References

Allen, Thomas W. [1924] 1969. Homer: The Origins and the Transmission . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Allen, W. Sidney. 1964. "On Quantity and Quantitative Verse." In In Honour of Daniel Jones , edited by David Abercrombie, P.A.D. MacCarthy, N.C. Scott, and J.L.M. Trim, 3-15. London: Longmans, Green.

———. 1966. "Prosody and Prosodies in Greek." Transactions of the Philological Society 107-48.

———. 1967. "Correlations of Tone and Stress in Ancient Greek." In To Honor Roman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday , 1:46-62. The Hague: Mouton.

———. 1973. Accent and Rhythm (Prosodic Features of Latin and Greek: A Study in Theory and Reconstruction) . Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, no. 12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Amory Parry, Anne. 1973. Blameless Aegisthus: A Study of AMYMW N and Other Homeric Epithets. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, supplement no. 26. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Amos, Ashley Crandell. 1980. Linguistic Means of Determining the Dates of Old English Literary Texts . Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America.

Anderson, Earl R. 1980. "Formulaic Typescene Survival: Finn, Ingeld, and the Nibelungenlied ." English Studies 61: 293-301.

The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records . 1931-53. Edited by George Philip Krapp and E.V.K. Dobbie. 6 vols. New York: Columbia University Press.

Arant, Patricia. 1981. "The Intricate Web: Thematic Cohesion in Russian Oral Traditional Verse Narrative." In Oral Traditional Literature , 123-41. See Foley 1981d.

Arend, Walter. 1933. Die typischen Scenen bei Homer . Problemata, Forschungen zur classischen Philologie, no. 7. Berlin: Weidmann.

Ashby, Genette. 1979. "A Generative Model of the Formula in the Chanson de Roland ." Olifant 7: 39-65.

ASPR . See The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records .

Austerlitz, Robert. 1958. Ob-Ugric Metrics: The Metrical Structure of Ostyak and Vogul Folk-Poetry . Folklore Fellows communications, no. 174. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiede-akatemia.

———. 1985. "The Poetics of the Kalevala ." Books from Finland 19: 44-47.

Austin, Norman. 1975. Archery at the Dark of the Moon: Poetic Problems in Homer's Odyssey . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Baird, Joseph L. 1966. "Grendel the Exile." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 67: 375-81.

Barnes, Harry R. 1979. "Enjambement and Oral Composition." Transactions of the American Philological Association 109: 1-10.

———. 1986. "The Colometric Structure of Homeric Hexameter." Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 27:125-50

Bartlett, Adeline C. [1935] 1966. The Larger Rhetorical Patterns in Anglo-Saxon Poetry New York: AMS Press.

Bassett, Samuel E. 1919. "The Theory of the Homeric Caesura According to the Extant Remains of the Ancient Doctrine." American Journal of Philology 40:343-72.

Batinic^[*] , Pavle. 1975. "The Meter of the Serbo-Croatian Oral Epic Decasyllable." Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.

Baugh, Albert C. 1959. "Improvisation in the Middle English Romance." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103: 418-54.

———. 1967. "The Middle English Romance: Some Questions of Creation, Presentation, and Preservation." Speculum 42: 1-31.

Beaty, John O. 1934. "The Echo-Word in Beowulf with a Note on the Finnsburh Fragment ." Publications of the Modem Language Association 49:365-73.

Ben-Amos, Daniel. 1969. "Analytical Categories and Ethnic Genres." Genre 2:275-301.

Benson, Larry D. 1966. "The Literary Character of Anglo-Saxon Formulaic Poetry." Publications of the Modern Language Association 81: 334-41.

Bergk, Theodor. [1854] 1886. "Über das älteste Versmass der Griechen." In Opuscula philologica , 2:392-408. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.

Bessinger, Jess B., ed. 1978. A Concordance to the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records . Programmed by Philip H. Smith. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

Bliss, A. J. 1967. The Metre of Beowulf . Rev. ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

———. 1971. "Single Half-lines in Old English Poetry." Notes and Queries , n.s. 18: 442-49.

Bonjour, Adrien. 1957. "Beowulf and the Beasts of Battle." Publications of the Modem Language Association 72:563-73.

Bonner, Joshua H. 1976. "Toward a Unified Critical Approach to Old English Poetic Composition." Modern Philology 73:219-28.

Bonnet, M., ed. 1898. Praxeis Andreou kai Mattheia... . In Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha ..., vol. 2, pt. 1. Leipzig: Hermann Mendelssohn.

Bowra, Cecil Maurice. 1952. Heroic Poetry . London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press.

Boyle, Leonard E. 1981. "The Nowell Codex and the Poem of Beowulf. " In The Dating of Beowulf , 23-32. See Chase 1981b.

Brodeur, Arthur G. [1959] 1969. The Art of Beowulf . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Brooks, Kenneth R., ed. 1961. Andreas and the Fates of the Apostles . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Brough, J. 1977. Review of Comparative Studies in Greek and Indic Meter , by Gregory Nagy. Classical Review , n.s. 27: 297-98.

Browne, Wayles. 1975. "Serbo-Croatian Enclitics for English-speaking Learners." In Kontrastivna analiza engleskog i hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika (Contrastive Analysis of English and Serbo-Croatian), edited by Rudolf Filipovic^[*] . 1:105-34. Zagreb: Institut za Lingvistiku.

Bruce-Mitford, Rupert, and Myrtle Bruce-Mitford. 1974. "The Sutton Hoo Lyre, Beowulf , and the Origins of the Frame Harp." In Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and Other Discoveries , edited by Rupert Bruce-Mitford, 188-97. New York: Harper and Row.

Bryan, W. F. 1929. "Epithetic Compound Folk-Names in Beowulf." In Studies in English Philology: A Miscellany in Honor of Frederick Klaeber , edited by Kemp Malone and Martin B. Ruud, 120-34. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Butcher, John W. 1986. "Formulaic Invention in the Genealogies of the Old English Genesis A ." In Comparative Research on Oral Traditions , 73-92. See Foley 1986c.

Bynum, David E. 1964. "A Taxonomy of Oral Narrative Song: The Isolation and Description of Invariables." Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.

———. 1968. "Themes of the Young Hero in Serbocroatian Oral Epic Tradition." Publications of the Modern Language Association 83: 1296-1303.

———. 1969. "The Generic Nature of Oral Epic Poetry." Genre 2: 236-58.

———. 1970. "Thematic Sequences and Transformation of Character in Oral Narrative Tradition." Filološki pregled 8: 1-21.

———. 1974. "Child's Legacy Enlarged: Oral Literary Studies at Harvard Since 1856." Harvard Library Bulletin 22: 237-67.

———. 1978. The Dæmon in the Wood: A Study of Oral Narrative Patterns . Cambridge, Mass.: Center for Study of Oral Literature.

———, ed. 1979. Bihacka^[*] krajina: Epics from Bihac^[*] , Cazin, and Kulen Vakuf . Vol. 14 of Serbo-Croatian Heroic Songs . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

———. 1981. "Formula, Theme, and Critical Method." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 15 (1): 61-77.

