields, 94
Donda (eastern Bantu, sore), 64
Doyal, L., 6
of animals, 19 ;
of people, 37 ;
of ancestors, 38 ;
of struggles, 92 ;
of Europeans, 140
Drum, drumming, 1 , 25 , 26 , 44 , 63 , 68 , 70 -72;
needed to bring out the spirit, 47 ;
purpose of, in healers' theories of ngoma, 143 .
See also Musical instruments
Dúád, dúádì, dúáídé (proto-Bantu, to become ill), 63 , 191
Duala people (Cameroon), 66
Dubos, R., 6
Durkheim, E., 78 , 80 , 98 , 173
E
Efficacy: of therapy, 7 ;
comparative criteria of, 130 -131;
of ngoma in Southern Savanna fertility enhancement, 164 -165
Ekata, rite of affliction, Boyela origin, 211
Ekoi people (Nigeria), 60 , 66
Elima, rite of affliction, Equateur, N. Zaire, origin, 11 , 209
Enaama (Mana), rite of affliction, Bukavu, of Bashi origin, 97
Entertainment, and ngoma, 32 -35
Equateur region (N. Zaire), Zebola, cult of affliction from, 18 -19
Etiology of disease, illness: children's illness and death, 12 , 23 , 162 ;
ordinary vs. sheitani , 27 ;
African vs. non-African, 40 ;
umbelelo, mego, resulting from interpersonal tensions, 40 ;
amakubalo , resulting from broken moral precepts, 40 , 93 ;
due to weakness, 44 ;
determine after hospital has "failed," 44 ;
"of God" vs. human-
caused, 65 -66;
spirit fields and, 94 -101;
conflict, interpersonal, as cause of illness, 137 ;
ultimate, and particular signs and symptoms, 137 ;
link between, and particular signs and symptoms, 137
Eyesight, loss of, 26
F
Face, twisted, distorted, 26
Fear, of poverty, by Whites, 40
Feldman, 82
Fertility enhancement ngoma, 161 -165
convulsive, 31
Fox, R., 3
Frankel, S., 159
Freidson, E., 6
Fry, P., 77
G
Gaisie, S., 162
Gàngà , proto-Bantu term for healer, doctor, for medicine, 23 , 31 , 67 -68, 193 .
See also N'anga
Geertz, C., 86
Giles, L., 136
Gluckman, M., 88
Goblet-Vanormelingen, V., 103 , 131 , 162 -165
Gonorrhea, 27
Goody, J., 156
Green, T., xii
Greenberg, J., 59
Gregory, J., and V. Piche, 156
Guthrie, M., 62 -68
Gynecological and obstetrical disorders, 19 , 92 ;
threatened, 165 ;
menstrual, 162 ;
dysmenorrhea, 163 ;
subfecundiry, 163 ;
genital tract disease, 163 .
See also Fertility enhancement; Infertility
H
Hamba : shrine type Southern Savanna, 67 , 103 ;
Chihamba, 118 -119;
Ihamba, 140 ;
as reproduction enhancing ngoma, among Luvale, 162 -164;
and ngoma among Pende, 211 ;
Yaka, 212 ;
Luvale, 212
Harwood, A., 6
Headache, 19 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 45 , 51 , 92 ,132 , 142
Healing: distinct from religion, in scholarship, 4 ;
distinctive features of Central African, 86
Health: definitions of, 6 -7, 154 , 216 -217;
indicators of, 155 -156;
social reproduction of, 156 -160
Heart: burn with anxiety, 19 , 92 ;
rapid or arhythmic beat, 19 ;
fear of attack, 51 ;
failure, 54 ;
afflictions, 132
Hemba people (Zaire), 66
Hemorrhoids, 27
Hookworm, 163
Huxley, F., 127
Huygens, P., 64 -65
Hygiene, ideas of, in African healing, 20
Hyman, L., 59
Hysteria, verbal (loss of speech), 132
I
Illness, accepting, as first stage of therapy, 51
Infectious disease, 166
widespread zone of, 162 -165
Institution, 7 , 78 , 80 -83, 173 -179;
variations, 4 ;
defined, 80 ;
