1. In the main building of the 1867 exposition, France occupied 61,315 square meters; next came Great Britain with 21,655, followed by Germany with 7,880. See L'Exposition universelle de Paris (Paris, 1867), 1:5. [BACK]

2. Alfred Normand, L'Architecture des nations étrangères, étude sur les principales constructions du parc à l'Exposition universelle de Paris (1867) (Paris, 1870), 1. [BACK]

3. S. Giedion, Space, Time, and Architecture, 4th ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 258-262. [BACK]

4. Hippolyte Gautier, Les Curiosités de l'Exposition universelle de 1867 (Paris, 1867), 2:85-86. [BACK]

5. Janet Abu-Lughod, "The Islamic City—Historic Myth, Islamic Essence, and Contemporary Relevance," International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 19, no. 2 (May 1987): 160-161. [BACK]

6. Patricia Mainardi, "The Eiffel Tower and the English Lighthouse," Art Magazine 54 (March 1980): 141-144, and Art and Politics of the Second Empire: The Universal Expositions of 1855 and 1867 (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1987), 146-147. [BACK]

7. Sylviane Leprun uses the formal conventions of Orientalist paintings to analyze the architectural representations of French colonies in the expositions. Her three case studies are Horace Vernet's La Prise de la Smalah d'Abd el-Kader, Eugène Delacroix's Une Noce juive dans le Maroc, and Eugène Fromentin's La Rue d'El Aghouat . See: Leprun, Le Théâtre des colonies, 48-83. [BACK]

8. Nochlin, "The Imaginary Orient," 120-123. [BACK]

9. Mariette, Description du Parc égyptien, 100. [BACK]

10. Edmond, L'Egypte à l'Exposition, 15-19. [BACK]

11. L'Illustration, 20 July 1867. [BACK]

12. Hippolyte Gautier, Les Curiosités de l'Exposition universelle de 1867, 2:56. [BACK]

13. The Levant Herald, 19 February 1867. [BACK]

14. Hippolyte Gautier, Les Curiosités de l'Exposition universelle de 1867, 2:49. [BACK]

15. L 'Illustration, 20 July 1867. [BACK]

16. Basiret 779, 14 Ramazan 1289 (15 November 1872); L'Esposizione universale di Viena del 1873 2 (1873): 11; L'Esposizione universale di Viena 2:10, 74. [BACK]

17. Ministere de l'Agriculture et Commerce, Monographie des palais et constructions diverses de l'Exposition universelle de 1878 (Paris, 1882), 1:4. [BACK]

18. H. Gautier and A. Desprez, Les Curiosités de l'exposition de 1878, guide du visiteur (Paris, 1878), 41. [BACK]

19. Morocco's and Tunisia's representation elsewhere on the fairgrounds is discussed in chapter 3. The Ottoman Empire did not take part in this exposition. [BACK]

20. Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1878 (Washington, D.C., 1880), 2:155. [BACK]

21. Reports of the United States Commissioners, 2:154. Spain at the fairs was often represented by its Islamic monuments, most likely because of the English and

French obsession with the Alhambra. These pavilions, though interesting as they shed light on the fundamental conflicts in Spain's self-image, will not form part of this study, which focuses on Islamic cultures. [BACK]

22. Leprun, Le Théâtre des colonies, 130-131. [BACK]

23. Frants Jourdain, L'Histoire de l'habitation humaine (Paris, 1889), 2. [BACK]

24. E. Godeau, "L'Histoire de l'habitation," in Revue de l'Exposition universelle de 1889, 1:781. [BACK]

25. Charles Garnier and A. Ammann, L'Habitation humaine (Paris, 1892), iii. [BACK]

26. Godeau, "L'Histoire de l'habitation," 80. [BACK]

27. L'Exposition de 1889, guide illustré (Paris, 1889), 90; also see Debora Silverman, "The 1889 Exhibition: The Crisis of Bourgeois Individualism," Oppositions 8 (Spring 1977): 80. [BACK]

28. See chapter 1, nn. 2-3 and the discussion pp. 17-18. [BACK]

29. Garnier and Ammann, L'Habitation humaine, iii-iv. [BACK]

30. Garnier and Ammann, 26. [BACK]

31. Garnier and Ammann, 715-716. [BACK]

32. Garnier and Ammann, 723-724. [BACK]

34. Garnier and Ammann, 740. [BACK]

35. Victor Champier, "Les 44 habitations humaines," in Revue de l'Exposition universelle de 1889 (Paris, 1889), 1:115-116 and 121. For further discussion of the pavilions, see chapter 6. [BACK]

