1. Yousaf and Adkin, Bear Trap, 54. [BACK]

2. M. Poltoranin, Russia’s minister of information, quoted in Dobbs, “Secret Memos,” A1. The Soviet foreign minister, Edward Shevardnadze, put the cost of war to the Soviets at sixty billion rubles (Shevardnadze, Future, 58). [BACK]

3. Kakar, Second Anglo-Afghan War, 146 [BACK]