synthetic model of African therapeutic, its risks and benefits, 86
Islam, and ngoma, 30 -32
Isolation, 19
Isoma, rite of affliction, Ndembu, 103 , 162
J
Joblessness, job anxiety, as cause of illness, 51
K
Kakozi, rite of affliction in Bukavu, of Rwandaise and Lega origin, 97
Kalanga people (Zimbabwe), 95
Kayong'u, rite of affliction, Ndembu, 140
Killingi, rite of affliction of Swahili coast, 21
Kingiri-ngiri, M., 30 -32
Kinshasa, rationale for research site, 5 -6, 60 , 137 ;
Kinyamukera, rite of affliction of Swahili coast, 26
Kleinman, A., 131
Knowledge:
of ngoma, codified in notebook, 27 ;
"survival knowledge" and ngoma, 109 , 176 ;
implicit, in symbols and metaphors, 131 ;
ancestral sanction of, 141 ;
content of, in ngoma, not overdetermined by possession, 149 -151;
consensual basis of, in healing, 152
Kongo region, people (Lower Zaire), 75 , 108 , 120 -121, 147 -148;
Nkita, rite of, 12 -14;
cults of affliction and historic trade, 45 , 64 -68, 160 -161
L
Last, M., and G. Chavunduka, 171 -172
Leach, E., 124
Leadership: sickness of, 12 ;
recruitment to, in ngoma, 138
Lemba:
Lower Zaire cult of affliction, 8 , 78 -79, 123 -124, 131 -132;
defining, as ngoma, 82 -83;
interpreted, 147 -148;
and social reproduction, 160 -161
Lesotho, social reproduction in, 158 -159
Lesthaege, R., 156
Lévi-Strauss, C., 133
Lichindika, rite of affliction, coastal Swahili, 26
Lokote, rite of affliction, Boyela origin, 211
Lovedu people (South Africa), 40
Luba people, 60 , 73 , 162 -165;
Bilumbu rite of, 14 -18
Lumbu. See Bilumbu
Luvale people (Zambia), 3 , 136 , 162 -165
M
Mabiala Mandela, xi , 19 -20, 92
Mabuza, I., 37 -49, 93 -94, 141
Madness, fear of, 37
Madogoli, rite of affliction, Swahili coast origin, 21 ;
explained, 26
Majini , spirits in Swahili ngoma, of Arabic origin, 23
Makala, E. K., xii , 25 -29, 33
Malaria, 163
Manianga:
rite of affliction, Kilwa origin, 21 ;
in Dar es Salaam, explained, 23 - 25 ;
paraphernalia used, 24 -25;
music for, 212
Maranhao, T., 144
Masheitani , spirits, of Arabic origin, 23
Matumbe, people, coastal Tanzania, 23 , 60
Mbabane-Manzini, Swaziland, rationale as research site, 5 , 60 . See also Swaziland
Mbochi people (Gabon), 66
Mbombo: rite of affliction, Ndembu, 103 ;
Luba-Shaba, 162 -164
Mbungi:
rite of affliction, Kilwa origin, 21 ;
in Dar es Salaam, explained, 23 ;
paraphernalia used, 25 ;
music for, 212
Medicine, 27 , 88 , 106 , 139 , 148 ;
combination of, in therapy, 20 , 31 ;
in kobe basket, 24 , 25 , 46 , 106 , 148 ;
in beaded gourds, 28 ;
in antelope horn, 29 ;
in trance divination, 43 , 45 ;
in bucket, 52 ;
drumming up, 108 ;
revealed in song-dance, 114 ;
given to assist patient to talk, 143 ;
defined as system, 154
Mediumship, 43 -50;
defined, in Swaziland, 45 ;
performed, in femba divination, 46 -50, 94 ;
in Zimbabwean war, 76 .
See also Divination; Possession; 77 . Trance
Meillassoux, C., 157
Mental disturbance, 26 , 27 , 140
Metaphor: 9 , 109 , 128 -131, 145 -149;
bridging domains, 117 ;
trance as, of experience, 128 , 129 , 136 ;
defined, 147 ;
of healing and transformation, 148 ;
of "difficult experience," and re- cruitment to ngoma, 145 , 149.
