INDEX
A
Abstract labor:
link between product and, 59 -60, 215 -16, 252 , 337 ;
of small tailors, 242 n135.
See also Labor
Accounting:
accepted elements of, 162 ;
for British/German labor transfers, 78 -84;
British/German method of time, 105 -21;
for costs of German overlookers, 155 -57
Agnatieff, Michael, 346
Agriculture:
French feudal, 327 -28;
social relations of German feudal, 299 -305, 308 -9
Althusser, Louis, 42 n2, 383 n112, 384
American employment practices, 14 -15
Anderson, Perry, 488
"The Apotheosis of Labour" (Textile Mercury ), 392
Arbeit, 310 . See also Labor
Arbeitskraft. See Labor power (Arbeitskraft )
Armstrong, Clement, 216
Artisan, 290
Association of Blast-Furnacemen, 86
Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 86
Authority:
German worker resistance to, 468 -69;
hiring/dismissal, 171 -74;
implications of fining systems to, 190 -91, 193 -94;
of overlookers, 166 -97;
Protests against employer, 441
B
Bailey, Samuel, 248 -49
Barbon, Nicholas, 221
"Barracks" language, 183
Batley Chamber of Commerce (1912), 80
Bean Ing mills, 134
Bebel, August, 413
Beccaria, Cesare, 319
Behagg, Clive, 241
Bernhardi, Theodor, 252 , 277 -78
Biggart, Nicole Woolsey, 15 , 145
Blackburn Labour Journal , 407
Blackstone, Sir William, 229 -30, 256
Blatchford, Robert, 408
Bolton cotton trade, 140
Bonus system, 427 n179
Bookkeeping systems. See Accounting
Born, Stephen, 413
Botero, Giovanni, 215
Bourdieu, Pierre, 21 -24, 207 , 485 n23
Boycotts, 438 . See also Strikes
Bradford Independent Labour Party, 408
Bradford Labour Echo (newspaper),408 , 410
Bradford Socialist Vanguard (journal), 406
Bremer, Julis, 417
British mills:
adoption of efficiency ratio by, 494 -95;
British mills (continued )
approach to time accounting in, 105 -21;
equality issue within, 187 -88, 191 -94;
fining system within, 74 , 78 ;
German vs. British piece-rate scales, 56 -73;
number of wool textile, 7 -13;
overlookers within, 147 -62, 166 -96;
physical layouts of, 128 -43;
public addresses to workers in, 439 -40;
shop-floor activity in, 2 -4;
social control exercised by, 194 -96;
traffic structure of, 133 ;
transition to power looms in, 5 -6;
treatment of "waiting time" in, 368 -70;
worker complaints in, 175 -96.
See also Great Britain; Textile mills
The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (Crozier), 16
Burnley Gazette (newspaper), 408
C
Capitalism:
character of human action within, 202 -9;
class consciousness and, 387 -88;
conversion of feudalism to, 305 -10;
cultural approach to, 25 -31, 91 -92, 314 -15, 468 -69;
German regulations leading to, 260 -66;
Great Britain's development of, 217 -18, 255 -58;
Marxism on development of, 278 -85, 310 -12;
production process under, 490 -91,
Protestantism influence on, 31 -33;
socialist movement's portrayal of, 407 -8;
social relations within, 208 -9;
source of profit within, 237 , 413 -14;
struggle between socialism and, 394 -410;
understood through labor as commodity, 402 -3, 482 -86;
"wages fund" theory and, 247 -48.
