Index
A
Aaron, Henry, 192
Abandonment: doctrine of, 153 -154
Access to care: basic minimum, 180 -181, 225 -226;
in Britain and Canada, 223 -224;
comprehensive national proposals, 56 -57, 201 -203;
effect of cross-subsidizing on, 220 -221;
for uninsured, 197 -198
Aid for Dependent Children (AFDC), 199
and compensation for injury, 145 ;
and doctors' attitudes toward HIV infected patients, 59
American College of Physicians, 80 , 112
American College of Surgeons, 123
American Hospital Association, 123 , 164
American Medical Association: 80 , 164 ;
and human immunodeficiency virus testing policy, 32 , 38 -46;
and informed consent doctrine, 102 , 114 ;
principles of medical ethics, 66 ;
and violations of antitrust law, 234 -235
AMA violations, 235
Appropriateness of medical interventions, 115 -117;
research in and medical ethics, 118 -120
Areeda, P., 233
Arras, John D., 158
Arrow, Kenneth, 223
Authority, 27
Autonomy, 72 -73;
and informed consent, 90 -91
B
Barlund, D., 25
Barnes, Benjamin A., 116
Barondess, J., 135
Battery, 99 -101;
and informed consent, 104 -105, 113
Beauchamp, Tom L., 31
Becker, H. S., 27
Bennan v. Parsonnet,102 -103
Berlin, Isaiah, 3 -4
Blue Cross: history of 44 -47, 206 ;
nature of reimbursement, 211
Blue Shield: history of 44 -47, 206
nature of reimbursement, 211
Blumstein, James, 224
Bosk, Charles, 124 -125
Boyles, Michael, 78 -79
British National Health Service, 227
Brune v. Belinkoff,131
Burt, Robert, 26
C
Calabresi, Guido, 128
Callahan, Daniel, 188
Canadian health care financing, 227 -229
Canterbury v. Spence,107 -111
Cardozo, Benjamin, 102
Centers for Disease Control, 157 , 164
Charitable institutions, 206 -207
Childress, James, 31
Churchill, L., 189
Cobb v. Grant,111 -112
Communitarian values: considerations of in design of health care institutions, 216 , 229 ;
and liberal political philosophy, 85 -88;
and treatment duties in HIV epidemic, 156 -157
Competition m health care, 208 -209;
and HMOs, 213
Conflicts of interest, 65 -66, 210 ;
Conservative, 6
Constitutional protection, 167
Contact tracing, 169 -171;
civil liberties and, 170
Contract between doctors and patients, 153
Contractualism, 17
Corporate liability, 132
Cost containment, 57 -63;
strategies to effect, 181 -182
Costs of health care, 53 -54, 178 ;
Cruzan v. Missouri Department of Human Services, 5, 186
Cunningham, R. M., 64
D
Daniels, Norman, 221 -222
Defensive medicine, 134 -135, 180
de Jouvenal, Bertrand, 6
Democracy, 15
Demographics, 62
Devlin, Patrick, 19
Diagnostic tests, sensitivity and specificity, 163 -164
Diagnostically Related Group (DRG), 59 -60
Dialysis, renal, 193
Donabedian, A., 123
Donagan, Alan, 98
Drug abuse, 148 -149
in medical ethics, 148 -150;
to treat patients, 152 -154, 156 -158
E
Ellwood, Paul, 212
Emergency care, 218 -219;
patient dumping to, 219
Emmanuel, Ezekiel, 158
End Stage Renal Disease Program, 190 -191
Engelhardt, H. Tristam, 31
Enthoven, Alain, 54 , 58 , 228 -229
Equality, 9 -12
Ethics: as beneficence, 36 -37, 89 , 159 -160, 183 , 203 ;
codes of, 31 -33;
in informed consent cases, 105 -106;
as just doctoring, 94 -96, 159 -160, 175 -177, 193 , 196 , 201 -202, 204 , 218 , 229 , 230 -232, 237 ;
and malpractice, 140 -141;
professional, 78 -82;
and quality assurance, 125 -126, 140 -143;
traditional medical, 16 , 24 -26, 31 -35
Ethics committees, 187
F
Falk, I. S., 42
Federal Trade Commission, 234
Fee splitting, 215 ;
prohibitions against, 217 -218
Fetter, Robert, 59
Flexner Report, 40
Freedom: and health care needs, 221 ;
and HIV screening, 165 ;
and informed consent, 101 -102, 105 ;
negative, 3 -5, 13 , 21 , 84 ;
positive, 5 -7;
and quality assurance, 125 ;
and structure of health care institutions, 218 -219
Friedson, Eliot, 29 -30, 46 , 50
G
Garfield, Sidney, 212
Gephart-Stockman Bill, 58 -59
Ginzburg, Eli, 209 -210
Goldfarb vs. Virginia State Bar,234
Goods, primary social, 222
Greene, P., 222
Gutman, Amy, 85 -86
H
Hansmann, Henry, 206
Harper, Fowler, 99 -100
Harris, Jeffrey, 136
Harvard Medical Practice Study, 138 -139
Haven v. Randolph,110 -111
Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986, 139
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), 58 , 181 ;
history of, 210 -212
Healthcare Financing Administration, 191
Hellegers, Andre, 7 -8
Helling v. Corey,131
Hepatitis B, 170
Hollender, J., 26 -27
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 128
Hospitals: institutional structure of, 207 ;
proprietary, 64 -65;
staff privileges in, 236
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection: and antidiscrimination, 155 -156;
and confidentiality, 166 , 170 -171;
costs associated with, 161 -162, 226 ;
and drug abuse, 150 -152;
risk of occupational transmission, 157 -159;
state laws regarding tests, 172 ;
testing, 162 -165;
third party warning, 172 -173
Hunt v. Bradshaw,103
I
Iatrogenic injury, 138 ;
