1. Remarks by Fred W. Friendly to the PBS Annual Membership Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 29, 1981, NPBA.

2. Friendly, Circumstances , p. 306.

3. The invitations for comment on ABC's petition to launch a private satellite were in "FCC Notice of Inquiry," Mar. 2, 1966, FCC Files.

4. Friendly, Circumstances , p. 311.

5. Ibid., p. 319.

6. Ford Foundation Annual Report , 1967, Ford Foundation Files. The amount authorized for the first year's "startup" was $7.9 million.

7. Halberstam, Powers That Be , p. 135.

8. Friendly, Circumstances , p. 304. A detailed account of the PBL story is contained in Michael Golden, "The Great Experiment," Emmy (Nov.-Dec. 1983).

9. The ground rules for the NET- PBL relationship are from "Memorandum of Understanding, Between the Ford Foundation and the National Educational Television and Radio Center, May 11, 1967," NPBA. The committee members of the NET board named in the memorandum were George P. Stoddard, Edward W. Barrett, Everett N. Case, Norman Cousins, Philip D. Reed, and John F. White.

10. PBL 's Editorial Policy Board comprised Edward W. Barrett (chair), dean of the Graduate School of Journalism, Columbia University; Norman Cousins, editor, Saturday Review ; Lawrence Cremin, Frederick A. P. Barnard Professor of Education, Columbia University Teacher's College; John Fischer, editor, Harper's ; James R. Dumpson, dean and professor of sociology, Fordham University; Richard Hofstadter, Dewitt Clinton Professor of History, Columbia University; Thomas P. F. Hoving, director, Metropolitan Museum of Art; Polykarp Kusch, professor of physics, Columbia University; Peter Mennin, president, Juilliard School of Music; William P. Rogers, former Attorney General of the United States; and John F. White, president, NET.

11. The policies of the PBL Editorial Board are set forth in a memorandum from Edward W. Barrett to the Public Broadcast Laboratory Editorial Policy Board, May 19, 1967, NPBA.

12. Westin to the PBL staff, memorandum, "The Concept," Dec. 30, 1966, NPBA.

13. Fred Friendly to Av Westin, memorandum, Oct. 10, 1967, NPBA.

14. Harriet Van Home, "Back to the Lab," New York Post , Nov. 11, 1967.

15. Jack Gould, "A Noble Experiment: Nowhere to Go but Up," New York Times , Nov. 12, 1967.

16. Edward W. Barrett to Everett Case, McGeorge Bundy, Fred Friendly, Av Westin, and staff, draft memorandum, Nov. 10, 1967, NPBA.

17. Editorial Policy Board of PBL to Everett Case, memorandum, Apr. 25, 1968, NPBA.

18. Ibid.

19. A press release from NET on Sept. 30, 1968, announced the appointment of a PBL program advisory committee with Fred Bohen, chair; John F. White; Av Westin; John Fischer; Norman Cousins; Abram Chayes, professor of law, Harvard University; and William Gorham, president of the Urban Institute of Washington, D.C. Bohen's duties were outlined in a personal and confidential memorandum from Everett N. Case to John F. White, Av Westin, and Frederick Bohen, June 17, 1968, NPBA.

20. Stephanie Harrington, Village Voice , Jan. 23, 1969.

21. The criticism of PBL 's experiment with six independent filmmakers appeared as an unattributed quotation in "Can This Be America?" by Robert Lewis Shayon, Saturday Review , Feb. 22, 1969. Shayon scored the critics for overreaction. "Young filmmakers are very vulnerable . . . they need a sympathetic environment, encouraging, characterized by the respect and open-mindedness that ought to mark the democratic society."

22. Of the major participants in PBL , only Av Westin returned to commercial television, subsequently becoming vice president of ABC News. Among those who remained with the public medium were Lewis Freedman ( Hollywood Television Theater ), Stuart Sucherman (Media and Society Seminars), Tom Kennedy ( Sesame Street ), Joe Russin ( Inside Story ), and Gerald Slater (WETA).

23. Variety , Apr. 23, 1969.

24. The quotations from Freedman, Sucherman, and Bohen are excerpted from an undated draft memorandum from Fred Bohen to Fred Friendly ("I am happy to respond to your kind invitation to submit my personal views and recommendations concerning the future pattern and scale of foundation support in public television"), NPBA.