See also Liberal commercialism
Catholic labor unions, 425
Cayley, E.S., 251 -52
"Cessation of labor," 445 -46
Christian textile workers' union, 423
Civil code of Napoleon, 256
Clapham, Sir John, 234
Clark, Alice, 227
Class structure:
capitalism and, 387 -88;
language used to describe, 288 n127;
resource distribution and, 491 n35
Cole, Robert, 14 -15
Collective action. See Strikes
Commentaries (Blackstone), 229
Commodities:
land as, 218 -19, 269 , 327 -28
See also Labor as commodity; Market commodities
Complaints:
cross-national differences in, 178 , 180 -93, 428 n181;
on lack of sanitation/amenities, 452 -54;
on material distribution, 363 -64
published against overlookers, 175 -96
as reflection of reality, 384
Consumption, 26 -27
Corvées, 328 -29
Cotton Control Board, 496
Cotton Factory Times , mill complaint lists in, 191
Craft work:
Marx on, 294 -96;
role of, 289 -91
Crouzet, François, 66
Crozier, Michel, 16
Cultural practice theory, 21 -25
Cultural structuralism:
on economic institutions, 25 -31;
on social institutions, 21 -25, 204
Culture:
allocation of overlooking expenses and, 157 -62;
anthropological approach to, 22 n59;
as basis of social actions, 32 -36;
impact of Christian, 423 -25;
impact on economic categories, 19 -21;
interpreting capitalism by, 25 -31, 91 -92, 314 -15, 468 -69,
interpreting exploitation by, 412 -13, 418 -25;
interpreting Herr. K's case by, 162 -66;
interpreting labor movements by, 387 -91;
interpreting labor process by, 431 -35, 459 -61;
interpreting overlooker status, by, 196 -201, 461 -69;
interpreting strike demands by, 450 -61;
interpreting worker complaints by, 178 , 180 -93;
labor as commodity and, 143 -44, 206 -9, 213 -14, 289 -94, 310 -12, 449 -50, 472 -82;
Marxism assimilation and, 418 -25;
organizational characteristics of, 145 ;
punctuality attitudes and, 116 n85;
relation between labor/product and, 1 -3, 60 -73, 207 -9;
response to fining system and, 426 -31;
significance of, 386 -87.
See also Language
Culture and Practical Reason (Sahlins), 25 , 204 n 192
D
"Daily expenditure of time," 356
"Day laborer" (Tagelöhner ), 297 -98
"Day wages" (Tagelohn ), 297
Delivery schedules/quotas, 59 n51, 243 , 341
Demonstration traditions, 438 . See also Strikes
Der deutsche Meister (journal), 463
Dietzgen, Joseph, 306
Die Verbrüderung (newspaper), 411
"Disloyal" conduct, 170 -71
Dismissals:
authority to issue, 173 -74;
comparison of British/German, 448 -49
Distinction:
A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Bourdieu), 23 -24
Dore, Ronald, 14
Downing, J.W., 404
Drew, William, 459
E
"Echoes from Mills and Workshops" (Yorkshire Factory Times ), 174
Economic institutions:
Marxist theory on, 278 -85;
Ricardian view of, 244 -45;
specification of culture to, 25 -31
Economy:
impact on labor history of, 16 n43-18;
language to reflect realities of 346 -47;
social action shaped by, 34 -36
Efficiency ratio:
accounting of German, 95 -96, 472 ;
British adoption of 494 -95;
British disinterest in, 96 -100;
of labor, 276 -77;
piece-rate scales and, 102 -3;
production and, 99 -105
Eisenberg, Christiane, 287
Elbourne, Edward, 1126
Elements of Political Economy (Mill), 249
"Embodied labor," 478 -79. See also Labor
Employers. See Owners
Employment practices:
British forced labor, 229 -31;
for British weavers/spinners, 80 -84,
Employment practices (continued ) 495 n46;
comparison of British/German hiring, 429 -31, 447 -48;
comparison of feudal/capitalist, 306 -10;
comparison of Japanese/American, 14 -15;
comparison of delivery schedules/quotas, 243 ;
French capitalist, 329 ;