Cable, Thomas. 1974. The Meter and Melody of Beowulf . Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Calhoun, George M. 1933. "Homeric Repetitions." University of California Publications in Classical Philology 12: 1-25.

———. 1935 "The Art of Formula in Homer—EP EA P TEPOENTA." Classical Philology 30: 215-27.

Calin, William. 1981a. "L'Epopée dite vivante: Réflexions sur le prétendu caractère oral des chansons de geste." Olifant 8: 227-37.

———. 1981b. "Littérature médiévale et hypothèse orale: une divergence de méthode et de philosophic." Olifant 8:256-85.

Campbell, Jackson J. 1966. "Learned Rhetoric in Old English Poetry." Modern Philology 63: 189-201.

———. 1967. "Knowledge of Rhetorical Figures in Anglo-Saxon England." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 66: 1-20.

———. 1978. "Adaptation of Classical Rhetoric in Old English Literature." In Medieval Eloquence: Studies in the Theory and Practice of Medieval Rhetoric , edited by James J. Murphy, 173-97. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Chase, Colin. 1981a. "Opinions on the Date of Beowulf ." In The Dating of Beowulf , 3-8. See Chase 1981b.

———, ed. 1981b. The Dating of Beowulf Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

———. 1982. Review of Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript , by Kevin S. Kiernan. Old English Newsletter 16 (1): 73-76.

Clark, Francelia. 1981. "Flyting in Beowulf and Rebuke in The Song of Bagdad : The Question of Theme." In Oral Traditional Literature , 164-93. See Foley 1981f.

Clark, George. 1965a. "Beowulf's Armor." English Literary History 32: 409-41.

———. 1965b. "The Traveler Recognizes His Goal: A Theme in Anglo-Saxon Poetry." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 64: 645-59.

Claus, David B. 1975. "Aidôs in the Language of Achilles." Transactions of the American Philological Association 105: 13-28.

Clayman, Dee L., and Thomas van Nortwick. 1977. "Enjambement in Greek Hexameter Poetry." Transactions of the American Philological Association 107: 85-92.

Combellack, Frederick M. 1950. "Words That Die." Classical Journal 46: 21-26.

Conner, Patrick W. 1972. "Schematization of Oral-Formulaic Processes in Old English Poetry." Language and Style 5: 204-20.

Conquergood, Dwight. 1981. "Boasting in Anglo-Saxon England: Performance and the Heroic Ethos." Literature in Performance 1 (2): 24-35.

Coote, Mary P. 1969. "The Singer's Use of Theme in Composing Oral Narrative Song in the Serbocroatian Tradition." Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.

———. 1978. "Serbo-Croatian Heroic Songs." In Heroic Epic and Saga: An Introduction to the World's Great Folk Epics , edited by Felix J. Oinas, 257-85. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

———. 1980. "The Singer's Themes in Serbocroatian Heroic Song." California Slavic Studies 11: 201-35.

———. 1981. "Lying in Passages." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 15 (1): 5-23.

Creed, Robert P. 1955. "Studies in the Techniques of Composition of the Beowrulf Poetry in British Museum MS. Cotton Vitellius A. xv." Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.

———. 1962. "The Singer Looks at His Sources." Comparative Literature 14: 44-52.

———. 1966. "A New Approach to the Rhythm of Beowulf ." Publications of the Modern Language Association 81: 23-33.

———. 1989. Reconstructing the Rhythm of Beowulf Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Crowne, David K. 1960. "The Hero on the Beach: An Example of Composition by Theme in Anglo-Saxon Poetry." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 61: 362-72.

Dale, A.M. 1969. "Observations on Dactylic." In Collected Papers , 185-209. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dane, Joseph A. 1982. "Finnsburh and Iliad IX: A Greek Survival of the Medieval Germanic Oral-Formulaic Theme, The Hero on the Beach." Neophilologus 66: 443-49.

Davison, J. A. 1963a. "The Homeric Question." In A Companion to Homer , edited by Alan J. B. Wace and Frank H. Stubbings, 234-66. London: Macmillan.

———. 1963b. "The Transmission of the Text." In A Companion to Homer , 215-33. See Davison 1963a.

De Lavan, Joanne. 1981. "Feasts and Anti-Feasts in Beowulf and the Odyssey ." In Oral Traditional Literature , 235-61. See Foley 1981f.

Devine, A.M., and L. D. Stephens. 1984. Language and Metre: Resolution, Porson's Bridge, and Their Prosodic Basis . American Classical Studies, no. 12. Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press.

Diamond, Robert E. 1961. "Theme as Ornament in Anglo-Saxon Poetry." Publications of t he Modern Language Association 76: 461-68.

Donlan, Walter. 1971. "Homer's Agamemnon." Classical World 65: 109-15.

Duban, Jeffrey M. 1981. "Les Duels majeurs de l'Iliade et le langage d'Hector." Les Etudes classiques 49: 97-124.

Duggan, Hoyt N. 1976. "The Role of Formulas in the Dissemination of a Middle English Alliterative Romance." Studies in Bibliography 29: 265-88.

Duggan, Joseph J. 1973. The Song of Roland: Formulaic Style and Poetic Craft . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

———, ed. 1975. Oral Literature: Seven Essays . Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press; New York: Barnes and Noble. (Also published in Forum for Modern Language Studies 10, no. 3 [1974].)

———. 1981a. "Le Mode de composition des chansons de geste: Analyse statistique, jugement esthétique, modèles de transmission." Olifant 8: 286-316.

———. 1981b. "La Théorie de la composition orale des chansons de geste: les faits et les interprétations." Olifant 8: 238-55.

Dumézil, Georges. 1973. Gods of the Ancient Northmen . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Dunbar, Henry, comp. [1880] 1962. A Complete Concordance to the Odyssey and Hymns of Homer . Revised and edited by Benedetto Marzullo. Hildesheim: Georg Olms.

Dundes, Alan. 1962. "From Emic to Etic Units in the Structural Study of Folktales." Journal of American Folklore 75: 95-105.

Edwards, G. Patrick. 1971. The Language of Hesiod in its Traditional Context . Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Edwards, Mark W. 1975. "Type-Scenes and Homeric Hospitality." Transactions of the American Philological Association 105: 51-72.

———. 1980a. "Convention and Individuality in Iliad 1." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 84: 1-28.

———. 1980b. "The Structure of Homeric Catalogues." Transactions of the American Philological Association 110: 81-105.

———. 1986. "Homer and Oral Tradition: The Formula, Part I." Oral Tradition 1: 171-230.

———. 1988. "Homer and Oral Tradition: The Formula, Part II." Oral Tradition 3: 11-60.

Faulhaber, Charles B. 1976. "Neo-traditionalism, Formulism, Individualism, and Recent Studies on the Spanish Epic." Romance Philology 30: 83-101.