See also Ritual; Symbol; Trope
Meussen, A., 59
Mikanda-Mikanda, rite of affliction, Upper Zaire and Kivu origin, 11
Mind, memory loss, 17 ;
Mitchell, J. C., 2
Mitumba, rite of affliction, Bukavu, 97 , 98 , 99
Mizuka, Mzuka:
rite of affliction, East African, Kivu origin, 11 ;
in Dar es Salaam, 23 ;
in Kinshasa, 11
Morsy, S., 6
Mozambique, ngoma in, 95
Mpombo:
rite of affliction, Mai-Ndombe Zaire origin, 11 ;
in Kinshasa, 19
Msaghiro:
Tanzanian rite of affliction, 21 ;
Dar es Salaam, explained, 23 , 26 ;
performed, 28 -29;
music for, 212
Muchona, 139 -140
Mulangoyi, rite of affliction, Bukavu, of Lega, Zinga, Songe, 97
Mungano:
rite of affliction, Sukuma and Nyamwezi origin, in Dar es Salaam, 32 -33;
performed, 34 -35;
music of, 212
Musical instruments, in healing, 69 -74, 209 -213
N
N'anga:
rite of affliction, possibly Ngoni origin, 21 , 95 ;
spirits affecting, 23 ;
performed, 29 -30.
See also Gàngà
Navarro, V., 154
Ndebele, people (S. Africa, Zimbabwe), 35 , 37 , 60
Ndembu people (W. Zambia), subject of V. Turner's research, 1 -3, 60 , 77 , 108 ,139 -140, 162
Needham, R., 127
Neher, A., 127
Nervous breakdown, 45
Ngòmà (proto-Bantu, drum, song-dance):
defined, 1 ;
research on, 2 -6;
performance of, 16 -17, 28 -30, 33 - 35 , 44 -48, 52 -54, 110 -116;
as guilds in Sukuma society, 22 ;
in relation to Islam, 31 -32;
of entertainment, in Dar es Salaam, 32 -35;
and stress on divination of Nguni societies, 35 -37;
in Swaziland, 37 -50;
initiation to, in Cape Town, 51 -55;
as proto-Bantu cognate, 68 -69;
hypothesis of historic origin, 73 -74;
summary of patterns of representation of, 79 ;
ontology of, as unique institution, 80 -83;
as uncaptured power base, 177 ;
distribution of cognate in Bantu languages, 197
Ngubane, H., xii , 3 , 49 , 65 , 170 .
See also Sibisi
Nguni language and peoples, 8 , 38 -55, 78
Nkanga, rite of affliction, Mongo, 211
Nkisi (kícì ), 12 , 64 , 67 , 68 , 72 , 74 , 78 -79, 88 , 106 , 139 , 201 ;
musical accompaniment, among Woyo, 212
Nkita, Lower Zaire Kongo cult of affliction for lineage, household and individual wellbeing, 11 , 12 -14, 103 , 135 , 162
Nkula: rite of affliction, Ndembu, 103 ;
Luvale, 162 ;
music in, 212
Nsenga people (Mozambique), 74
Nsiala Miaka Makengo, xi , 12 -13
Nyamulemule, rite of affliction, Bukavu, of Batembo and Bashi origin, 98
Nyamwezi people (eastern Tanzania), 33 , 60 , 75
Nzombo, rite of affliction, Ngbaka origin, 211
Nzondo, rite of affliction, Mongo origin, 209 -210
O
Obenga, T., 64 -66
P
Pains, vague, 40
Paralysis, 26
Parsons, T., 6
Pedi people (S. Africa), 35 , 37
Pende people (Zaire), 67
Phillipson, D., 59
Pollution, of death, 111 -113
Possession, 1 , 8 , 19 , 23 , 32 , 79 , 89 , 100 , 134 -139;
in dances, 29 ;
with mediumship, 43 ;
in Bilumbu, 15 -18;
ngoma practice, without, 26 ;
and divination, 94 ;
distinction of belief in, and trance, 134 ;
theories of, 135 -136;
as minor cause of illness in Zebola, 137 ;
minor feature of ngoma, exaggerated by scholars, 140 -141;
as hypothesis or ideology, 149 -152.
See also Mediumship; Spirit; Trance
Power:
controlled and uncontrolled, 3 ;
authority, social renewal, and healing, 12 ;
liaison of ngoma to party in power, 28 ;
ngoma in relation to sovereign power of state, 75 -76;
weak states or segmentary societies, 79 ;
and efficacy of ngoma rite, 149 ;
legitimacy of ngoma, attraction of state, 171 ;
ngoma as uncaptured power base, 177
Prohibition, in health and illness, 64 -65.