of German guilds, 287 -88;
for German overlookers, 168 -74;
for German weavers, 43 n7, 76 -77;
for home workers, 333 -34;
locking out for tardiness, 105 -21;
market culture impact on, 19 -20;
subcontracting, 158 -59, 241 -42, 342 n119
Emsbach, Karl, 450
Engels, Friedrich, 253 , 259 , 283 -84, 342
"The Entrance Gates," 128
Entrepreneurs d' ouvrage , 336
Equality issue:
labor as commodity and, 193 -94;
worker complaints on, 187 -88, 191 -92
Euskirchen piece-rate system, 46 -52
"The Exchange Value of Labor" (Roesler), 280
Exploitation:
arising from market culture, 408 -9;
British vs. German view of, 412 -13, 417 -18, 423 -24;
Das Kapital on workers', 393 , 414 -17, 488 , 490 ;
response of labor movement to, 425 -31
F
Factory Acts Amendment (1902), 122 , 125
Factory Administration and Accounts (Elbourne), 126
Factory systems:
architectural design for social division, 190 ;
authority of overlookers in, 166 -96;
comparative analyses of, 13 -14;
connection between school and, 30 -31;
cultural patterning of, 204 -9, 378 n98, 480 -82;
guild training within, 286 n119;
hierarchy within textile, 149 ;
linked to culturally defined labor, 90 -92;
pioneers of, 66 -67;
wage labor within, 297 -98
See also Shop floor
Factory Workers' Union, 361 , 404
Fairbairn, William, 131
Fair exchange, 398 -99. See also Production
Farewell gifts, 188 -89
Female workers:
attemps to attract, 481 -82;
factory dressing rooms for, 127 n133;
frequency of worker complaints by, 191 -92;
initiate "rough music" ceremony, 438 ;
right equal pay for, 426 n174;
strike over cleaning facilities for, 380 , 454 ;
work schedules for, 83 , 481 .
See also Workers
Ferrara, Francesco, 320
Feudal society:
French, 327 ;
German mill incorporation of, 37 ;
Italian evolution away from, 215 ;
legacy to labor of, 299 -310, 487
Fining systems:
British vs. German response to, 428 -31;
company book records of, 377 -78;
exploitation of, 426 -29;
for home workers, 333 n84;
implications for authority of, 190 -91, 193 -94;
for inferior cloth, 74 -78;
for tardy attendance, 107 , 112 , 115 -18, 121 ;
used in
French factories, 340 n109;
for violating wage standards, 226
Fischer, Wolfram, 294
Fleischer, Johann Georg, 304
Floor layouts (British mills):
fortress-like, 128 -34;
significance for labor of, 141 -43;
traffic structure of, 133
Floor layouts (German mills):
compared to British, 134 -40;
labor definition impact on, 141 -43;
traffic structure of, 137
"Force of labour" (Hyndman's term), 409
Foucault, Michel, 94 n1, 477 n5
Foxwell, H. S., 400 -401
France:
development of capitalism in, 321 -25;
economic legislation of 1791 in, 217 -18;
motivating conditions within, 343 -45;
recognition of labor as commodity in, 326 -42
Frederick the Great, 262
Freiheit, Arbeit (newspaper), 411
French Revolution (1789), 322
"From the Mill Window," 124
Frondienst , 329
G
Gaskell, Peter, 250
Gatekeepers, 126 n127
The Gateway (magazine), 124
A General Theory of Exploitation and Class (Roemer), 490
General Union of Overlookers, 466
German Foremen's Union, 465
German mills:
approach to time accounting in, 113 -21;
bonus system in, 427 -28n179;
British vs. German piece-rate scales, 56 -73;
factory rules of, 447 -48;
feudal tradition/technological combination in, 37 ;
overlooker authority in, 166 -96;
overlookers within, 147 -62;
"passive strikes" in, 441 -42;
physical layouts of, 134 -43;
shop-floor activity in, 2 -4;
thefts within, 142 n181;
traffic structure in, 137 ;
transition to power looms in, 6 -7;
"waiting time" issue in, 365 -67, 371 -82, 472 ;
wool textile, 7 -13;
worker complaints in, 175 -96.
