Index
A
Aaron, Henry, 315
Ackley, Gardner, 359
Addabbo, Joseph P., 304
Administration, Reagan:
appointments, members, 75 -88, 235 , 429 -30
divisions within, 82 -85, 98 -99, 119 , 165 , 174 -75, 185 -91, 196 -97, 206 , 220 -22, 234 -35, 349 , 357 -59, 368 -69, 382 , 385 , 389 -90, 421 , 444 , 452 , 509 -10
responsibility to the president, 79 -81, 86 -89, 101 -2, 119 , 134 -35, 388 , 443 -44.
See also Feldstein, Martin; Regan, Donald; Stockman, David
Afghanistan, 19 , 32 , 35 , 38 , 64
AFL-CIO, 34 , 117 , 311 , 318 , 320 , 323 , 325 , 347 , 362 , 419 , 498 , 567
Albertine, Jack, 477
Alexander, William, 131 , 279 , 283
Allen, Richard, 109
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 320 -22, 507
American Business Council, 477
American Farm Bureau Federation, 523
American Medical Association, 395
Americans for Democratic Action, 257
Anderson, Charles, 555
Anderson, John, 587
Anderson, Martin C., 75 -78, 82 -84, 88 -89, 101 , 106 -7, 110 -11, 119 , 134 , 196 , 235 , 253 , 276 , 586
Andrews, Mark, 122 , 202 , 290 , 369 , 399 , 461
Applegate, Doug, 598
Appropriations, 140 -41, 186 , 192 -93, 195 -97, 199 -203, 285 , 293 -94, 363 , 373 -74, 377 , 405 -10, 438 , 461 -63, 517 -18, 521
caps in 1984, 384 , 391 -92, 399 -403
hearings, 290 -91
norm of passing bills, 209 -10, 215 -16, 285 , 373 -74
(see also authorizations)
process, xiv , 3 -5, 8 -11, 140 -41
and targets, including 302(b), 14 , 293 -94, 405 -6, 458 -60.
See also Continuing resolutions; Supplemental Appropriations
Archer, William, 311 , 322 -23, 493 -95
Armstrong, William, 61 , 125 -26, 169 -70, 177 , 242 , 279 , 289 , 311 -12, 319 -20, 322 , 325 -26, 378 -79, 438 , 514
Ashbrook, John, 155
Aspin, Les, 115 , 244 -47, 304 , 452
Atkinson, Eugene, 598
Authorizing Committees:
and appropriations, 9 -11, 153 , 296 -97, 362 -63, 374 , 407 -09
and 1981 reconciliation, 45 -47, 97 , 137 -38, 141 -46, 148 , 153
and 1982 reconciliation, 248
See also Continuing resolution; Reconciliation
B
Babbitt, Bruce, 521 -22
Bagehot, Walter, 421
Baker, Howard, 63 , 89 , 96 -97, 104 -5, 111 , 114 , 118 -21, 126 , 143 , 152 -53, 160 , 177 , 188 , 190 -93, 196 , 202 , 207 -8, 218 -19, 226 , 230 , 233 , 236 , 238 , 240 , 243 , 278 , 290 , 292 , 296 , 302 , 306 -8, 311 -12, 326 , 341 , 349 , 361 , 368 -71, 375 , 378 -80, 383 , 388 , 392 , 395 -98, 400 , 407 -8, 411 , 429 , 520
Baker, James, 82 , 87 -88, 101 , 104 , 118 -19, 121 , 134 -35, 164 -66, 170 , 186 , 188 , 190 , 199 , 202 , 234 -37, 244 , 254 -55, 319 , 369 , 388 , 390 , 422 , 429 -30, 443 , 448 , 474 , 480 , 483 -84, 487 , 495 , 519 -20, 587
Balanced Budget Amendment, 76 , 77 , 274 -83, 285 , 410 , 423 , 440 , 509 , 614 -15n.38
Balanced Budget ideal:
constraint on program action, 247 , 285 -86, 292 -93, 374 , 410
as conventional wisdom, 20 -21, 30 -31, 49 -50, 52 , 55 , 64 , 95 , 115 , 219 , 233 , 237 , 270 , 519 -521, 527 -29, 545 , 562 , 570
Democrats, 20 -21, 52 , 55 , 246 -47, 410 , 548
and Reaganomics, 69 -70, 75 -76, 79 , 84 -85, 97 , 112 , 131 , 149 , 156 -57, 183 , 193 , 272 -73, 443 , 508 -9
and Senate Republicans, 97 , 120 -21, 125 -26, 246 -47
as symbol of governance, 427 -28, 431 , 530 , 543 , 558 -60, 565
See also Balanced Budget Amendments; Deficit—consequences; Reagan, Ronald—moral economy; Responsible (or respectable) opinion
Balanced Budget Reaffirmation Act of 1987, 566
Baldrige, Malcolm, 105 , 196 , 235 , 385
Ball, Robert, 239 , 311 , 317 , 319 -21
Barone, Michael, 218
Barrett, Laurence, 71 , 88 , 177 , 199
Baucus, Max, 397
Bauer, Raymond, 543
Bell, Stephen E., 89 , 96 -97, 165 , 396 , 447
Bennett, Charles, 176
Benson, Richard, 266
Bentsen, Lloyd, 34 -35, 52 , 54 , 163 , 173 , 488 , 568
Berra, Yogi, 430
Berry, John, 23
Biaggi, Mario, 179 -80
Biden, Joseph R., Jr., 397
Black Caucus, 34 , 40 -41, 245 -46, 394 , 414 , 450
Blackmun, Justice, 511
"Bloated Omnibus Money Bill" (BOMB), 514 , 15
"Blue Book," 416 -18, 422 , 630 ,
Bolger, William, F., 144
Bolling, Richard, 46 , 55 , 93 , 138 -39, 154 , 235 -41, 245 , 280
Boll Weevils:
and defense, 40 -41
return to party, 244 -45, 393 -94, 446 , 450
spending, 1981, 91 -93, 114 -15, 122 -23, 125 , 127 , 129 , 142 , 144 , 147 -48
taxes, 1981, 158 -66
See also Cleavages in the House; Democratic Party
Boner, William, 598
Boschwitz, Rudy, 230 , 484 , 488
Boskin, Michael, 359
"Bracket creep," 19 , 76 , 79 , 117 , 175 , 180 , 503
Brademas, John, 32 , 53 , 73 , 92
Bradley, Bill, 160 , 170 , 252 , 473 -75, 478 , 485 -86, 488 , 493 , 495 -97, 503 , 508
Brady, Nicholas, 655
Brandon, Richard N., 397
Braybrooke, David, 557
Brinkley, Jack, 598
Brittan, Samuel, 540
Broadhead, William, 31 , 43 , 151 , 175
Brock, Bill, 101
Brockway, David H., 486
Brookings, Institution, 28 , 315 , 546 , 577 , 656
Brown, Edmund G. (Jerry), 19
Brown, George, E., Jr., 496
Broyhill, James, 142 , 148 , 150 , 152
Budget, as dominant issue, xiii -xviii, 521
Budget Act of 1974, 12 , 44 -45, 79 , 503
Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, 7 -8
Budgetary base, 193 , 195 , 203 , 211 -217, 233 , 288 , 291
See also Budgeting
Budgetary process:
accounting gimmicks,
514 , 516 , 520 -21, 530 , 568
business groups, 533
choices, 452 , 460 , 525 , 534 , 569 , 573
compromise, 508 -9
dissensus, 430 , 437 -38, 446 , 517 , 524 , 563 -66
game playing, 513
hostage-taking, 432 , 517 , 559
interest groups, 433
See also Budgeting; Budget authority vs. outlays ;Control procedures
Budgetary terrorism, 431 -32, 560
Budget authority vs. outlays, xiv , 2 -3, 35 -36, 39 , 142 -43, 191 , 200 -202, 435 , 449 , 456 -62, 524
See also Fakery; Score-keeping
Budget Control and Impoundment Act of 1974, 11
Budgeting:
as commitments, 2 -5, 11 , 104 , 135 -36, 287 -88, 327 -30, 337 , 340 -41, 541
purposes, xiii -xiv, xvi , 2 , 7 , 17
Budget procedures. See Control Procedures; Procedural Collapse; Procedure vs. Substance