See also Transgression
Psychological distress, 12 , 18
Purification, metaphors and techniques of, 64 , 89 , 101 , 111
Pútá, púté (proto-Bantu, boil, sore, wound), 63 , 190
Q
R
Reproduction enhancement, 161 -165
Respiratory disorder, 140 ;
asthma, 27
of words, 108 ;
polyrhythms, 122 -123;
distinctive, in each ngoma, 126 ;
and trance, 126 -128
Riesman, P., 82
Rite of passage, 87 -89
Ritual:
defined, 124 -126;
and music in ngoma, 126 -128;
summarized, 174 . See also Cult of affliction;
Metaphor; Symbol
Ritualization:
of affliction, 1 ;
cult of affliction as, in human society, 88 ;
as added levels of text, and reasons for, in ngoma, 124 -125
Roberts, A., 14
Rouget, G., 127
Ruhani:
rite of affliction, Swahili coast origin, 21 ;
in Dar es Salaam, in relation to Islam, 30 -31
Rungu, rite of affliction, Swahili coast origin, 21
S
Sacrifice, 15 ;
in Cape Town ngoma, 51 -54, 166 ;
when occurring in ngoma rites, 89 ;
theories of, in ngoma, 104 -105
Sautter, G., 160
Savage, M., 6
Schneider, D., 80 -81
Schoffeleers, 134
gourd, 24
Shaking of body, 24
Shangani people (Mozambique), 37 , 38
Shirika la Madawa ya Kiasili (Organization of Traditional Medicine, coastal Tanzania), 25 , 27 , 79 , 142 , 170 -172
Shona people (Zimbabwe), 70 -71, 73
Sibisi, H., 98 -99.
See also Ngubane
Sindzingre, N., 131
Smith, M. G., 80
Snake-handling, in Tanzanian ngoma, 149 -151
Sobhuza 37
Social reproduction: of health, 6 -7, 156 -159;
profiles of, 159 -172
Song, singing, 1 , 6 , 16 -17, 38 , 39 , 44 , 52 , 69 , 108 , 109 , 111 -116, 119 , 120 , 121 , 126 , 143 , 145 , 147 , 151 , 174 , 175 ;
common and personal, in ngoma, 118 -122;
call and response in, 117 , 122 -126;
metaphors in, 146 ;
and inchoate feelings of "difficult experience," 152
Song-dance, 1 , 35 , 54 , 109 , 111 -116, 118 , 122 , 149 , 163
Sorcery, 40 .
See also Witchcraft
Sotho-Tswana people (Lesotho, Botswana, South Africa), 50 -55, 167
Soul, loss, as cause of child's illness, 46
Spirits, 123 ;
loss of contact with, 12 ;
of vengeful ancestors as cause of sickness, 46 ;
displeasure over unfinished marriage, as cause of sickness, 46 ;
hypothesis of recruitment to cult of affliction, 92 , 143 , 145 ;
fields, 94 -101;
in Mozambique, 95 ;
in Swaziland, 95 -96;
in South Africa, 96 ;
in coastal Tanzania, 96 ;
in eastern Zaire, 97 ;
in Zululand, 98 ;
in divination communicative structures, 123 ;
spirit logic, 134 -139;
displeasure of, 140 ;
relation to trance, 140 -143.
See also Mediumship; Possession; Trance
Spring, A., 2 -3, 103 , 131 , 136 , 162 -165
Stevens, P., 82 -83
See also Gynecological and obstetrical disorders
Stock, R., 156
Stuart, C., 82
Sukumaland, people (western Tanzania), 8 , 21 -22, 33 -34, 77 , 121 , 135 , 150 -151;
and work of H. Cory in, 2 ;
ngoma in, 21 -22
Suku people (Zaire), 67
Swaziland, people: rationale as research site, 5 -6;
ngoma in, 35 -50, 75 , 93 , 94 , 98 -99, 140 -141;
spirit fields in, 95 -96
Symbol, Symbolism, 58 ;
as attribute of institution, 80 ;
"drum" as symbol of therapeutic institution, 82 -83;
of color, in ngoma, 101 -105;
that stands for itself, 108 , 109 ;
nonverbal, 121 ;
in ritual, 125 ;
reproduction of, 157 ;
and state control, 171 .