ethics of compensation for, 143 -145
Impartiality, 18
In re Quinlan, 184
Informed consent, 97 -101;
and HIV therapy, 167
Insurance, life, 162
Insurance, health generally, 44 , 198 -199, 206 , 211 -212;
lack thereof, 200 -201;
national programs to provide, 56 -57, 203 , 223 -225
J
James, Fleming, 99 -100
Joint Commission for Accreditation of Hospitals, 123 -124
Jonas, Hans, 35 -36
Justice, 16 -18;
of health care, 87 -88;
of prospective payment, 182 -183;
spheres of, 87 -88
K
Kass, Leon, 70
Kessler, Friedrich, 128 -129
Kronick, Richard, 228
L
Liberalism, 3 , 77 -78, 82 -88, 224
Liberties, civil, 16
Limits on care, 1 , 175 -177, 184 -186
Litigation, frivolous, 133 -134
Locke, John, 11
M
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 51
Malpractice litigation, 106 , 122 , 129 -134;
in Britain and Canada, 133 ;
and medical custom, 129 , 131 -132;
physician reaction to, 133 -134, 136
Markets in medical care, 205 -207, 209 ;
regulation of, 215 -217
Mason v. Ellsworth,107
Medi-Cal., reform of, 62
Medicaid: history of, 45 -46, 198 -199;
relation to private insurance, 18 ;
and transplant policy, 195 -196
Medical education, 238
Medical societies, 38
Medicare: fraud and abuse of, 216 -217;
and hospital certification, 124 ;
and prospective payment, 22 ;
reimbursement policies, 1 ;
relation to private insurance, 18 ;
and transplant policy, 193
Meisel, A., 112
Melia, E. P., 209
Miles, Steven, 158
Mohr v. Williams,101
Moral activity spheres of, 87 ;
and duty to treat HIV-infected patients, 156 -159;
as part of definition of just health care institutions, 204 -205
Morality, public, 19 -23;
and tort law, 137
Morality, social, 20
Morbidity and mortality conference, 126
N
Natanson v. Kline,105
National health insurance. See Insurance
National Organ Transplantation Act of 1984, 190
Newhouse, Joseph, 178
No-fault administrative compensation plans, 144 -145
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 158
Original position, 17 -18, 222
P
Paternalism, 31 ;
distinguished from just doctoring, 89 -90;
in informed consent case law, 98 -99, 107 -109;
and traditional medical ethics, 51 -55
Patrick v. Burger,235
Payment for health care: fee for service, 30 , 37 ;
Pellegrino, Edmund, 36 -37, 64 -65, 89 , 91 -92
Percival, Thomas, 31
Plante, Marcus, 100
Pluralism, 51
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 174
Positivism, 19
Pratt v. Davis,100 -101
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), 181
President's Commission for study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 224
Priest, George, 128 -129
Professional Duties of Physicians, 232 -239
Professional Standard Review Organizations (PSRO's), 55
Prostatectomy, 117
Public health, 38 -39;
and HIV testing policy, 169
Q
Quality assurance programs, 122 -127;
in anesthesiology, 141 -142;
and tort litigation, 142
Quality of medical care, 121 -122;
process and outcome measures of, 141 -142
Quintal v. Laurel Grove Hospital,131
R
Ramsey, Paul, 34
Rationing of medical resources, 175 -177;
age related, 184 -186;
by Oregon legislature, 194 -195;
physician role in, 187 -188;
policy guidelines for, 189 ;
and prospective payments, 182 -183
Rawls, John, 9 , 17 , 83 , 85 , 222
Redisch, T., 178
Referrals, 215 ;
regulation of, 217 -218
Relationship, doctor-patient, 26 -29, 88 -94,112;
confidentiality of, 171
Relman, Arnold, 65 -66, 210 , 216
Res ipsa locquitur, 104 -105, 130 -131
Reynolds, R., 136
Rights, 10 ;
of doctors, 68 -69;
to health care, 220 -222
Robinson, Judge Spottswood, 107 -109
Roe, Benson, 54
Role of physician, 27
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 42
Rosenberg, Charles, 123
Rosoff, Arnold, 100
S
Salgo v. Leland Stanford University Board of Trustees,104 -105
Sanctions of physicians: informal, 125 -126;
by state, 138 -139
Sandel, Michael, 83
Scanlon, Timothy, 17
Schloendorff v. New York Hospital,102
Schwartz, William, 192
Sherer, Renslow, 165
Shetter v. Rochelle,107
Shumway, Norman, 191
Siegler, Mark, 67
Steinwald, Bruce, 65
Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 199
Szasz, T., 26 -27
T
Tancredi, L., 135
Tarasoff v. Board of Regents of University of California,171
Tarlov, Alvan, 63
Therapeutic privilege, 98
Thomasma, David, 36 , 89 , 91 -92
Thompson, John, 59
Tort law, 127 -128;
and corrective justice, 143 -144;
and deterrence, 144 -145;
recent reform of, 136 -137
Transplantation of organs: bone marrow, 193 -194;
rationing of, 192
Trust, mutual, 34
Turner, O. F., 234
Twiss, S., 36
U
V
Veil of ignorance, 17
W
Walzer, Michael, 87 -88
Weaver v. Reagan,226
Weber, Max, 78 -79
Weiler, Paul, 137
Weiss v. York Rosenthal,236
Wennberg, John, 115 -117
Williams, Bernard, 34
Williams, Sankey, 135
Withdrawal of medical care, 184 ;
as no code status, 185 ;
when futile, 186
Workers' compensation, 161 -162
Y
Ybarra v. Spangard, 129
Z
Zuger, Abigail, 158