Bush, George, 87 , 122 , 129 , 131 , 325 , 389 , 433 , 521 , 522 , 567 , 569
Byrd, Robert, 32 , 50 , 54 , 57 , 131 , 153 , 160 , 243 , 311 , 326 , 351 , 370 , 379 , 390 , 393 , 408 , 433 , 446 , 462
Byron, Beverly, 178
C
Caddell, Patrick, 419
Campbell, Carroll, A., Jr., 375
Capitalism, 27 -28, 53 , 71 -72, 268 -69, 274
"Capitalist vanguard," 534 -43, 558
See also Economics; Economy—ideas about; Labor; Lobbying; Monetary policy; Public Interest, The; Responsible (or respectable) opinion; Special interests; State, The
Carter, Jimmy, xvi , 18 -23, 27 -33, 35 , 37 , 39 -43, 49 -58, 60 , 63 , 66 -67, 69 -72, 77 , 80 , 87 , 89 , 95 , 99 , 108 -13, 128 , 138 , 165 , 172 , 178 , 190 , 195 , 205 -7, 217 , 227 , 230 , 233 , 250 , 259 , 268 , 275 , 286 , 300 , 313 , 333 , 335 -37, 341 , 347 , 357 , 412 , 427 , 530 , 532 , 535 , 545 , 587 , 621
Carter, Rosalynn, 52
Chafee, John, 121 -23, 243 , 298 , 369 , 399 , 464 , 485 -87, 492
Chapoton, John "Buck," 173 , 255 , 475 , 532
Cheney, Richard, 448
Child Health Assurance Program (CHAP), 395 , 404
Children's allowance theory, 80 , 96 -97, 110 -11, 162 , 170 , 178 -80, 182 , 225 , 464 , 563 , 587 n.31
See also Reagan, Ronald—moral economy Reaganomics
Chiles, Lawton, 87 , 114 , 120 , 126 , 190 , 207 , 369 , 378 -80, 389 -93, 397 -99, 406 -7, 413 , 435 -38, 445 -46, 452 , 461 -509, 544 , 559
Civil Rights Act, 139
Clark, Timothy, 414
Clark, William, 307
Clausen, Don H., 304
Clay, Henry, 300
Cleavages in the House, 208 -12, 217 , 244 -48, 258 , 295
See also Boll Weevils, Democratic Party, Gypsy Moths
Clifford, Clark, 416
Clinch River nuclear reactor project, 114 , 143 , 148 , 304
Coalition Against Regressive Taxation, 485
Cochran, Thad, 433
"College of Cardinals," 9
Committee on the present danger, 38
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), 44 , 291 , 295 , 363
Common Cause, 493
Communist manifesto, 536
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), 462
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 40 , 105 , 113 , 228 , 233 , 337
Conable, Barber, 34 , 52 , 54 , 61 , 112 , 118 , 153 , 158 -59, 163 , 172 , 174 , 197 , 236 , 250 , 253 , 277 , 279 -80, 283 , 311 , 319 , 361 , 375 , 471
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, 11 -17
Congressional pay, 62 -63, 288 , 304 -6
Conlon, Richard P., 413
Conservative Democratic Forum (CDF), 127 , 147 , 161 -62, 394
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) 462 -67
Continuing resolution, 62 -63, 199 , 200 -203
215 -16, 287 -88, 296 -97, 303 -8, 441 , 463 , 514 -15, 517 -18
and government shutdown, 59 , 203 , 377 , 409 , 584 n.84
policy disputes in 1984, 408 -10
Control procedures, 44 -45, 130 , 140 , 200 , 276 , 380 , 383
appropriations caps, 142 , 391 -92, 399 -403
deferred enrollment, 593 n.43
"Economic Bill of Rights," 76
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings forerunners, 378 , 384 , 410
informal, 405 -6
on second resolution, 15 -16, 56
See also Balanced Budget Amendment; Fakery; Gramm-Rudman-Hollings; Procedure vs. substance; Reconciliation
Construction Trades Council, 117
Conte, Silvio, 192 , 195 , 200 , 203 , 215 -17, 226 , 245 , 283 , 285 , 291 , 293 , 304 , 307 , 361 , 379 , 409 -10
Coolidge, Calvin, 315
Corcoran, Tom, 288 -89
Corman, James, C., 47 , 49 , 102 , 232
Corry, Martin A., 507
Crane, Phillip M., 495
Cranston, Alan, 114 , 252 , 300 , 371
Crippen, Don, 97
Crozier, Michel, 541
Cuba, 19
Cuomo, Mario, 418 , 481 , 488 , 498
D
Dahl, Robert, 543
D'Amato, Alphonse, 488 -89, 515
Danforth, John, 122 , 298 , 375 , 378 , 486 , 492 -93
Dannemeyer, William, 245 , 463
Darman, Richard, 88 , 119 , 134 -35, 147 , 164 -65, 174 , 192 , 222 , 234 -36, 254 -55, 312 , 319 , 357 -58, 430 , 443 , 477 , 483 -84, 567 , 590, 655
Deaver, Michael, 87 , 118 , 134 , 222 , 235 , 429
Debt Ceiling, 89 , 279 , 378 -80, 384 , 400 -401, 405 , 441 -42, 447 , 450 , 453 , 463 , 512 , 515
Defense:
buildup, 19 , 32 , 35 -43, 61 , 77 , 79 , 85 , 108 -10, 185 -88, 190 -93, 201 , 439 , 581 n.3
as cause of deficit, 335 -37, 344 , 564
going down, 506 -9, 515 , 524 -25
in Gramm-Rudman, 444 -45, 448 -49, 451 -52
public opinion shift, 204 -5, 361 , 366 -68, 424
Reagan vs. Congress, 215 , 217 , 228 , 230 , 233 -34, 291 , 296 -97, 303 -4, 307 , 359 , 366 , 368 -69, 382 -85, 393 -95, 398 , 407 , 410 , 414 , 432 -36, 448
and sequential budget rounds, 400 , 405 -6, 463
Deficit:
as all purpose weapon, 575
argument against panic, 527
causes: 181 -82, 331 -45, 387 -89, 411 , 439 , 530 -31, 564 -66
crisis and markets, 529
in election campaign, 522
and inflation, 545
Deficit—consequences:
authors' best guess, 352 -54, 527 -29, 570 -71
bad, but keep changing, 364 -65, 378 , 426 -28, 562
Democratic views, 20 -22, 24 , 30 -31, 48 , 195 , 376 , 412 , 415 -18, 420
for government, 48 , 353 , 376 , 387 , 571
inflation, 20 -22, 24 , 30 -31, 75 -76, 78 , 190 , 540
interest rates, 133 , 219 , 225 -26, 235 , 247 , 289 , 348
redistributive, 347 , 350 -51, 412 -15
Republic divisions, 196 -97, 349 -50, 357 -58
savings, 527 -29
threat to recovery, 357 -58, 369
See also Deficit
Deficit reduction:
choices, 530 -31
economic conditions, 449
elections, role of, 531
game-playing, 431
obstacles, 523 -28, 563 -66, 569
offset procedure, 489 , 516 -17
size of problem, 523 -28, 570 -73
timetable, 453 -55.
See also Spending cuts packages; Tax increases—successful; Tax increases—unsuccessful
Deficit Reduction Act (DEFRA), 331 , 376 , 383 -84, 391 , 396 -99, 401 -5.
See also Tax increases—successful; Tax increases—unsuccessful
Dellums, Ron, 414
Democracy, xviii , 66 -67, 139 , 175 , 244 -46, 285 , 370 , 531 -34, 547 -48, 558 -61
and Balanced Budget Amendment, 280 -83
and capitalism, 534 -43
flaws, 566
as limit on deficit reduction, 156 , 180 -82, 231 -34, 256 -57, 283 -84, 427 -28, 529 , 531 -32
system maintenance, 546 -50, 559
and tax reform, 497 -502, 504 .