See also Metaphor; Trope
Symptom-sign:
absence of specificity, in ngoma affliction, 55 , 94 ;
of misfortune, in ngoma, 92 -94;
in Zebola, 137
T
Tanzanian Ministry of Culture, Music Division, xii , 33 -34, 150 , 175 ;
Teke people (Congo), 67
Therapeutic traditions:
indigenous Afri- can, defined, 1 -2;
research strategy in study of, 5 -6;
mimicry of Western, 20 ;
organized into association, 27 ff;
Islamic-Arabic, and ngoma, 27 -28, 31 -32, 136 ;
Christian faith healing, 44 , 138 -139;
psychotherapeutic interpretation, of ngoma, 137 , 138 ;
Western self-help, 142 , 177 ;
family therapy, 144 .
See also Health; Knowledge; World Health Organization
Therapy:
individual and collective mechanisms of, 7 , 13 , 14 , 21 ;
with white powder (pémbà ), 15 , 16 , 67 , 101 ,
104 ;
seclusion, counseling, ritual, 19 , 21 , 45 , 51 , 163 ;
paraphernalia for, in Dar es Salaam, 25 ;
"outlining" person with medicine, 28 ;
reading and prayer, 31 ;
ngoma for, vs. entertainment, 32 ;
immunization against snakebite, with venom, 35 ;
meditative and counseling, 37 ;
through force of words, 66 ;
proto-Bantu cognates of, 66 -68;
characteristic features of Central African, 86 , 88 ;
"course through white" as, 101 -104;
sacrifice as, 104 -105;
herbal, dietary, and ritual, 163 ;
beneficial and deliterious, in reproduction enhancement, 164 .
See also Divination; Drum, drumming; Efficacy; Medicine; Ngoma
Thompson, R. F., 127
Thonga people (Mozambique), 37 -38, 135 ;
Vandau among, 135
Traditional Medicine Research Unit, Muhimbili Hospital, Dar es Salaam, xi , 30
Trance: in Bilumbu, 16 , 18 , 92 , 100 ;
femba, in Swaziland, 45 ;
and musical rhythms, 127 -128;
rise and decline, presence and absence of, in ngoma, 140 -141.
See also Mediumship; Possession; Spirits
Transgression, of social rules, cause of sign-symptoms, 137 .
See also Prohibition
Trope:
"doing ngoma" as dominant, 108 ;
and difficult experience, 145 , 149 .
See also Metaphor; Ritual; 150 . Symbol
Tukuka, rite of affliction, Ndembu, 140
Turner, V. W., 1 , 2 , 21 , 64 , 77 , 83 , 88 , 103 -105, 108 , 119 , 125 , 139 -140, 162 -164
Twasa (sickness, call, to initiation), little symptom-sign specificity in, 55 , 137 , 140
Twin pregnancies, 162
U
Unschuld, P., 171 -172
Urinary tract disease, 163
V
Van Onselen, C., 76
Venda people (South Africa), 71 , 108 , 126
Visions, 37 ;
of ancestors, 38
Vomiting, 31 ;
W
Waite, G., 67
Weakness, of body, 24
Webster, D., 95
Weight, loss or excess, 19 , 24 , 92
West, M., xii
Wetsi-Wokenda, rite of affliction, Tetela origin, 210
Wilson, M., 3
Witchcraft, 204 ;
as cause of sickness, 16 , 63 , 137
World Health Organization, 154 -155, 158
Wubwangu, rite of affliction, Ndembu, 103 , 162
X
Xhosa people (South Africa), 8 , 37 , 50 -51, 71 , 75 , 96 , 98 -99, 119 -120, 166 -168
Y
Yaka people (Zaire), 67
Yesia Luther King, xii
Yoder, R., 155
Young, A., 131
Z
Zaire, Lower, in coastal trade, 160 -161
Zambia:
ngoma in West of, 3 ;
and the "infertility zone," 162
Zaramo people (coastal Tanzania), 26 -35,170 -171
Zaretzsky, I., 95
Zebola:
cult of affliction in Equateur, N. Zaire, and Kinshasa, 8 , 11 , 209 ;
urban changes, 18 -19;
degree of trance in, 137
Zigua people (coastal Tanzania), 26 -35, 170 -171
Zola, I., 6
Zulu people (South Africa), 35 , 37 , 38 , 50 -51, 64 -68
Designer: U.C. Press Staff
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