Fenik, Bernard C. 1968. Typical Battle Scenes in the Iliad: Studies in the Narrative Techniques of Homeric Battle Description . Hermes Einzelschriften, no. 21. Wiesbaden: Steiner.

———. 1974. Studies in the Odyssey . Hermes Einzelschriften, no. 30. Wiesbaden: Steiner.

Fine, Elizabeth C. 1984. The Folklore Text: From Performance to Print . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Finnegan, Ruth. 1977. Oral Poetry: Its Nature, Significance, and Social Context . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Foley, John Miles. 1974. "The Ritual Nature of Traditional Oral Poetry: Metrics, Music, and Matter in the Anglo-Saxon, Homeric Greek, and Serbo-Croatian Traditions." Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

———. 1976a. "Formula and Theme in Old English Poetry." In Oral Literature and the Formula , 207-32. See Stolz and Shannon 1976.

———. 1976b. "'Riddle I' of the Exeter Book : The Apocalyptical Storm." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 77: 347-57.

———. 1977a. "Research on Oral Traditional Expression in Šumadija and Its Relevance to the Study of Other Oral Traditions." In Selected Papers on a Serbian Village , 199-236. See Kerewsky Halpern and Halpern 1977.

———. 1977b. "The Traditional Oral Audience." Balkan Studies 18: 145-54.

———. 1978a. "A Computer Analysis of Metrical Patterns in Beowulf ." Computers and the Humanities 12: 71-80.

———. 1978b. "The Oral Singer in Context: Halil Bajgoric^[*] , Guslar ." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 12: 230-46.

———. 1978c. "The Traditional Structure of Ibro Basic's^[*] 'Alagic^[*] Alija and Velagic^[*] Selim.'" Slavic and East European Journal 22: 1-14.

———. 1980a. "Epic and Charm in Old English and Scrim-Croatian Oral Tradition." Comparative Criticism 2: 71-92.

———. 1980b. "Hybrid Prosody and Single Half-lines in Old English and Serbo-Croatian Poetry." Neophilologus 64: 284-89.

———.1981a. "Computerized Editions of Oral Epic Poetry: The Evolution of the Text-Processor Heuro-1." In Actes du Congrès international informatique et sciences humaines , edited by Louis Delatte, 377-85. Liège: Laboratoire d'Analyse Statistique des Langues Anciennes.

———. 1981b. "Introduction: The Oral Theory in Context." In Oral Traditional Literature , 27-122. See Foley 1981f.

———. 1981c. "Laecdom and Bajanje : A Comparative Study of Old English and Serbo-Croatian Charms." Centerpoint 4 (3): 33-40.

———. 1981d. "Tradition-dependent and -independent Features in Oral Literature: A Comparative View of the Formula." In Oral Traditional Literature , 262-81. See Foley 1981f.

———, ed. 1981e. (special issue). Canadian-American Slavic Studies , 15 (1).

———, ed. 1981f. Oral Traditional Literature: A Festschrift for Albert Bates Lord . Columbus, Ohio: Slavica.

———. 1982. "Field Research on Oral Literature and Culture in Serbia." Pacific Quarterly 7 (2): 47-59.

———. 1983a. "Genre(s) in the Making: Diction, Audience, and Text in the Old English Seafarer ." Poetics Today 4: 683-706.

———. 1983b. "Literary Art and Oral Tradition in Old English and Serbian Poetry." Anglo-Saxon England 12: 183-214.

———. 1984a. "Editing Oral Epic Texts: Theory and Practice." Text: Transactions of the Society for Textual Scholarship 1: 75-94.

———. 1984b. "The Price of Narrative Fiction: Genre, Myth, and Meaning in Moby-Dick and the Odyssey ." Thought 59: 432-48.

———. 1985. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography . New York: Garland.

———. 1986a. "Reading the Oral Traditional Text: Aesthetics of Creation and Response." In Comparative Research on Oral Traditions , 185-212. See Foley 1986c.

———. 1986b. "Tradition and the Individual Talent: Oral Epic, Textual Meaning, and Receptionalist Theory." Cultural Anthropology 1: 203-22.

———, ed. 1986c. Comparative Research on Oral Traditions: A Memorial for Milman Parry . Columbus, Ohio: Slavica.

———, ed. 1986d. Oral Tradition in Literature: Interpretation in Context . Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

———. 1988. The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

———. Forthcoming. Matija Murko: A Translation of His Writings on Oral Epic Tradition in Yugoslavia . Irvine, Calif.: Charles Schlacks.

Fournier, H. 1946. "Formules homériques de référence avec verbe 'dire.'" Revue de philologie, de littérature, et d'histoire anciennes , 3d set., 20: 29-68.

Fränkel, Eduard. 1932. "Kolon und Satz: Beobachtungen zur Gliederung des antiken Satzes, II." Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen : 319-54.

Fränkel, Hermann. 1926. "Der kallimachische und der homerische Hexameter." Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (phil.-hist. Klasse): 197-229.

———. 1955. Wege und Formen frühgriechischen Denkens: Literarische und philosophiegeschichtliche Studien . Edited by Franz Tietze. Munich: C. H. Beck.

———. 1968. Noten zu den Argonautika des Apollonios . Munich: C. H. Beck.

Friedrich, Paul, and James Redfield. 1978. "Speech as a Personality Symbol: The Case of Achilles." Language 54: 263-88.

———. 1981. "Contra Messing." Language 57:901-3.

Fry, Donald K., Jr. 1966. "The Hero on the Beach in Finnsburh ." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 67: 27-31.

———. 1967a. "The Heroine on the Beach in Judith ." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 68: 168-84.

———. 1967b. "Old English Formulas and Systems." English Studies 48: 193-204.

———. 1968a. "Old English Formulaic Themes and Type-Scenes." Neophilologus 52: 48-54.

———. 1968b. "Some Aesthetic Implications of a New Definition of the Formula." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 69: 516-22.

———. 1968c. "Variation and Economy in Beowulf ." Modem Philology 65: 353-56.

———. 1969. "Themes and Type-Scenes in Elene 1-113." Speculum 44: 35-45.

———. 1972. "Type-Scene Composition in Judith ." Annuale Mediaevale 12: 100-119.

———. 1975. "Cædmon as a Formulaic Poet." In Oral Literature , 41-61. See J. Duggan 1975. (Originally published in Forum for Modern Language Studies 10 [1974].)

———. 1981. "The Memory of Cædmon." In Oral Traditional Literature , 282-93. See Foley 1981f.

———. 1986. "The Cliff of Death in Old English Poetry." In Comparative Research on Oral Traditions , 213-33. See Foley 1986c.

Gaisser, Julia H. 1969. "A Structural Analysis of the Digressions in the Iliad and the Odyssey ." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 73: 1-43.

Gesemann, Gerhard. 1926. Studien zur südslavischen Volksepik . Veröffentlichungen der Slavistischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft (Prague), 1. Reihe, Heft 3. Reichenberg: Stiepel.