See also Elections; Public Interests, The; Public opinion
Democratic National Committee (DNC), 416
Democratic Party:
anti-deficit metamorphosis,
Atari Democrats, 346
disarray over budget, economy, xiv , 18 -22, 34 -35, 50 -51, 55 , 64 , 91 -94, 113 , 131 -32, 141 , 145 -46, 151 , 449
discipline in House, 151 , 170 -72, 214 , 361
freshman faction, 376 -77
government activism and redistribution, 57 , 115 -17, 132 , 299 , 351 , 361 -62, 416 -18, 440 , 563 -64
tax reform, 473 -74, 479 , 503
See also Boil Weevils; Elections; House Democratic leadership; Labor
Democratic Research Organization, 93
Democratic Study Group (DSG), 93 , 151 , 376 , 413
Denton, Jeremiah, 598
Derrick, Butler, 461
Dexter, Lewis, 543
Dicks, Norman, 59
Diefenderfer, William M., III, 479 , 486 , 488
Dingell, James D., 142 , 148 , 152 , 401
Dixon, Alan, 489
Dole, Robert, xiv , 54 , 96 , 118 -19, 136 , 158 , 160 -61, 168 -74, 188 , 190 , 192 , 207 , 214 , 218 -19, 226 , 233 , 236 -37, 248 -56, 258 , 302 , 306 , 311 , 317 , 319 -20, 325 -26, 352 , 361 -65, 369 , 371 -75, 378 -81, 392 , 396 , 401 -4, 421 , 430 , 433 , 435 -38, 441 -42, 445 , 447 , 462 -65, 489 , 520 , 544
Dollar, strong, 263 , 350 , 613 n.12.
See also Investment and savings; Monetary policy
Domenici, Pete, 89 , 96 -98, 103 , 107 , 114 , 119 -22, 125 -26, 160 , 164 -65, 186 , 190 , 197 , 207 , 219 , 230 , 234 , 236 -37, 241 -42, 248 , 279 , 292 , 341 , 367 , 369 -73, 378 -80, 387 , 390 -92, 396 -402, 407 , 433 -38, 441 , 445 , 452 , 461 -63, 507 , 509 , 513 , 522 , 531 , 537 , 544 , 559 , 655
Dorgan, Byron C., 481
Dornan, Robert K., 305 -6
Dove, Robert, 97
Downey, Thomas J., 115 , 435 , 482
Duarte, José Napoleon, 408
Duberstein, Kenneth, 87 , 236 , 319
Dukakis, Michael, 521 -22
Duncan, John, 494
Durenberger, David, 122 , 243 , 252 , 298 , 485 , 487 , 497
E
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 455
East, John, 307
Eckstein, Otto, 55 , 303 , 351
Economic Development Administration (EDA), 113 , 123 , 141 , 336
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA), 137 , 139 , 157 -82, 217 , 229 , 236 , 251 , 332 , 428 , 495
See also Tax Cuts
Economists, xv , xvi , 205 -6, 213 , 259 , 303 , 572
Democratic, 28 , 29 , 50 , 55 , 351
Republican, 75 -79, 82 -84, 86 , 98 -99, 119 , 165 , 205 -6, 220 , 230 , 357 -58
and tax reform, 472 -73
three schools, 24 -28
See also Economy—ideas about
Economy—actual performance, 19 , 28 -30, 33 , 49 -51, 57 -58, 64 , 95 , 133 , 183 -84, 196 , 204 -5, 234 -35, 260 -62, 266 -69, 340 , 345 -48, 396
Economy—actual policy, 21 -22, 31 -33, 75 -79, 259 -60, 342 , 604 n.17
See also Monetary policy
Economy—effect on budget, 5 , 11 , 14 , 20 , 32 , 34 , 50 -51, 76 , 185 -86, 215 , 313 , 334 -35, 340 -42, 344 , 371
See also Deficit, causes
Economy—ideas about:
assumptions, 571 -72
confusion, 100 , 195 , 259 -60
deficits and inflation, 19 -21, 24 , 27 , 29 -31, 49 , 117 , 184 , 265 , 269
government and markets, 57 , 116 -17, 415 -18, 588 n.45
and ways of life, 260 -61
See also economists; expectations, Keynesian principles; Reagan, Ronald—moral economy, Reaganomics
Edelman, Murray, 552
Edwards, Jack, 307
Edwards, Mickey, 577
Eizenstat, Stuart, 138
Elazar, Daniel, 123
Elections, 259 , 274 , 279 , 312 , 382 , 409 , 410 -11
1980, 66 -73
See also Public opinion
Elkin, Stephen, 536
Elster, Jon, 537
Engels, Friedrich, 536
English, Glenn, 179
Entitlements, 3 -5, 11 , 40 , 103 -6, 124 , 148 , 191 -92, 228 , 334 -35, 337 , 359 , 386 -87,
See also Social Security
Evans, Peter B., 539
Evans, Thomas B., Jr., 288 -89, 490
Expectations, 22 , 29 -31, 34 , 50 , 55 , 63 -64, 84 -85, 133 , 184 -85, 189 , 259 , 263 , 266 -67, 269 -71
See also Economy—ideas about; Financial markets; Monetary policy
F
Fairness issue:
Democrats' best issue, 299 , 421
Reagan 1981 package, 90 , 102 -8, 111 -13, 148
Reagan's moral economy, 273 -74
Republican concerns, 106 , 192 , 217 , 219 , 228 , 233 -34, 237 , 238 , 257
shapes policy after 1981, 375 , 378 , 387 , 403 -5
"Social Safety Net," 106 -7, 111
tax issues, 107 -8, 158 , 160 , 180 , 222 , 257 , 301 , 303 , 158 , 160 , 180 , 590 n.32
See also Democratic Party; Elections; Public opinion; Spending cuts packages; Tax reform
"Fair Shares," 32 , 36 , 38 -39, 232 -33, 251 , 361 , 375 , 391 -92, 397 -99, 548 , 573 , 609 n.15
See also Budgetary base; Fairness issue Tax reform
Fakery, 61 , 62 , 78 , 98 -101, 110 -11, 124 , 125 -26, 140 , 142 , 154 , 166 , 198 , 215 , 227 -29, 231 , 239 , 246 , 248 , 252 , 295 , 321 -22, 328 , 388 , 399 , 434 , 462 , 513 -16, 518 , 520 , 557 , 559 , 568
See also Forecasts (of deficit or economy); Gramm-Rudman-Hollings; "Washington Monument" game
Farney, Dennis, 151
Fazio, Vic, 305 , 448 , 450 , 459 , 509
Federalism, 40 -42, 153 , 220 -23, 290 -91, 376 -77, 542 , 586 n.23
Federal Reserve See Monetary policy
Feldstein, Martin, 230 -303, 313 , 345 , 349 , 351 , 357 -58, 370 , 382 , 385 -89, 429
Ferejohn, John, 423
Ferrara, Peter J., 328 -29
Financial markets, xv -xvi, 19 , 28 -30, 49 -51, 55 , 63 -64, 97 -98, 100 , 132 -33, 183 -84, 195 , 225 , 235 , 247 , 260 -62, 266 -67, 349 , 359 , 396 , 484 , 518 -20, 529 , 537 , 565 , 574
See also Deficit—consequences; expectations; Monetary policy
Fingerhut, Victor, 419
Fiorina, Morris, 423
Flippo, Ronnie, 482
Foley, Tom, 32 , 46 , 127 , 431 , 447 , 451 , 464 , 520 , 567 , 655
Follette, Mary Parker, 504
Ford, Gerald, 16 , 21 , 71 , 87 -88, 221 , 308 , 448 , 586
Ford, Harold, 401
Ford, Wendell, 371
Ford, William, 296
Forecasts (of deficit or economy), 14 , 32 , 43 , 77 -79, 140 , 187 , 195 , 220 , 227 -28, 236 , 313 -14, 320 , 332 , 345 , 357 , 358 , 371 , 387 -88, 411 , 432 , 439 , 455 , 464 , 506 , 512 -13, 523 -24, 532 , 571 -72, 608 n.1, 613 n.8, 618 n.6
"Rosy Scenario," 98 -101, 125 -26, 164 -65, 184 -85, 341 -42, 594 n.46
intax reform, 491 -92
Frenzel, Bill, 215 , 448 , 483 , 494 , 655
Friedersdorf, Max L., 87 , 131 , 202
Friedman, Milton, 26 , 79 , 348 , 587
Frost, Martin, 149 , 377 , 448
Fund to Assure an Independent Retirement (FAIR), 323 , 326
G
Gallup polls, 19 -20, 51 , 56 , 67 -68, 72 , 116 , 180 , 204 , 423 -24, 567
"Gang of five," 122 , 244 , 369
"Gang of four," 115
