1. Farr and Merriam, Afghan Resistance, 2. [BACK]

2. Hyman, Afghanistan, 179. [BACK]

3. Zadran, History of Afghanistan 1:671. [BACK]

4. Haqshinas, Russia’s Crimes and Intrigues, 404. [BACK]

5. Anonymous, Uprising of the Muslims of Kabul, 17. I am grateful to Professor Sayyed Yusuf Ilmi for giving me this and a number of other pamphlets. See also Zadran, History of Afghanistan, 673. [BACK]

6. Anonymous, Uprising of the Muslims of Kabul, 22. [BACK]

7. Hyman, Afghanistan, 180. [BACK]

8. Ibid., 179. [BACK]

9. Zadran, History of Afghanistan, 671. [BACK]

10. A. S. Aziemi, personal communication, Peshawar, February 1989. Mr. Aziemi was chancellor of Kabul University before the communists took over. [BACK]

11. S. Sh. Ayyar, personal communication, San Diego, 1993. Ayyar and Mahfuz (Baryalay) Kakar were among the seven founding members of the Council of Students. [BACK]

12. Hyman, Afghanistan, 181. [BACK]

13. Ibid. [BACK]

14. S. Sh. Ayyar, personal communication, San Diego, 1993. [BACK]

15. For details see, Ilmi, Afghanistan; Ilmi and Majruh, Sovietization of Afghanistan; Shah, “Soviet Interferences.” [BACK]