Greenfield, Stanley B. 1953a. "The Theme of Spiritual Exile in Christ I ." Philological Quarterly 32: 321-28.

———. 1953b. "The Wife's Lament Reconsidered." Publications of the Modern Language Association 68: 907-12.

———. 1955. "The Formulaic Expression of the Theme of 'Exile' in Anglo-Saxon Poetry." Speculum 30: 200-206.

Grendon, Felix, ed. 1909. "The Anglo-Saxon Charms." Journal of American Folklore 22: 105-237.

Gruber, Loren C. 1974. "Motion, Perception, and oppæt in Beowulf ." In In Geardagum: Essays on Old English Language and Literature , edited by Loren C. Gruber and Dean Loganbill, 1:31-37. Denver: Society for New Language Study.

Gunn, David M. 1970. "Narrative Inconsistency and the Oral Dictated Text in the Homeric Epic." American Journal of Philology 91: 192-203.

———. 1971. "Thematic Composition and Homeric Authorship." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 75: 1-31.

Hainsworth, J. B. 1968. The Flexibility of the Homeric Formula . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

———. 1976. "Phrase-Clusters in Homer." In Studies in Greek, Italic, and Indo-European Linguistics Offered to Leonard R. Palmer on tire Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, June 5, 1976 , edited by Anna M. Davies and Wolfgang Meid, 83-86. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, no. 16. Vienna: Ernst Becvar.

———. 1979. "Good and Bad Formulae." In Homer: Tradition and Invention , edited by Bernard C. Fenik, 41-50. Leiden: Brill.

Hanning, Robert W. 1973. "Sharing, Dividing, Depriving—The Verbal Ironies of Grendel's Last Visit to Heorot." Texas Studies in Literature and Linguistics 15: 203-13.

Hansen, William F. 1972. The Conference Sequence: Patterned Narration and Narrative Inconsistency in the Odyssey . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

———. 1978. "The Homeric Epics and Oral Poetry." In Heroic Epic and Saga , edited by Felix J. Oinas, 7-26. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Hauer, Stanley R. 1983. "Thomas Jefferson and the Anglo-Saxon Language." Publications of the Modern Language Association 98: 879-98.

Havelock, Eric A. [1963] 1982. Preface to Plato . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.

———. 1982. The Literate Revolution in Greece and Its Cultural Consequences . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Haymes, Edward R. 1980. "Formulaic Density and Bishop Njegoš." Comparative Literature 32: 390-401.

Heinemann, Fredrik J. 1970. "Judith 236-291a: A Mock Heroic Approach-to-Battle Type Scene." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 71: 83-96.

Henige, David P. 1974. The Chronology of Oral Tradition: Quest for a Chimera . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Herzog, George. 1940. "Stability of Form in Traditional and Cultivated Music." In Papers Read by Members of the American Musicological Society at the Annual Meeting (Washington, D.C., December 29th and 30th, 1938) , 69-73. (Also in The Study of Folklore , edited by Alan Dundes, 169-74. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965.)

———. 1951. "The Music of Yugoslav Heroic Epic Folk Poetry." International Folk Music Journal 3: 62-64.

Heusler, Andreas. 1925-29. Deutsche Versgeschichte mit Einschluss des altenglischen und altnordischen Stabreimverses . Berlin: de Gruyter.

Hieatt, Constance B. 1975. "Envelope Patterns and the Structure of Beowulf ." English Studies in Canada 1: 250-65.

———. 1986. "On Envelope Patterns (Ancient and—Relatively—Modern) and Nonce Formulas." In Comparative Research on Oral Traditions , 245-58. See Foley 1986c.

Hillers, Delbert R. and Marsh H. McCall, Jr. 1976. "Homeric Dictated Texts: A Reexamination of Some Near Eastern Evidence." Harivard Studies in Classical Philology 80: 19-23.

Hoekstra, A. 1964. Homeric Modifications of Formulaic Prototypes: Studies in the Development of Greek Epic Diction . Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers.

———. 1969. The Sub-Epic Stage of tire Formulaic Tradition: Studies in the Homeric Hymns to Apollo, to Aphrodite, and to Demeter . Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers.

Hoenigswald, Henry M. 1976. "Summary Commentary." In Oral Literature and the Formula , 273-78. See Stolz and Shannon 1976.

———. 1977. Review of Comparative Studies in Greek and Indic Meter , by Gregory Nagy. American Journal of Philology 98: 82-88.

Hogan, James C. 1976. "Double prin and the Language of Achilles." Classical Journal 71: 305-10.

Holoka, James P. 1973. "Homeric Originality: A Survey." Classical World 66: 257-93.

———. 1979. "Homer Studies 1971-1977." Classical World 73: 65-150.

Ingalls, Wayne B. 1970. "The Structure of the Homeric Hexameter: A Review." Phoenix 24: 1-12.

———. 1972. "Another Dimension of the Homeric Formula." Phoenix 26: 111-22.

———. 1976. "The Analogical Formula in Homer." Transactions of the American Philological Association 106: 211-26.

Irving, Edward B., Jr. 1968. A Reading of Beowulf . New Haven: Yale University Press.

Jakobson, Roman. 1952. "Studies in Comparative Slavic Metrics." Oxford Slavonic Papers 3: 21-66.

Janko, Richard. 1982. Homer, Hesiod, and the Hymns: Diachronic Development in Epic Diction . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Johnson, James D. 1975. "The 'Hero on the Beach' in the Alliterative Morte Arthure ." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 76: 271-81.

Jones, Alison G. 1966. "Daniel and Azarias as Evidence for the Oral-Formulaic Character of Old English Poetry." Medium Ævum 35: 95-102.

———. 1969. "The Old English Soul and Body as an Example of Oral Transmission." Medium Ævum 38: 239-44.

Jones, Frank P., and Florence E. Gray. 1972. "Hexameter Patterns, Statistical Inference, and the Homeric Question: An Analysis of the LaRoche Data." Transactions of the American Philological Association 103: 187-209.

Karadzic^[*] , Vuk Stefanovic^[*] , ed. [1845] 1969. Srpske narodne pjesme . Vol. 2. Belgrade. Nolit.

Kavros, Harry E. 1981. "Swefan æfter symble : The Feast-Sleep Theme in Beowulf ." Neophilologus 65: 120-28.

Kerewsky Halpern, Barbara, and John Miles Foley. 1978. "The Power of the Word: Healing Charms as an Oral Genre." Journal of American Folklore 91: 903-24.

Kerewsky Halpern, Barbara, and Joel M. Halpern, eds. 1977. Selected Papers on a Serbian Village . Research Report no. 17. Amherst: Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

Kiernan, Kevin S. 1981a. Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript . New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

———. 1981b. "The Eleventh-Century Origin of Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript." In The Dating of Beowulf , 9-21. See Chase 1981b.

Kintgen, Eugene R. 1977. "'Lif,' 'Lof,' 'Leof,' 'Lufu,' and 'Geleafa' in Old English Poetry." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 78: 309-16.

