1. Figures compiled by Joan Connelly Ullman from Anuario estadístico de la ciudad de Barcelona: 1905 , vol. 4, in La Semana Trágica. Estudio sobre las causas socioeconómicas del anticlericalismo en España (1898-1912) , trans. Gonzalo Pontón (Barcelona: Ediciones Ariel, 1972), 127. All writers depend on those who came before them. This study—and most social histories of early-twentieth-century Catalunya—owe a huge debt to Professor Ullman. Unfortunately, because the American edition of her book appeared in 1968, just before women's studies emerged as a discipline in the United States, she has never received the recognition she deserves as a pioneer in women's studies. Although I refer mostly to the vastly expanded 1972 Spanish edition of her book, the American edition, The Tragic Week: A Study of Anticlericalism in Spain, 1875-1912 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1968), remains one of the best studies of women's political mobilization and ought to be reissued. [BACK]

2. Gary Wray McDonogh, in his superb study of the Barcelona middle class in the mid-nineteenth century, Good Families of Barcelona: A Social History of Power in the Industrial Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 188, portrays the Lyceum theater and concert hall as Barcelona's preeminent elite cultural institution. [BACK]

3. Luis Cabañas Guevara, Biografía del Paralelo, 1894-1934. Recuerdos de la vida teatral, mundana y pintoresca del barrio mas jaranero y bullicioso de Barcelona (Barcelona: Ediciones Memphis, 1945), 7, 16-21. [BACK]

4. These figures were secured from the local doctors by José Elías de Molins and published in his La obrera en Cataluña, en la ciudad y en el campo. Orientaciones sociales (Barcelona: Imprenta Barcelonensa, [1915]), 34. [BACK]

5. Jaime Alzina Caules, "Investigación analítica sobre la evolución demográfica de Cataluña," Cuadernos de información económica y sociológica (Barcelona) 1, no. 7 (June 1965): 33, cited in Ullman, Semana Trágica , 128; McDonogh, Good Families of Barcelona , 21; José Reig y Vilardell, Barcelona en el siglo XIX (Dietario de la ciudad) , 4 vols. (Barcelona: Imprenta de La Publicidad , 1898); Elisa Vives de Fabregas, Vida femenina barcelonesa en el ochocientos (Barcelona: Librería Dalmau, 1945), 219. [BACK]

6. Andre Barey, Barcelona: De la ciutat pre-industrial al fenomen modernista , trans. Joaquim Martí (Barcelona: La Gaya Ciencia, n.d.). [BACK]

7. I learned about how Josep Puig i Cadafalch used medieval Catalan paintings as inspirations for building designs from art historian Judith Rohrer (private communication, June 9, 1989). [BACK]

8. E. Casanelles, Antonio Gaudí (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1965), 31-32. [BACK]

9. For the seventeenth-century uprisings against Castile, see J.H. Elliott, The Revolt of the Catalans (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1963). For the Revolution of 1868 and the First Spanish Republic, see Friedrich Engels, "The Bakuninists at Work: Notes on the Spanish Uprising in the Summer of 1873," in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Revolution in Spain (New York: International Press, 1939); C. A.M. Hennessy, The Federal Republic in Spain: Pi y Margall and the Federal Republican Movement, 1868-74 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962); and Miguel González Sugrañes, La república en Barcelona. Apuntes para una crónica , 2d ed. (Barcelona: Imprenta de Henrich, 1903). [BACK]

10. Alzina Caules, "Investigación analítica," 28, chart 4, cited in Ullman, Semana Trágica , 128; Molins, Obrera en Cataluña , 17. [BACK]

11. Figures compiled by Ullman from Anuario estadístico: 1905 , vol. 4, in Semana Trágica , 127. [BACK]

12. Ullman, Semana Trágica , 130. [BACK]