"Gang of 17 ," 32 , 234 -41, 242 -45, 251 , 253 , 277 , 288 , 311 -12, 319
General Revenue Sharing (GRS), 32 , 40 , 434 , 517
George III, King, 577
Gephardt, Richard, 31 , 43 , 47 -48, 115 , 117 , 161 , 172 , 244 , 253 , 361 , 373 , 376 , 445 -48, 473 -74, 477 , 494 , 496 , 503 , 538
Gettinger, Stephen, 465
Giaimo, Robert, 40 -43, 45 -46, 49 , 53 , 55 , 60
Gingrich, Newt, 256 , 359 , 410
Ginn, Bo, 178 -79
Glickman, Dan, 178 -80
Goldwater, Barry, 371 , 433 , 515
Gonzales, Henry, 184
Goodman, George (Adam Smith), 264 -65, 537
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 453 , 515 , 547
Gorton, Slade, 230 , 241 , 309 , 369 , 396 , 399 , 435 , 438 , 442 , 490 , 507
Governmental process:
balance, 504
capacity to govern by Congress, 503 , 541
ideological conflict, 563 -70, 575
interest groups role, 532 , 546
legitimacy, 545
responsibility, 544
"rules of the game," 550 -60
separation of powers, 534 , 542
See also Budgetary process; Procedural collapse; Procedure vs. substance
Grace Commission, 386 , 394 , 627
Gradison, Bill, 159 , 175 , 448 , 498 , 517
Graham, Katherine, 90
Gramm, Phil, 31 , 42 , 81 , 92 , 101 , 115 , 124 -29, 138 , 142 , 145 -47, 244 , 281 , 361 , 394 , 410 , 439 -44, 446 -47, 450 -52, 456 , 490 , 512 , 545 , 555 , 559 , 588 , 591
Gramm-Latta budget resolution, 127 , 129 -34, 147 , 160
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, xiv -v, 121 , 331 , 379 , 384 -85, 411 -12, 428 , 429 -67, 506 -29, 559 , 637 , 644
and the Constitution, 446 , 448
as integrative solution, 504
and the Supreme Court, 451 , 457 , 509 -11
See also Control procedures
Gramsci, Antonio, 538 , 546 -47
Grassley, Charles, 126 , 230 , 352 , 368 -69, 396 -97, 436 , 484
Gray, William, 429 , 434 -39, 450 , 513 , 516 , 523
Great Depression, xiii , 21 , 55 , 71 , 74 , 184 , 208 , 213 , 263 , 265 , 286 , 518 , 536 , 545
Great Society, 36 , 67 , 74 , 336 , 389
Green, S. William, 127 , 129 , 147 , 186 , 313
Greenspan, Alan, 27 , 75 -76, 82 , 98 , 100 , 133 , 311 , 313 -14, 319 , 351 , 587
Greider, William, 58 , 83 , 103 , 105 , 107 , 122 , 132 , 141 , 181 , 189 , 197 -98, 271
Gypsy Moths, 127 , 129 -30, 131 , 147 -48, 155 , 158 , 160 , 175 -76, 185 , 188 , 191 -92, 195 -96, 216 , 230 -31, 244 -46, 253 -54, 258
See also Boll Weevils, Cleavages in the House
H
Habermas, Jurgen, 547
Haig, Alexander, 89 , 101 , 187
Halburton, Michael, 587
Hamilton, Alexander, 219 , 283 , 541 -42
Hamilton, Lee, 568
Hance, Kent, 161 , 163 , 172 , 241 , 598
Harris, Louis, 300
Hart, Gary, 38 -39, 73 , 114 , 399
Hart, Peter, 419
Hass, Lawrence, 521
Hatfield, Mark, 114 , 119 , 121 -22, 202 , 207 , 215 -16, 219 , 285 , 289 , 291 -93, 307 , 363 , 369 , 379 , 391 -92, 396 , 400 , 403 , 410 , 437 , 461
Health Care Financing Administration, 324
Heclo, Hugh, 543
Hefner, Bill, 269
Heftel, Cecil, 248
Heinz, John, 122 , 243 , 311 , 317 , 319 , 325 , 487
Heller, Walter, 55 , 303 , 346
Helms, Jesse, 62 , 214 , 306 , 308 , 398
Heritage Foundation, 67 , 71 , 315
Hightower, Jack, 149
Hinckley, John W., Jr., 117
Hitler, Adolf, 547
Hollings, Ernest (Fritz), 19 , 42 -43, 53 , 57 , 61 , 103 , 120 , 125 -26, 153 , 190 , 198 , 207 , 223 , 230 , 234 , 236 -37, 242 , 248 , 252 , 369 , 398 -99, 433 , 437 -38, 442 , 447 , 450 , 512
Holt, Marjorie, 42
Horton, Frank, 518
Hostage-taking, 53 , 311 , 331 , 364 , 374 , 377 , 378 -80, 384 , 406 -7
See also Budgetary process; Gramm-Rudman-Hollings
House Democratic leadership: and budget process, 16 -17, 41 , 45 -46, 53 -54, 138 -39, 247 -48, 376 -77, 429 , 565 -66
distrust of Rep. Jones, 141 , 146 , 236
and Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, 450 -51, 567 -68
rules for legislation, 145 -49, 288 -89
Speaker's responsibility, 373
spending offensive, 289 , 294 -95, 304
strategy of inclusion, 92 -94, 394 -96
See also Democratic Party
Howard, James, 300 -302
Howard, Paul, 398
Huard, Paul, 501
Hubbard, Carroll, Jr., 128 -29, 178 , 304
Humphrey, Gordon J., 306
Hunt, Lacy, 184
Hutchinson, Ed, 81
I
Ikle, Fred, 109
Indochina, 11
Industrial Development Bonds (IDBs), 376
"Interest group liberalism," 554 -55
See also Lowi, Theodore
Interest rates, 24 -30, 49 -50, 58 , 64 , 95 , 98 , 184 , 219 , 235 , 261 -62, 263 , 335 , 347 , 350 -51, 594 n.46
See also Deficit—consequences; Economy—actual performance; Monetary policy
Interest withholding, 32 , 47 , 229 , 250 -52, 272 , 325 , 365 -66
Investment and savings foreign investment, 350 , 528 -29, 570 -71
preeminence for economists, 27 -28
and stock market boom, 261 -62, 270 -71
tax proposals, 96 , 159 , 163 -64, 168 , 169 , 250 -52, 342 , 357 , 359 , 475 -76, 482 , 494 , 508 , 526
See also Capitalism; Economists; Financial markets; Monetary policy; Productivity
International Association of Machinists, 351
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 265
Interstate Commerce Commission, 507
Iacocca, Lee, 523
hearings, 545
hostages, 50
J
Jackson, Henry, 38
Jackson, Jesse, 414 -15, 418 -19, 429 , 521 -22, 538
Jacob, Charles, 73
Jeffords, Jim, 244
Jenkins, Ed, 147 , 163 , 277 , 598
"Jobs" Bills, 50 , 52 , 302 , 304 , 307 , 362 -65, 624 n.28
Surface Transportation Act of 1982, 300 -308
See also Democratic Party, Economists; Responsible (or respectable) opinion
Johnson, Lyndon, 23 , 93 , 218 , 349 , 359 , 389 , 545 , 577
Johnston, J. Bennett, 114 , 126 , 202
Joint Committee on Taxation, 391
Joint Tax Committee, 491 -92
Jones, James, 34 -35, 45 , 52 , 54 -56, 93 -94, 103 , 112 , 115 -17, 122 , 124 -25, 129 -31, 139 -41, 145 -46, 152 , 154 , 162 -63, 172 , 215 , 234 -37, 244 -48, 277 -78, 361 , 371 , 373 , 375 , 384 , 390 , 402 , 405 , 410 , 413 , 429 , 440 , 462 , 482
Jones, Reginald, 234
Jordan, Jerry, 183 , 185 , 189 , 220
K
Kahn, Alfred, 360
Kassebaum, Nancy, 369 , 396 -98, 445
Kasten, Robert, 242 , 252 , 363 -64, 398 , 433 , 475
Keeter, Scott, 425
Kemp, Jack, xiv , 25 , 54 , 57 , 76 , 81 , 84 , 109 , 192 , 197 , 216 , 254 , 261 , 274 , 283 , 394 , 421 , 447 , 473 -75, 494 , 587
Kemp-Roth tax cut proposal, 69 , 75 -76, 79 -80, 84 , 90 , 96 , 112 , 118 , 157 , 166 , 176 , 180 , 243 , 361 , 532 , 539
See also Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) Tax cuts