Kiparsky, Paul. 1976. "Oral Poetry: Some Linguistic and Typological Considerations." In Oral Literature and the Formula , 73-106. See Stolz and Shannon 1976.

Kirk, Geoffrey S. 1962. The Songs of Homer . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.(Published in abridged form as Homer and the Epic , 1965.)

———. 1966. "Studies in Some Technical Aspects of Homeric Style." Yale Classical Studies 20: 73-152.

———. 1985. The Iliad: A Commentary, Volume I: Books 1-4 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Klaeber, Friedrich, ed. 1950. Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg . 3d ed., with 1st and 2d supplements. Boston: D.C. Heath.

Kurylowicz, Jerzy. 1970. "The Quantitative Meter of Indo-European." In Indo-European and Indo-Europeans , edited by George Cardona, Henry M. Hoenigswald, and Alfred Senn, 421-30. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

La Drière, J. Craig. 1959. "The Comparative Method in the Study of Prosody." In Comparative Literature: Proceedings of the Second Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association , edited by Werner P. Friedrich, 160-75. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

———. 1974. "Prosody." In Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics , edited by Alex Preminger, Frank J. Warnke, and O. B. Hardison, Jr., 669-77. Enlarged ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

La Roche, J. [1898] 1962. "Zahlenverhältnisse im homerischen Vers." Wiener Studien: Zeitschrift für classische Philologie 20: 1-69. New York: Kraus Reprint.

Latacz, Joachim 1979a. "Tradition und Neuerung in der Homerforschung: Zur Geschichte der Oral poetry-Theorie." In Homer , 25-44. See Latacz 1979b.

———, ed. 1979b. Homer: Tradition und Neuerung . Wege der Forschung, no. 463. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.

Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1965. The Iliad of Homer . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lehmann, Winfred P. [1956] 1971. The Development of Germanic Verse Form . New York: Gordian Press.

Lesky, Albin. 1966. A History of Greek Literature . Translated by James Willis and Cornelis de Heer. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.

Levy, Harry L. 1963. "The Odyssean Suitors and the Host-Guest Relationship." Transactions of the American Philological Association 94: 143-53.

Lord, Albert Bates. 1938. "Homer and Huso II: Narrative Inconsistencies in Homer and Oral Poetry." Transactions of the American Philological Association 69: 439-45.

———. 1951a. "Composition by Theme in Homer and Southslavic Epos." Transactions of tire American Philological Association 82: 71-80.

———. 1951b. "Yugoslav Epic Folk Poetry." International Folk Music Journal 3:57-61.

———. 1953. "Homer's Originality: Oral Dictated Texts." Transactions of the American Philological Association 84: 124-34.

———. 1956. "The Role of Sound Patterns in Serbo-Croatian Epic." In For Roman Jakobson , 301-5. The Hague: Mouton.

———. 1959. "The Poetics of Oral Creation." In Comparative Literature: Proceedings of the Second Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association , edited by Werner P. Friedrich, 1-6. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

———. 1960. The Singer of Tales . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

———. 1962. "Homeric Echoes in Bihac^[*] ." Zbornik za narodni zivot i obicaje juznih slavena 40: 313-20.

———. 1965. "Beowulf and Odysseus." In Franciplegius: Medieval and Linguistic Studies in Honor of Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr ., edited by Jess B. Bessinger and Robert P. Creed, 86-91. New York: New York University Press.

———. 1967a. "Homer as Oral Poet." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 72: 1-46.

———. 1967b. "The Influence of a Fixed Text." In To Honor Roman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday (11 October 1966) , 1199-1206. Janua Lingua-rum, Series Maior, no. 32, vol. 2 (of 3-vol. set). The Hague: Mouton.

———. 1969. "The Theme of the Withdrawn Hero in Serbo-Croatian Oral Epic." Prilozi za knjizevnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor 35: 18-30.

———. 1970. "Tradition and the Oral Poet: Homer, Huso, and Avdo Medjedovic^[*] ." In Atti del convegno internazionale sul tema: La poesia epica e la sua formazione , edited by Enrico Cerulli et al., 13-28. Problemi Attuali di Scienza e di Cultura, no. 139. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.

———. 1971. "An Example of Homeric Qualities of Repetition in Medjedovic's^[*] 'Smailagic^[*] Meho.'" In Serta Slavica In Memoriam Aloisii Schmaus : Gedenkschrift für Alois Schmaus , edited by Wolfgang Gesemann, Johannes Holthusen, Erwin Koschmieder, Ilse Kunert, Peter Rehder, and Erwin Wedel, 458-64. Munich: Rudolf Trofenik.

———. 1972. "The Effect of the Turkish Conquest on Balkan Epic Tradition." In Aspects of the Balkans: Continuity and Change , edited by Henrik Birnbaum and Speros Vryonis, Jr., 298-318. The Hague: Mouton.

———. 1975. "Perspectives on Recent Work on Oral Literature." In Oral Literature , 41-61. See J. Duggan 1975. (Originally published in Forum for Modern Language Studies 10 [1974]: 1-21.)

———. 1976. "The Traditional Song." In Oral Literature and the Formula , 1-15. See Stolz and Shannon 1976.

———. 1981. "Memory, Fixity, and Genre in Oral Traditional Poetries." In Oral Traditional Literature , 451-61. See Foley 1981f.

———. 1986a. "The Merging of Two Worlds: Oral and Written Poetry as Carriers of Ancient Values." In Oral Tradition in Literature , 19-64. See Foley 1986d.

———. 1986b. "The Nature of Oral Poetry." In Comparative Research on Oral Traditions , 313-49. See Foley 1986c.

———. 1986c. "Perspectives on Recent Work on the Oral Traditional Formula." Oral Tradition 1: 467-503.

Lord, Mary Louise. 1967. "Withdrawal and Return: An Epic Story Pattern in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter and in the Homeric Poems." Classical Journal 62: 241-48.

Maas, Paul. 1962. Greek Metre . Translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Magner, Thomas F., and Ladislav Matejka. 1971. Word Accent in Modern Serbo-Croatian . University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Magoun, Francis P., Jr. [1953] 1968. "The Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry." In The Beowulf Poet , edited by Donald K. Fry, Jr., 83-113. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968. (Originally published in Speculum 28: 446-67.)

———. 1955. "The Theme of the Beasts of Battle in Anglo-Saxon Poetry." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 56: 81-90.

———. 1961. "Some Notes on Anglo-Saxon Poetry." In Studies in Medieval Literature in Honor of Albert Croll Baugh , edited by MacEdward Leach, 272-83. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Malone, Kemp, ed. 1963. The Nowell Codex . Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile, no. 12. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger.

Maretic^[*] , Tomislav. 1907a-b. "Metrika narodnih naših pjesama." Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti 168: 1-112; 170: 76-200.

———. 1935-36. "Metrika muslimanske narodne epike." Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti 253: 181-242; 255: 1-76.