36. Louca, Voyageurs et écrivains, 193; Monod, L'Exposition universelle de 1889, 3:74-75; Leprun, Le Théâtre des colonies, 138. [BACK]

37. Delort de Gleon, La Rue du Caire à l'Exposition universelle de 1889 (Paris, 1889), 9. [BACK]

38. Louca, Voyageurs et écrivains, 193; Monod, L'Exposition universelle de 1889, 3:74-75. [BACK]

39. Gleon, La Rue du Caire, 9. [BACK]

40. Gleon, 7. [BACK]

41. Gleon, 11. [BACK]

42. Gleon, 10. [BACK]

43. Gleon, 11. [BACK]

44. Gleon, 10. This is an early instance of a Western art collector's obsession with saving non-Western art that is not valued by the indigenous—a phenomenon James Clifford calls salvage paradigm. See Hal Foster, ed., Discussions in Contemporary Culture, 121-130. [BACK]

45. Hippolyte Gautier, Les Curiosités de l'exposition de 1889 (Paris, 1889), 65. [BACK]

46. Muhammad Amin Fikri, Irshad al-alibba ila mahasin 'uruba (The guide to the virtues of Europe) (Cairo, 1892), quoted in Timothy Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt (Cambridge and New York, 1988), 1. [BACK]

47. G. Lenôtre, Voyage merveilleux à l'exposition de 1889 (Paris, 1889), 11 (quoted in Louca, Voyageurs et ecrivains, 193). [BACK]

48. Emile Godeau, "Promenade à la rue du Caire," in Revue de l'Exposition universelle de 1889, 1:155. [BACK]

49. Quoted in Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt, 2. [BACK]

50. Gilmore-Holt, Elizabeth, ed., The Expanding World of Art, 1874-1902 (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1988), 69. [BACK]

51. Léon Dussert, "Le Palais algérien," in Revue de l'Exposition universelle de 1889, 1:206. [BACK]

52. Monod, L'Exposition universelle de 1889, 2:139-140. [BACK]

53. Quoted in Rydell, All the World's a Fair, 65. [BACK]

54. Rydell, 62. [BACK]

55. World's Fair (Chicago, 1893), 3. [BACK]

56. Chicago Tribune, 7 May 1893. [BACK]

57. The Vanishing White City, caption. [BACK]

58. Chicago Tribune, 28 May 1893. [BACK]

59. Chicago Tribune, 5 April 1893. [BACK]

60. Chicago Tribune, 28 May 1893. [BACK]

61. Johnson Rossiter, ed., A History of the World's Columbian Exposition (New York, 1897), 1:505-506. [BACK]

62. The Vanishing White City, caption. [BACK]

63. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 16 January 1893. [BACK]

64. The Vanishing White City, caption. [BACK]

65. The Vanishing White City, caption. [BACK]

66. The location of the colonial displays was much debated in 1900. It was argued that since France's overseas possessions had increased considerably since the previous exposition in 1889, the area reserved for the colonies in the Trocadéro Park was insufficient. One editorial proposed the Tuileries gardens for part of the colonial exhibition, linking the colonial displays to the future of French colonialism: "It is crucial to startle the Metropolitans by introducing them to the products and resources . . . that our colonies offer them . . . to evoke in their hearts the firm desire to exploit . . . all these riches." See S. Arnaud, "Projet d'exposition coloniale en 1900," L'Exposition des colonies, 1 December 1897, 7. [BACK]

67. A. Quantin, Exposition du siècle (Paris, 1900), 165. [BACK]

68. Leprun, Le Théâtre des colonies, 148-149. [BACK]

69. L'Illustration, 20 September 1900; G. de Wailly, A travers l'exposition de 1900 (Paris, 1900), no. 16:18. [BACK]

70. G. Moynet, "L'Exposition tunisienne," L'Exposition de Paris, 2:279-280. [BACK]

71. Le Figaro, 19 May 1900. [BACK]

72. L'Illustration, 15 September 1900. [BACK]

73. Norma Evenson, Paris: A Century of Change, 1878-1978 (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1979), 136-138. [BACK]