Kennedy, Edward M. (Ted), 18 -19, 50 -52, 56 , 252 , 258 , 365 , 393 , 408 , 446 , 474 , 490 , 498
Kennedy, John F., 25 , 39 , 117 , 188 , 349
Kennedy, Robert, 117
Kenworthy, Tom, 565
Keynes, John Maynard, 24 , 266
Keynesian principles, 34 , 48 , 259 , 274 , 353 , 417 , 449
Keynesians, 24 -28, 31 , 55 , 350
Keys, Martha, 311
Kilborn, Peter J., 493
King, Anthony, 541
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 117
Kirkland, Lane, 34 , 311 , 318 -19, 523 , 567
Kirschten, Dick, 444
Kleckner, Dean, 523
Kudlow, Lawrence, 98 , 185 , 189
L
Labor, 21 -22, 34 , 50 , 51 , 113 , 175 -76, 197 , 233 , 267 -69, 270 -71, 299 -300, 318 ,
323 , 325 , 345 -47, 351 , 362 , 419 , 498 -99, 567
See also Democratic Party
Ladd, Everett Carl, 478
Laffer, Arthur, 25
Lasswell, Harold, 551
Latham, Earl, 543
Latta, Delbert, 41 , 43 , 46 , 61 , 127 , 129 , 138 , 146 , 236 , 244 -48, 280 , 295 , 372 , 438 , 440 , 582
Laxalt, Paul, 202 , 219 , 236 , 349 , 359
Leahy, Patrick, 371
Leath, Marvin, 434 , 450 , 509 , 514
Legal Services Corporation (LSC), 211 -12, 360 , 373
Legislative Strategy Group (LSG), 134 -35, 161 , 170 , 186
Lehman, John, 109
Lehrman, Lewis E., 474
Leland, Mickey, 450
Lenin, V. I., 536
Lesher, Richard, 165
Levitas, Elliot, 598
Lewis, Drew, 300 -302, 522 -23
Lewis, Jerry, 282
Lighthizer, Robert, 251
Lincoln, Abraham, 542
Lindblom, Charles, 557
Lobbying: by business interests, 93 , 164 -68, 171 , 175 -76, 178 -79, 230 , 249 -51, 255 , 257 , 270 , 274 -75, 396 , 441 , 477 , 480 -81, 484 , 498 -502, 532 -34, 533 , 612 n.95
by Ronald Reagan, 89 -90, 95 , 125 , 128 -30, 149 -50, 162 , 176 , 181 , 483
See also Interest withholding; Special interests
Lobbyists for the Independent Sector, 477
Long, Gillis W., 416
Long, Russell, 32 , 55 , 57 , 160 , 166 , 170 , 236 , 252 , 308 , 325 -26, 361 , 378 -80, 390 , 396 , 401 , 488 , 492
Lott, Trent, 173 , 192 , 200 , 236 -37, 243 , 258 , 384 , 447 -48, 566
Lowi, Theodore, 82 -83, 543 , 550 , 554 -57, 560
Lublin, Joann S., 498
M
McBride, Lloyd, 113
McCarthy, Tim, 117
McCarthyism, 72
McChesney, William, 349
McClory, Robert, 280
McClure, James, 201 -2
McComber, Dale, 99
McConnell, Grant, 555
McCracken, Paul, 27 , 230 , 587
McCurdy, Dan, 179
McFarlane, Bud, 444
McNamar, Tim, 101
Madigan, Ed, 176
Madison, James, 1 , 5 -6, 542 , 548 , 557
Magnuson, Warren, 58
Malabre, Alfred, 57
Malloy, John, 501
Manatt, Charles, 175
Marcos, Ferdinand, xiv
Martin, Lynn, 569
Marx, Karl, 74 , 470 , 536 , 655
Marxist theory, 535 -41
Mathias, Charles, 121 -22, 369 , 399 , 437
Mathiasen, David, 523
Mattingly, Mack, 410
Mayhew, David, 290
Media, 569
as critics of government policy, 538 , 549 , 558 -60
role in governmental process, 545 -48, 551
Meese, Edwin, 82 , 87 -89, 101 , 118 , 159 , 186 , 188 , 191 -92, 254 , 369 , 429 , 510 , 590
Melcher, John, 325
Mentz, Roger, 485
Metzenbaum, Howard M., 122
Michel, Robert H., 129 -30, 132 , 142 , 145 -48, 177 , 180 , 188 , 192 , 200 , 203 , 222 -23, 230 , 233 , 236 , 243 , 245 -46, 292 , 295 , 300 , 302 , 311 , 362 , 367 -68, 384 , 394 , 437 , 441 , 483 , 494 -95
Miller, George, 48 -49, 83 , 210 , 245 , 376 , 393 , 509
Miller, James, 442 , 452 , 464 -65, 508 , 516
Miller, Warren, 422
Miller, William, 50
Milliken, William, 243
Mills, Gregory B., 333 , 342 -43
Mills, Wilbur, 477
Mineta, Norman, 43 , 115 , 244
Mitchell, George J., 426 , 485 -86, 490 , 567 -68
Moffett, Toby, 93
Mondale, Walter, xiv , 56 , 354 , 390 , 409 , 411 -13, 419 -22, 425 -26, 474 -75, 507
Monetary policy:
counter to fiscal policy, 344 , 348 , 351 , 621 n.39
maintenance of banking system, 57 -58, 261 -67
Reagan support for squeeze, 77 , 112
velocity problem, 99 -100, 165
Volcker's squeeze: 29 -30, 33 , 49 -50, 57 -58, 183 -85, 188 -90, 261 , 267 -69
See also Deficit—consequences; Economy—actual performance; Economy—actual policy; Economy-ideas about
Montgomery, G. V. (Sonny), 127
Moody, Jim, 376
Mosher, Frederick C., 7
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 38 , 57 , 81 , 136 , 243 , 311 -13, 319 , 344 , 379 , 484 -88, 494 , 496 , 512 , 523
Muskie, Edmund, 15 , 42 -43, 52 , 56 , 91
N
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 165 , 233 , 311 , 398 , 498 , 501
National Association of Realtors, 500
National Bureau of Economic Research, 357
National Commission on Social Security, 311 -15, 319 -22
National Economic Commission, 239 , 242 -43, 522 -23, 563 , 567
National Farmers Union, 213
National Governors Association, 301 , 370
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 3 , 525
National Realty Commission, 500
National Space Agency, 10
National Tax Limitation Committee, 274 -75
National Taxpayers Union, 274 -75
Neustadt, Richard, 511
New Deal, 71 , 74 , 132 , 179 , 272
Nicaraguan Contras, 408 -9, 430
Nichols, Bill, 598
Nickles, Don, 306
Niskanen, William, 169 , 184 , 205
Nixon, Richard, xiii , 10 -12, 21 , 56 , 71 , 81 , 88 , 138 , 218
Nunn, Sam, 19 , 38 -39, 114 , 201
O
Oakar, Mary Rose, 246 -47
Oberstar, James, 127
Obey, David, 31 , 41 -43, 56 , 93 , 174 , 211 , 145 -46, 280 , 384 , 410 , 447 , 507 , 577
Offe, Clans, 538 -39
Old Age, Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance (OASDHI), 4 , 310 , 314 , 316 -17, 321 , 324 , 337 , 340
See also Social Security
Olsen, Leif, 31
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA):
of discretionary authorizations, 125 , 248
"extraneous" matters, 144 -45, 153 -54, 598 n.59
House, 124 -25, 132 , 137 -56, 596 n.12, 598 n.53, 59
implications for later rounds, 155 -56, 217 , 286 , 337 , 598 n.53
Senate, 97 , 114 -15, 120 -22, 153 -54
See also Reconciliation; Spending cuts packages
O'Neill, Thomas P., Jr. (Tip): 19 , 34 , 43 -46, 53 , 55 , 66 , 91 -93, 113 -17, 125 , 127 -28, 131 -32, 136 , 141 -42, 145 -49, 162 , 166 , 178 , 180 , 182 , 185 , 193 , 196 , 203 , 214 , 216 , 234 -41, 246 -47, 256 , 296 , 298 , 302 , 306 , 311 -13, 318 -25, 344 , 361 -62, 373 , 375 , 377 , 379 -83, 388 , 395 , 407 -10, 416 , 435 -39, 446 , 450 , 464 -65, 479 , 483 , 494 -96, 518 , 531 , 563 -64, 573
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 22 , 23 , 37 , 171 -72, 264
Ottinger, Richard L., 304
Oxicy, Michael, 177
P
Packaging—Tactical Effects, 59 -60, 255 -58, 294 -95, 366 , 401 -4.