Meillet, Antoine. 1923. Les Origines indo-européennes des mètres grecs . Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Messing, Gordon M. 1981. "On Weighing Achilles' Winged Words." Language 57: 888-900.

Metcalf, Allan A. 1963. "Ten Natural Animals in Beowulf ." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 64: 378-89.

Miletich, John S. 1976. "The Quest for the 'Formula': A Comparative Reappraisal." Modern Philology 74: 111-23.

———. 1978a. "Elaborate Style in South Slavic Oral Narrative and in Kacic^[*] Miosic's^[*]Razgovor ." In American Contributions to the Eighth International Congress of Slavists (Zagreb and Ljubljana, September 3-9, 1978) , edited by Henrik Birnbaum, 1:522-31. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica.

———. 1978b. "Oral-traditional Style and Learned Literature: A New Perspective." Poetics and the Theory of Literature 3:345-56.

Minton, William W. 1965. "The Fallacy of the Structural Formula." Transactions of the American Philological Association 96: 241-53.

Moulton, Carroll. 1977. Similes in the Homeric Poems . Hypomnemata, no. 49. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.

Murko, Matija. 1929. La Poésie populaire épique en Yougoslavie au début du XXe siècle . Travaux publiés par l'Institut d'Etudes Slaves, no. 10. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion.

———. 1951. Tragom srpsko-hrvatske narodne epike: Putovanja u godinama 1930-32 , 2 vols. Zagreb: Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti.

Nagler, Michael N. 1967. "Towards a Generative View of the Oral Formula." Transactions of the American Philological Association 98: 269-311.

———. 1974. Spontaneity and Tradition: A Study in the Oral Art of Homer . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Nagy, Gregory. 1974. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indic Meter . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

———. 1976. "Formula and Meter." In Oral Literature and the Formula , 239-60. See Stolz and Shannon 1976.

———. 1979. The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

———. 1986. "Ancient Greek Epic and Praise Poetry: Some Typological Considerations." In Oral Tradition in Literature , 89-102. See Foley 1986d.

Nagy, Joseph Falaky. 1985. The Wisdom of the Outlaw: The Boyhood Deeds of Finn in Gaelic Narrative Tradition . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Newton, B. E. 1969. "Metre and Stress in Greek." Phoenix 23: 359-71.

Niles, John D. 1979. "Ring Composition and the Structure of Beowulf" Publications of the Modern Language Association 94: 924-35.

———. 1983. Beowulf: The Poem and Its Tradition . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Nimis, Steve. 1986. "The Language of Achilles: Construction vs. Representation." Classical World 79: 217-25.

Notopoulos, James A. 1949. "Parataxis in Homer: A New Approach to Homeric Literary Criticism." Transactions of the American Philological Association 80: 1-23.

———. 1964. "Studies in Early Greek Oral Poetry." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 68: 1-77.

Olsen, Alexandra Hennessey. 1980. "Guthlac on the Beach." Neophilologus 64: 290-96.

———. 1981. Guthlac of Croyland: A Study of Heroic Hagiography . Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.

———. 1982. "Inversion and Political Purpose in the Old English Judith." English Studies 63: 289-93.

———. 1984. Speech, Song, and Poetic Craft: The Artistry of the Cynewulf Canon . Bern: Peter Lang.

———. 1986. "Oral-Formulaic Research in Old English Studies: Part I." Oral Tradition 1: 548-606.

———. 1988. "Oral-Formulaic Research in Old English Studies: Part II." Oral Tradition 3: 138-90.

O'Neill, Eugene, Jr. 1942. "The Localization of Metrical Word-Types in the Greek Hexameter." Yale Classical Studies 8: 103-78.

Ong, Walter J. 1965. "Oral Residue in Tudor Prose Style." Publications of the Modern Language Association 80: 145-54.

———. 1967. The Presence of the Word: Some Prolegomena for Cultural and Religious History . New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1977. Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture . Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

———. 1982. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word . London: Methuen.

———. 1986. "Text as Interpretation: Mark and After." In Oral Tradition in Literature , 147-69. See Foley 1986d.

O'Nolan, Kevin. 1969. "Homer and Irish Heroic Narrative." Classical Quarterly , n.s. 19: 1-19.

Opland, Jeff. 1975. "Imbongi Nezibongo : The Xhosa Tribal Poet and the Contemporary Poetic Tradition." Publications of the Modern Language Association 90: 185-208.

———. 1976. "Beowulf on the Poet." Mediaeval Studies 38:442-67.

———. 1980. Anglo-Saxon Oral Poetry: A Study of the Traditions . New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1983. Xhosa Oral Poetry: Aspects of a Black South African Tradition . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Oral Tradition· A journal devoted exclusively to studies of the world's oral traditions and their influence on written literature and culture. 1986-.

Packard, David W. 1974. "Sound-Patterns in Homer." Transactions of the American Philological Association 104: 239-60.

Page, Denys. 1959. History, and the Homeric Iliad . Sather Classical Lectures, no. 31. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Pantzer, Eugene E. 1959. "Yugoslav Epic Preambles." Slavic and East European Journal 3: 372-81.

Parks, Walter Ward. 1981. "Generic Identity and the Guest-Host Exchange: A Study of Return Songs in the Homeric and Serbo-Croatian Traditions." Canadian. American Slavic Studies 15: 24-41.

———. 1986. "The Oral-Formulaic Theory in Middle English Studies." Oral Tradition 1: 636-94.

Parry, Adam. 1956. "The Language of Achilles." Transactions of the American Philological Association 87: 1-7.

———. 19771. "Introduction" to The Making of Homeric Verse , ix-lxii. See M. Parry 1971.

Parry, Milman. 1923. "A Comparative Study of Diction as One of the Elements of Style in Early Greek Epic Poetry." M.A. thesis, University of California, Berkeley. (Published in The Making of Homeric Verse , 421-36. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1928a. L'Epithète traditionnlle dans Homère: Essai sur un problène de style hornérique . Paris: Société Editrice "Les Belles Lettres." (Reprinted as "The Traditional Epithet in Homer·" In The Making of Homeric Verse , 1-190. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1928b. Les Formules et la métrique d'Homère . Paris: Société Editrice "Les Belles Lettres." (Reprinted as "Homeric Formulae and Homeric Metre." In The Making of Homeric Verse , 191-239. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1929. "The Distinctive Character of Enjambement in Homeric Verse." Transactions of the American Philological Association 60: 200-220. (Reprinted in The Making of Homeric Verse , 251-65. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1930. "Studies in the Epic Technique of Oral Verse-Making. I. Homer and Homeric Style." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 41: 73-147. (Reprinted in The Making of Homeric Verse , 266-324. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1932. "Studies in the Epic Technique of Oral Verse-Making. II. The Homeric Language as the Language of an Oral Poetry." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 43: 1-50. (Reprinted in The Making of Homeric Verse , 325-64. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1933-35. "Cor^[*] Huso: A Study of Southslavic Song·" Field notes, expedition to Yugoslavia. (Extracts published in The Making of Homeric Verse , 437-64. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1936. "On Typical Scenes in Homer·" Classical Philology 31: 357-60. (Reprinted in The Making of Homeric Verse , 404-7. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1937. "About Winged Words." Classical Philology 32:59-63. (Reprinted in The Making of Homeric Verse , 414-18. See M. Parry 1971.)

———. 1971. The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry . Edited by Adam Parry. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Peabody, Berkley. 1975. The Winged Word: A Study in the Technique of Ancient Greek Oral Composition as Seen Principally through Hesiod's "Works and Days " Albany: State University of New York Press.

Peters, Leonard J. 1951. "The Relationship of the Old English Andreas to Beowulf." Publications of the Modern Language Association 66:844-63.

Petrovic^[*] , Svctozar. 1969. "Poredbeno proucavanje srpskohrvatskoga epskog deseterca i sporna pitanja njegovoga opisa." Zbornik matice srpske za knjizevnost i jezik 17: 173-203.

———. 1974. "Jakobsonov opis srpskohrvatskog epskog deseterca." Naucni sastanak slavista u Vukove dane 4: 159-66.

Podlecki, Anthony J. 1961. "Guest-Gifts and Nobodies in Odyssey 9." Phoenix 15: 125-33.

Pope, John C. [1942] 1966. The Phythm of Beowulf: An Interpretation of the Normal and Hypermetric Vase-Forms in Old English Poetry . Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1981. "On the Composition of Beowulf. " In Tire Dating of Beowulf , 188-95. See Chase 1981b.`

Pope, M. W. M. 1963. "The Parry-Lord Theory of Homeric Composition." Acta Classica 6: 1-21.

Porter, Howard N. 1951. "The Early Greek Hexameter." Yale Classical Studies 12: 1-63.

Postlethwaite, N. 1981. "The Continuation of the Odyssey : Some Formulaic Evidence." Classical Philology 76: 177-87.

Powell, Barry B. 1977. Composition by Theme in tie Odyssey . Beiträge zur classischen Philologie, no. 81. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain.

Prendergast, Guy L., comp. [1875] 1971. A Complete Concordance to the Iliad of Homer . Revised and edited by Benedetto Marzullo. Hildesheim: Georg Olms.

Puhvel, Jaan. 1976. "Response" [to "Formula and Meter," G. Nagy 1976]. In Oral Literature and the Formula , 261-63. See Stolz and Shannon 1976.

Radlov, Vasilii V. 1885. Proben der Volksitteratur der nördlchen türkischen Stämme . Vol. 5: Der Dialect der Kara-Kirgisen . St. Petersburg: Commissionäre der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Raffel, Burton· 1986. "The Manner of Boyan: Translating Oral Literature." Oral Tradition 1: 11-29.

Ramsey, Lee C. 1971. "The Sea Voyages in Beowulf." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 72: 51-59.

Reeve, M. D. 1973. "The Language of Achilles." Classical Quarterly , n.s. 23: 193-95.

Renoir, Alain. 1962a. "Judith and the Limits of Poetry." English Studies 43: 145-55.

———. 1962b. "Point of View and Design for Terror in Beowulf." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 63: 154-67.

———. 1963. "The Heroic Oath in Beowulf , the Chanson de Roland , and the Nibelungenlied. " In Studies in Old English Literature in Honor of Arthur G. Brodeur , edited by Stanley B. Greenfield, 237-66. Eugene: University of Oregon Press.

———. 1964. "Oral-Formulaic Theme Survival: A Possible Instance in the Nibelungenlied." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 65: 70-75.

———. 1976a. "Crist Ihesu's Beasts of Battle: A Note on Oral-Formulaic Theme Survival." Neophilologus 60: 455-59.

———. 1976b. "Oral Theme and Written Texts." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 77: 337-46.

———. 1977. "The Armor of the Hildebrandslied : An Oral-Formulaic Point of View." Neuphilologische Mitteilugen 78: 389-95.

———. 1979a. "The English Connection Revisited: A Reading Context for the Hildebrandslied." Neophilologus 63: 84-87.

———. 1979b. "Germanic Quintessence: The Theme of Isolation in the Hildebrandslied. " In Saints, Scholars, and Heroes: Studies in Medieval Culture in Honour of Charles W. Jones , edited by Margot King and Wesley M. Stevens, 2:143-78. Collegeville, Minn.: Hill Monastic Manuscript Library / St. John's Abbey and University.

———. 1979c. "The Kassel Manuscript and the Conclusion of the Hildebrandslied." Manuscripta 23:104-8.

———. 1981a. "The Least Elegiac of the Elegies: A Contextual Glance at The Husband's Message." Studia Neophilologica 53: 69-76.

———. 1981b. "Oral-Formulaic Context: Implications for the Comparative Criticism of Mediaeval Texts." In Oral Traditional Literature , 416-39. See Foley 1981f.

———. 1986. "Oral-Formulaic Rhetoric and the Interpretation of Literary Texts." In Oral Tradition in Literature , 103-35. See Foley 1986d.

———. 1988. A Key to Old Poems: The Oral-Formulaic Approach to the Interpretation of West-Germanic Verse . University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Riedinger, Anita. 1985. "The Old English Formula in Context." Speculum 60: 294-317.

Rissanen, Matti. 1969. "The Theme of 'Exile' in The Wife's Lament." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 70: 90-104.

Ritzke-Rutherford, Jean. 1981a. "Formulaic Macrostructure: The Theme of Battle." In The Alliterative Morte Arthure: A Reassessment of the Poem , edited by Karl H. Göller, 83-95, 169-71. Arthurian Studies, no. 3. London: D. S. Brewer; Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield.

———. 1981b. "Formulaic Microstructure: The Cluster." In The Alliterative Morte Arthure , 70-82, 167-69. See Ritzke-Rutherford 1981a.

Robinson, Fred C. 1985. Beowulf and the Appositive Style . Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

Rosenmeyer, Thomas G. 1965. "The Formula in Early Greek Poetry." Arion 4: 295-311.

Rossbach, A., and R. Westphal. 1867-68. Metrik der Griechen im Vereine mit den übrigen musischen Künsten . Vol. 2. Leipzig: Teubner.

Rothe, C. 1890. Die Bedeutung der Wiederholungen für die horntrische Frage . Berlin: A. Haack.

Rudberg, Stig Y. 1972. "Etudes sur l'hexamètre homérique." In Studi clessici in onore di Quintino Cataudella , 1:9-23. Catania: University of Catania.

Russo, Joseph A. 1963. "A Closer Look at Homeric Formulas." Transactions of the American Philological Association 94: 235-47.

———. 1966. "The Structural Formula in Homeric Verse." Yale Classical Studies 20: 217-40.

———. 1968. "Homer Against His Tradition." Arion 7: 275-95.

———. 1976. "Is 'Oral' or 'Aural' Composition the Cause of Homer's Formulaic Style?" In Oral Literature and the Formula , 31-54. See Stolz and Shannon 1976.