See also Continuing Resolution, Reconciliation
Packard, David, 234
Packwood, Robert, 401 , 408 , 430 , 452 , 468 , 472 , 479 , 484 -98, 546
Palmer, John L., 333 , 342 -43, 527
Panetta, Leon, 43 , 51 , 115 , 124 , 139 , 141 , 146 , 160 , 226 , 244 , 295 , 365 , 373 , 375 , 387 , 413 , 429 , 448 , 451 , 520 , 567 -69, 655
Partee, Charles, 58
Pearlman, Ronald, 475
Pechman, Joseph, 28 , 473 , 503
Penner, Rudolph, 206 , 387 , 439 , 523 , 526 , 528
Pepper, Claude, 311 , 318 -19, 322 -25, 329 , 344 , 377 , 434
Peterson, Peter, 315 , 359 -60
Phillips, Kevin, 355
Pickle, J. J. (Jake), 133 -34, 323 -25, 401
Pitts, Billy, 146
Policy making, bias in, 534 -35, 551 -57
Political Stratum, 546 -47
See also Press, The; Responsible (or respectable) opinion; Responsibility of politicians
Poole, Ithiel, 543
Populist Conservative Tax Coalition, 474 -75
Power of the Purse, 181 , 278 -81, 287 , 292 , 307
before 1980, 1 , 5 -6, 8 , 12 -13, 17
and Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, 449 , 451 -52, 455 , 457 -59, 509 -11
and 1981 reconciliation, 138 -39, 145 -46, 149
See also Gramm-Rudman-Hollings
Presidential Power:
control of Executive Branch, 89 , 102 , 105 , 358 , 623 n.12;
"mandate"/honeymoon, 66 -67, 72 -73, 88 , 95 , 130 , 208
mobilizing public, 95 -96, 112 , 115 , 118 , 128 , 130 -31, 147 , 176 -78, 180 , 224 , 241 , 257 , 367 , 433 , 478 -79, 496 , 502
personal credit, 290 , 407 , 436 , 438 , 483
president's budget, 7 -8, 11 -13, 286 -87, 293 , 382 -83, 387 -88, 394
veto, 10 , 51 -52, 289 -92, 368 -69, 372 , 374 , 378 , 408 -10, 452 -53
See also Administration, Reagan
Press, The, xv , xvi , 19 , 23 , 30 -31, 76 -77, 187 , 194 , 198 , 205 , 222 , 289 , 301 , 355 , 413 , 421 , 481 , 486 , 492
See also Media; Responsible (or respectable) opinion
Primus, Wendell, 446
Priorities, dissensus over:
and Budget Act of 1974, 11 -12, 16 -17
and Gramm Rudman, 449 -50, 455 -56
Reagan loses the center, 360 , 366 , 391 -400, 422 , 424 -25
shift within budget totals, 291 -94, 374
See also Cleavages in the House; "Fair Shares"; Fairness issue; Spending cuts packages
Procedural collapse, 382 -85, 388 , 392 , 393 , 395 , 399 -400, 405 -7
See also Fakery; Gramm-Rudman-Hollings; Procedure vs. substance
Procedure vs. substance, 91 , 116 , 137 -38, 141 , 215 , 231 , 246 -48, 282 -84, 296 -97, 307 -8, 370 -72, 396 , 402 , 436 , 508 -9, 513 -14, 565
See also Procedural collapse
Productivity, 24 -25, 27 -28, 34 -35, 52 -53, 163 -64, 259 , 352 -53, 570 , 613 n.1
See also Economy—ideas about; Investment; Responsible (or respectable) opinion
Pryor, David, 114 , 120 , 371 , 481 , 488
Public Citizen Litigation Group, 510
Public Interest, The, xvii , 488 , 534 -35, 543 , 545 -47, 557 -61, 569 , 572
and authority, xvii , 82 -83, 558 -61, 574 -75
and Deficit reduction, 232
"General Interest" politics, 431
and Justice, 46 -48, 191 , 198 , 210
See also Democracy, Special interests
Public opinion:
anti-deficit/anti-spending matrix, 20 -21, 68 -70, 113 -14, 120 , 425 -26
Balanced Budget Amendment, 275 -76
Carter's economy, 19 -21, 50 -51, 56 , 67 -69
defense spending, 68 (chart), 72 , 115 -18, 361 , 367 , 394 -95
deficits and solutions, 423 -26, 433 -34, 531 , 539 , 567
governing, 539
mandates, 66 -73, 116 , 422 -26
Reagan hard core, 115 -18, 205
recession and unemployment, 21 -22, 204 -5, 235 , 241 , 299 -300
taxes, 68 (chart), 69 -70, 105 , 115 -18, 167 , 176 -77, 180 , 257 -58, 333 , 419 , 477 -78, 481 , 487 -88, 494 -95,
uncertainty, 427
See also Elections
Public Sphere, 547 -50, 558 , 566 , 574
Q
Quie, Albert, 243
Quinn, Jane Bryant, 235
R
Rahn, Richard, 165 -66
Rangel, Charles, 401 , 476 , 494 , 500
Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), 36 -37
Rauch, Jonathan, 444
Ray, Robert, 243
Reagan, Nancy, 87
Reagan, Ronald—assassination attempt, 117 -18
Reagan, Ronald—moral economy, 73 -75, 80 , 107 , 119 , 170 , 182 , 197 , 206 , 370 , 385 -87, 413 , 430 , 438 , 448 , 468 -75, 488 , 496 , 502 -3, 508 -9, 563 , 566
defense as priority, 77 , 108 , 188 , 196 -97, 432 , 444 , 527
deficit identified with spending only, 185 , 193 , 196 -97
monetary policy, 189 -90
rejection of conventional economics, 190 -91, 269 -74, 292 , 355 -58
Social Security, 134 , 177 , 435
See also Children's allowance theory; Economists; Economy—ideas about; Reaganomics; Responsible (or respectable) opinion
Reagan, Ronald—rhetoric, 54 -55, 95 -96, 111 -12, 130 -31, 149 , 171 , 177 -78, 180 , 197 , 203 , 223 -26, 238 , 255 , 257 , 277 -78, 298 -99, 370 , 433 , 445 , 477 , 480
Reagan, Ronald—tactics, 74 , 95 , 96 , 111 , 119 -20, 121 , 134 , 147 , 158 , 160 -61, 185 , 189 , 192 , 196 -97, 206 , 301 -2, 322 , 356 -57, 386 -87, 422 -23, 435 , 478 , 483 , 503 , 565 -66
Reaganomics, 71 -73, 82 -85, 180 , 220 , 225 -26, 261 , 267 -74, 299 -300, 312 , 352 , 355 , 563 -65
See also Reagan, Ronald—moral economy
Reconciliation: "abuses," 61 , 144 -45, 153 , 295 , 462 , 598 n.59
collapse in 1983, 371 -72, 376 , 378
cover for committees, 256 , 372
discretionary authorizations, 125 , 248 , 391
fiscal year 1981, 59 -61
fiscal year 1986, 514
form and House leadership, 294 -96
process reversal, 1984, 383 , 395 -400
See also Control procedures; Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA); Spending cuts packages; Tax increases—successful; Tax increases—unsuccessful
Regan, Donald, 85 -86, 96 , 101 , 119 , 129 , 133 , 160 -61, 165 -66, 170 , 173 , 175 , 184 -86, 192 -93, 196 -97, 205 , 220 -22, 235 -36, 250 , 254 , 257 , 261 , 276 , 349 , 357 -58, 382 , 385 , 388 -90, 429 , 436 , 438 , 443 -44, 473 -77, 491 , 501 , 520 , 532 , 538 , 546
Rehnquist, William, 502
Responsibility of politicians, xvi , 139 , 174 , 189 -90, 205 -6, 216 -17, 226 -27, 231 , 246 -48, 308 -9, 320 , 326 -30, 344 , 348 -49, 369 -71, 373 , 431 , 435 , 451 , 472 , 493 , 496 -97, 501 , 503 -5, 539 , 543 -45
extremism of the center, xvii , 64 -65, 284 , 380 -81, 426 -28, 439 , 558 -61, 574 -75
See also Balanced Budget ideal, Responsible (or respectable) opinion; Senate Republicans; Social Security
Responsible (or respectable) opinion, xv , xvi , 20 , 29 -31, 52 , 55 , 64 -65, 82 , 84 , 189 -90, 206 -7, 225 -26, 303 , 349 -52, 359 -60, 413 , 426 -28, 486 , 493 -94, 519 -20, 538 , 545 -48, 564 , 632 n.41
See also Balanced Budget ideal; Economists; Financial markets; Press, The
Reuss, Henry, 304
Reynolds, Alan, 474
Richardson, Elliot, 88
Roberts, Paul Craig, 86 , 98 , 100 , 220 , 235 , 474
Roberts, Stephen V., 496
Robertson, Norman, 184
Rogers, David, 516
Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 478
Rose, Richard, 540
Rostenkowski, Dan, 92 -94, 112 , 158 -63, 166 , 171 , 174 -75, 178 , 235 -36, 238 , 253 , 255 , 302 , 315 , 318 -19, 324 , 326 , 362 , 365 , 369 , 376 -77, 380 , 390 , 401 ,
427 , 446 , 450 , 461 , 478 -84, 491 -93, 496 , 507 , 514 , 519 , 568
Rowney, Edward, 109
Rudman, Warren, 427 , 439 , 442 -43, 447 , 450 , 512 -13, 559
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 539
S
Safire, William, 355
Salmon, John J., 477
Samuelson, Robert, 520
Santini, James D., 142
Sasser, Jim, 126 , 437 , 567 , 655
Saudi Arabia, 37
Savage, James, 353 -54
Schick, Allen, 11 -12, 45 , 567
Schneider, Claudine, 181 , 244
Schram, Martin, 162
Schultze, Charles, 23 , 33 , 303 , 656 n.19
Schumpeter, Joseph, 351
Schweicker, Richard, 89 , 133 -36
Scorekeeping, 140 -41, 143 -44, 154 -55, 166 , 200 -202, 212 , 215 , 281 , 295 -96, 307 , 320 -22, 391 , 404 , 513 , 517 , 567 .
See also Budget authority vs. outlays; Fakery
Seiberling, John, 46 , 48 , 210
Senate Republicans:
deference in 1981, 114 , 119 -23, 126 , 160 , 164 -65
independence after 1981, 197 , 203 , 206 -8, 217 -20, 225 -26, 241 -44, 308 -9, 373 , 379 -80
out front in 1985, 430 -39
unity and 1984 election, 383 , 392
See also Administration, Reagan; Gypsy Moths; Reaganomics; Tax cuts
Sequestration, 440 -41, 448 , 451 -53, 455 -56, 507 , 509 -13
"Seven-Year Budget War," 11
Shanker, Albert, 113
Shanks, J. Merrill, 422
Shapiro, Donald, 487
Shelby, Richard C., 143
Shields, Mark, 298
Shultz, George, 75 , 82 , 166 , 473 , 587
Shumway, Norman, 184
Skocpol, Theda, 539
Small Business Administration, 363
Smith, Denny, 361
Snelling, Governor, 223
Social Security, 3 -5, 32 , 40 , 103 -4, 11 , 120 -21, 126 , 133 -36, 143 , 176 -77, 192 , 242 -43, 357 , 375 , 378 -80, 397 -98, 411 , 432 -38, 445 , 533
Gang of 17 , 236 -40, 610 n.28
rescue package, 193 , 309 -30, 618 n.18, 619 n.23
See also Deficit—Causes; Entitlements; Reagan—Moral Economy
Solarz, Steven, 115
Solomon, Anthony, 55
Solomon, Peter, 133
Soviet Union, 19 , 32 , 36 -38, 108 , 175 , 190 , 415 , 548
Special interests, xvii , 6 , 380 -81, 419 -20, 431 , 468 , 472 -73, 486 , 495 , 497 -502, 507 , 532 -34, 539 , 543 , 548 , 569 , 572
bidding war on ERTA, 166 -67, 171 -75, 180 -82
business vs. defense, 233 -34
doctors and hospitals vs. the elderly, 395 , 404 -5
farmers, 212 -15
federal employees, 60 , 295 -96, 323 , 325 -27, 619 n.23
Teamsters and truckers, 303 -4
See also Democracy; Interest withholding; Labor; Lobbying; Public Interest, The; Social Security
Specter, Arlen, 122
Spending cut packages:
Bipartisan Budget Appeal, 359
Democratic 1980-81, 40 -42, 115 , 123 -25, 131 , 142 -46
Democratic surveys, 361 -62, 376
"freeze" proposals, 230 , 360 , 396 -99
FY83 budget process, 228 -30, 234 , 241 -42, 244 -45, 249
FY84 budget process, 366 , 369 -72
FY85 budget process, 391 -99
FY86 budget process, 432 -39
out side budget process, 72 -73, 375 , 378 -81
Reagan 1981, 88 -89, 101 -2, 104 -6, 111 -12, 127 , 146 , 148 , 150 -52, 154 -55, 591 nn.40, 56
Reagan FY84-85, 358 , 360 , 391 -92, 398
Republican pre-Spending
"September offensive," 191 -92, 195 , 196
See also Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA); Reconciliation; Social Security; Summits, budget
Spinney, Franklin C., 366
Sprinkel, Beryl, 30 , 86 , 98 , 189
Stafford, Robert, 121 -22, 153 , 223 , 298 , 369 , 399 , 489
Stark, Fortney (Pete), 257 , 477 , 481
State, The, 535 , 543 -46, 549 -50
State managers:
American executive as, 544
in Marxism, 544
notion of, 538
Stein, Herbert, 27 , 78 , 85 , 99 , 157 , 274
Stenholm, Charles, 92 , 127 , 152 , 165
Stennis, John C., 114
Stevens, Ted, 119 , 122 , 202 , 288 , 291 , 305 , 326 , 398 , 402 , 406 , 462 -63
Stevenson, Adlai, 427