Russom, Geoffrey R. 1987. Old English Meter and Linguistic Theory . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sarrazin, Gregor. 1897. "Neue Beowulf-Studien." Englische Studien 23: 221-67.

Schaar, Claes. [1949] 1967. Critical Studies in the Cynewulf Group . New York: Haskell House.

SCHS. See Serbo-Croatian Heroic Songs .

Scott, William C. 1974. The Oral Nature of the Homeric Simile . Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classice Batave, supplement no. 28. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Segal, Charles P. 1971. The Theme of the Mutilation of the Corpse in the Iliad . Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, supplement no. 17. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Serbo-Croatian Heroic Songs (Srpskohrvatske junacke pjesme ), 1953-. Collected, edited, and translated by Milman Parry, Albert B. Lord, and David E. Bynum. Vols. 1-4, 6, 8, 14. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press / Center for the Study of Oral Literature. (Vols. 1-2 co-published with the Serbian Academy of Sciences.)

Shannon, Richard S. 1975. The Arms of Achilles and Homeric Compositional Technique . Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, supplement no. 36. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Sievers, Eduard. 1885. "Zur Rhythmik des germanischen Alliterationsverses I." Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 10: 209-314.

———. 1893. Altgerrnanische Metrik . Halle: Niemeyer.

———. 1968. "Old Germanic Metrics and Old English Metrics." Translated by Gawaina D. Luster. In Essential Articles for the Study of Old English Poetry , edited by Jess B. Bessinger, Jr., and Stanley J. Kahrl, 267-88. Hamden, Conn.: Archon.

Sisam, Kenneth. [1946] 1953. "The Authority of Old English Poetical Manuscripts." In Studies in the History of Old English Literature , 29-44. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Originally published in Review of English Studies 22: 256-68).

Skaljic^[*] , Abdulah. 1979. Turdzmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku . 4th ed. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.

Skendi, Stavro. 1953. "The South Slavic Decasyllable in Albanian Oral Epic Poetry." Word 9:339-48.

Snodgrass, A. M. 1971. The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the Eleventh to the Eighth Centuries B.C . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

———. 1974. "An Historical Homeric Society?" Journal of Hellenic Studies 94: 114-25.

Stanford, W. B. 1969. "Euphonic Reasons for the Choice of Homeric Formulae?" Hermathena 108: 14-17.

Stankiewicz, Edward. 1973. "The Rhyming Formula in Serbo-Croatian Heroic Poetry." In Slavic Poetics: Essays in Honor of Kiril Taranovsky , edited by Roman Jakobson, C. H. van Schoonereld, and Dean S. Worth, 417-31. The Hague: Mouton.

Stock, Brian. 1983. The Implications of Literacy: Written Language and Models of Interpietation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Stolz, Benjamin A. 1969. "On Two Serbo-Croatian Oral Epic Verses: The Bugarštica and the Deseterac. " In Poetic Theory / Poetic Practice , edited by Robert Scholes, 153-64. Iowa City: Midwest Modern Language Association.

Stolz, Benjamin A., and Richard S. Shannon, eds. 1976. Oral Literature and the Formula . Ann Arbor: Center for Coordination of Ancient and Modem Studies.

Taylor, Paul B. 1976. "Themes of Death in Beowulf. " In Old English Poetry: Fifteen Essays , edited by Robert P. Creed, 249-74. Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press.

Tedlock, Dennis. 1983. The Spoken Word and the Work of Interpretation . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Thormann, Janet. 1970. "Variations on the Theme of 'The Hero on the Beach' in The Phoenix." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 71: 187-90.

Thornton, Agathe. 1970. People and Themes in Homer's Odyssey . London: Methuen; Dunedin, N.Z.: University of Otago Press.

Tolkien, J. R. R. 1936. "Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics." Proceedings of the British Academy 22: 245-95.

Traerup, Birthe. 1974. "Albanian Singers in Kosovo." Translated by John Bergsagel. In Festschrift Ernst Emsheimer , edited by Gustav Hilleström, 244-51, 300. Musik-

historiska Museets Skrifter, no. 5; Studia Instrumentorum Musicae Popularis, no. 3. Stockholm: Musikhistoriska Museet.

Tripp, Raymond P. 1983. More About the Fight with the Dragon: Beowulf 2208b-3182 . Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.

Turner, Frederick. 1986. "Performed Being: Word Art as a Human Inheritance." Oral Tradition 1: 66-109.

Tyler, Lee Edgar. In preparation. "Traditional Structure in the Heroic Oaths in Beowulf "

van Otterlo, Willem A. A. 1944a. "Eine merkwürdige Kompositionsform der äilteren griechischen Literatur." Mnemosyne , 3d set., 12: 192-207.

———. 1944b. Untersuchungen über Begriff, Anwendung, und Entstehung der griechischen Ringkomposition . Mededeelingen der Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, n.s. 7, no. 3. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers.

———. 1948. De ringcompositie als opbouwprincipe in de epische gedichten van Homerus . Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, n.s. 51, no. 1. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers.

Vigorits, John F. 1976. "The Antiquity of Serbo-Croatian Verse." Juznoslovenski filolog 32:205-11.

———. 1977a. "The Indo-European Origins of the Greek Hexameter and Distich." Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 91: 288-99.

———. 1977b. "The Indo-European 12-Syllable Line." Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 90: 37-46.

Vivante, Paolo. 1975. "On Homer's Winged Words." Classical Quarterly n.s. 25: 1-12.

———. 1982. The Epithets in Homer: A Study in Poetic Values . New Haven: Yale University Press.

Watkins, Calvert W. 1963. "Indo-European Metrics and Archaic Irish Verse." Celtics 6: 194-249.

———. 1976. "Response" [to "Oral Poetry," Kiparsky 1976]. In Oral Literature and the Formula , 107-11. See Stolz and Shannon 1976.

Webber, Ruth House. 1951. Formulistic Diction in the Spanish Ballad . University of California Publications in Modern Philology 34, no. 2: 175-277.

———. 1986. "The Cantar de Mio Cid : Problems of Interpretation." In Oral Tradition in Literature , 65-88. See Foley 1986d.

West, Martin L. 1970. "A New Approach to Greek Prosody." Glotta 48: 185-94.

———. 1973a. "Greek Poetry 2000-700 B.C." Classical Quarterly , n.s. 23: 179-92.

———. 1973b. "Indo-European Metre." Gloria 51: 161-87.

West, Stephanie, ed. 1967. The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer . Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Papyrologica Coloniensia, no. 3. Cologne: Westdeutscher Verlag.

Whitman, Cedric H. 1958. Homer and the Heroic Tradition . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (Reprint New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.)

Wolf, Carol J. 1970. "Christ as Hero in The Dream of the Rood." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 71: 202-10.

Zupitza, Julius, ed. [1882] 1959. Beowulf [ms. facsimile]. Revised by Norman Davis. Early English Text Society, no. 245. London: Oxford University Press.