Stockman, David, 31 , 41 , 47 -48, 64 , 76 , 78 , 81 -86, 88 -92, 95 -110, 113 , 115 , 119 -29, 132 -49, 151 -52, 154 -56, 163 -65, 170 , 173 -76, 179 , 181 , 183 -93, 196 -99, 201 -2, 210 -11, 216 , 219 , 221 -22, 225 , 227 -28, 231 -37, 251 , 254 , 269 , 271 , 279 , 285 -90, 292 -93, 301 , 307 , 319 -21, 336 , 341 , 349 , 356 -61, 364 , 368 -69, 374 , 382 , 385 -400, 404 , 407 , 409 , 429 , 433 , 435 , 437 , 439 , 443 -44, 461 , 473 , 532 , 537 -38, 541 , 555 -56, 587 , 590-91, 595
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), "Star Wars," 197 , 367 , 409
Summits, budget, 31 -32, 235 -41, 286 , 319 -22, 372 , 382 -83, 390 , 407 , 520 -21, 566 -67
Supplemental appropriations, 53 , 211 , 286 , 288 -94, 362 -65
emerging stalemate, 365
veto override, 291 -93
See also Appropriations; "Jobs" Bills
Surrey, Stanley, 473
"Switchblade state," 539
"Switchboard state," 539
Symms, Steven, 125 -26, 242 , 398 , 490
T
Taft, William, 518
Tauke, Tom, 244
Tauzin, Billy, 150
Tax code:
as instrument of policy, 468 -70
preferences, 455 , 468 -69, 471 -72, 485 -86, 491 , 497 -502
as redistributive measure, 470
Tax cut—repeal and rollback attempts, 192 , 196 , 250 -52, 303 -4, 361 -62, 370 , 375
Tax cuts:
bidding war, 163 , 168 -75, 181
as cause of the deficit, 332 -33, 342 -44
Democratic preferences, 114 , 158 , 171
fairness, 107 -8
Hance-Conable plans, 163 -64, 166 , 173 -74, 178 , 180 , 182 , 342
indexing of individual rates, 112 , 169 -70, 175 , 601 n.46
1980 maneuvers, 41 , 51 -53, 54 -57
Republican doubts, 90 , 96 -97, 160
Senate finance, 169 -70
"sweetener" strategies, 118 -19, 158 -59, 160 -61, 166 -67
"10-5-3" accelerated depreciation, 34 -35, 54 , 79 , 93 , 112 , 163 -68, 600 -601n.35
three justifications, 79 -81, 130 -31
transition team, 79
See also Children's allowance theory; Economy—ideas about; Public opinion; Reagan, Ronald—moral economy; Reaganomics
Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA), 217 , 219 , 249 -58, 285 , 294 , 296 , 324 -25, 327 , 331 , 342 , 384 , 402 , 479 , 501 , 527 , 552 , 553
See also Tax increases—successful
Tax increases—successful:
DEFRA, 383 -84, 390 -91, 395 -98, 401 -5, 628 -29n.63
gas tax, 301 -7
TEFRA, 173 , 192 -93, 217 -18, 229 -31, 234 , 236 , 238 , 249 -58
Treasury staff roles, 173 , 192 -93, 229 -31, 236 , 250 -51, 391
See also Social Security; "Three-for-One"
Tax increases—unsuccessful, 223 , 234 , 362 , 376 -77, 378 , 380 , 433 -35, 445 -46, 508 -9, 514
"contingency" plans, 358 -59, 361 , 385
in FY84 budget resolutions, 366 , 368 -69, 372 , 376 -77
indexing rollbacks, 371 , 375 , 378 , 393 , 394
Mondale campaign, 419 -25
tax the rich, 414 -15
See also Tax cut—repeal and rollback attempts
Tax reform 4 -5, 159 , 389 , 411 , 417 -18, 428 , 430
compromise, 492
consequences, 470
fairness, 470 -71, 474 -76, 480 , 483 , 485 , 489 , 495 , 498 -500, 503 , 552 , 559
as integrative solution, 467
media role, 481
public attitudes, 477 -78, 481 , 487 -88, 494 -95, 498 , 532
See also Media; Fairness issue; Public opinion
Tax Reform Action Coalition (TRAX), 501
Tax Reform Act of 1986, 468 -505
Teeter, Robert, 243
Thayer, Paul, 233
Therenot, Wayne, 500
Thomas, Bill, 151
Thomas, Dennis, 443
"Three-for-One," 237 , 249 , 254 -55, 298 , 308
Thurmond, Strom, 408
Thurow, Lester, 53 , 359 -60, 416 , 419
Tower, John, 109 , 192 , 391 , 396 -97, 400 , 439
Trowbridge, Alexander, 311 , 319 -20, 322
Truman, Harry, 52
Ture, Norman, 86 , 98 , 166 , 220
U
Urban Institute, 106 , 154 , 342 , 527
Urban Mass Transit Administration (UMTA), 3 , 105 , 122 , 337
V
Value-added tax (VAT), 463 -64, 526
Vance, Cyrus, 43
Vanderjagt, Guy, 92
Veterans Administration, 10 , 85 , 137
Vietnam War, 10 -11, 36 , 39 , 139 , 440
Viguerie, Richard, 475
Volcker, Paul, 29 -30, 33 , 58 , 84 , 184 , 188 -90, 225 -27, 259 , 262 , 266 -70, 344 , 348 -49, 378
Volckernomics, 260 -61, 267 -71
See also Monetary policy
W
Walker, Charls, 54 , 75 , 79 , 250 , 501 , 587
Wallace, George, 117
Wallich, Henry, 345
Wallop, Malcolm, 230 , 375 , 378 , 492 -93
Wanniski, Jude, 474
Warner, John, 39
"Washington Monument" game, 143 -45, 596 n.13
Waste, fraud, abuse and extravagance, xv , 8 , 20 -21, 61 , 70 -71, 77 -78, 81 , 103 , 111 , 126 , 185 -86, 224 -25, 272 , 330 , 386 , 389 , 626 -27n.11
See also Public opinion, Reagan, Ronald—moral economy
Watanuki, Joji, 541
Waxman, Henry, 395 , 401 , 404 , 448 , 450
Weber, Max, 273
Weber, Vin, 440
Weicker, Lowell, 121 -22, 153 , 243 , 298 , 369 , 396 , 399 , 437
Weidenbaum, Murray, 76 , 86 , 89 , 99 , 191 , 165 , 185 , 189 -90, 196 , 220 , 276 , 357 , 587
Weimar Republic, 547
Weinberger, Caspar, 63 , 78 , 82 , 85 , 88 , 101 , 108 -9, 186 -91, 198 , 228 , 254 , 359 , 361 , 368 , 382 , 391 , 443 , 452 , 522 , 567 , 573 , 587 , 591
Weisman, Steven, 157
Wertheimer, Fred, 493
White, Justice Byron, 511
Whitten, Jamie, 62 -63, 294 , 297 , 377 , 448 , 517 , 544
Will, George, 421
Williamson, Rich, 223
Wilson, Charles, 149 -50, 171 , 173 , 181 , 304
Wilson, James Q., 543
Wilson, Pete, 433
Wilson, Woodrow, 138
Wimpisinger, William, 351
Wirth, Timothy, 43 , 48 , 115 , 244 , 416
Wirthlin, Richard, 88 , 116 , 235
Witte, John, 478
Wright, James, 32 , 49 , 53 , 92 , 114 , 116 , 149 , 162 , 179 , 247 , 288 , 377 , 390 , 402 , 436 , 438 , 440 , 479 , 494 , 566 -67
Wright, Joseph, 444
Wriston, Walter, 587
Y
Yardeni, Edward, 183
Yates, Sidney, 291
"Yellow Book," 416 , 422 , 630
Z
Zumwalt, Elmo R., Jr., 359
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