See also Fining systems; Textile mills
German Supervisors' Union, 465
German workers' association, 413
Germany:
British vs. German concepts of labor, 89 -90, 196 -97, 213 -14, 313 -15, 431 -35;
development of strikes in, 437 -50;
French vs. German evolution of capitalism, 321 -45;
government supervision in, 432 n194;
growth of labor movement in, 391 -93;
guild's control over labor in, 285 -99;
labor movement ideologies in, 411 -18;
language to express labor power in, 272 -74;
legacy of feudalism to, 299 -310;
liberal commercialism development in, 260 -78, 473 -82, 488 -90;
Marxist economic theory in, 278 -85;
recognition of labor as commodity in, 267 -78;
state production intervention in, 495 -97.
ee also Prussia
Gil mill, 140
Glaser, J. C., 296 -97
Goods:
in exchange for labor product, 236 -44;
labor as finished, 232 -33, 319 -20;
produced with equal labor, 219 ;
production to
Goods (continued )
create, 252 -53;
quantity of labor bestowed on, 247 -48.
See also Products
"Gospel of Efficiency," 103 . See also Efficiency ratio
Gray, John, 398 -99
"Greasy" tuner, 187
Great Britain:
depressed level of wages in, 223 -28;
development of strikes in, 437 -50;
evolution of free market within, 217 -18, 255 -58, 487 -89;
German vs. British concepts of labor, 89 -90, 196 -97, 213 -14, 313 -15, 431 -35;
growth of labor movement in, 391 -93;
labor movement ideologies in, 394 -410;
legacy of feudalism to, 299 -310;
persons compelled to work in, 229 -31;
reception of Marxism in, 418 -25;
similarities to northern Italy in, 315 -21, 343 -45;
state production intervention in, 495 -97.
See also British mills
Grecian mills, 134
Grievance. See Complaints
Grundrisse (Marx), 282
Guilds (France), 324 , 329 , 334 -35
Guilds (German):
regulations on, 260 -66;
residual control over labor of, 285 -97, 334 ;
resistance to liberal commercialism by, 297 -99, 314
H
Hall, Charles, 373
Handweaving, 5 n5
Hermann, Friedrich, 270 , 276 , 307
Herr K. lawsuit, 162 -65
Heuss, Adam, 305
Hiring authority, 171 -74
The Historical Basis of Socialism in England (Hyndman), 400 , 409
Hodgskin, Thomas, 394 , 396 , 399
Holden, Isaac, 123
Home workers, 333 -34
How to Make a Woollen Mill Pay , 113
Huddersfield piece-rate scale, 46 -47, 54 , 57
Hüllmann, Karl Dietrich, 304
Human power (Menschenkraft ), 274
Hyndman, H. M., 400 , 409 , 419
I
Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (Veblen), 36 , 487 n26
"In a body," 445
Independent Labour Party, 403 -4, 420
An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth (Thompson), 395
Instrumental action:
described, 203 n189;
within capitalism, 202 -3, 311 -12, 490 -91
Insurance Act of 1911, 80
Insurance coverage, 169 -70
Iron and steel industry, 84 -85, 153 n30
"Is Labor a Commodity?" (Textilarbeiter Zeitung ), 424
Italy:
British vs. Italian development, 343 -45;
liberal commercial development in, 315 -21
J
Japanese employment practices, 14 -15
Jones, Gareth Stedman, 17 , 386 , 390
Jones, Lloyd, 422
Joynes, James L., 408
K
Das Kapital (Marx):
on British/German cultural differences, 314 -15, 469 ;
on capitalist labor, 278 -81;
on feudalism and capitalist labor, 294 -95, 308 -9;
library lendings of, 416 -17;
translation/spread of, 253 , 418 -20;
on workers' exploitation, 393 , 414 -15
Karl Marx's Economic Theories (Kautsky), 416
Kautsky, Karl, 415 -16
King, Gregory, 224
Kinship-based society, 25 -31
Kuczynski, Jürgen, 255
Kufahl, Ludwig, 138
L
Labor:
British/German accounting of, 78 -84;
British vs. German concepts of, 89 -90, 196 -97, 213 -14, 313 -15;
capitalist purchase of, 410 ;
Christian doctrine on, 424 n166;
conveyed in form of capacity, 270 -71;
cultural significance of, 1 -3, 90 -92, 207 -9, 431 -35;
efficiency ratio of, 276 -77;
evolution of sliding scales for, 85 -87;
exchanged as tangible product, 41 -43, 59 -73, 236 -44, 319 -20, 482 -86;
German use of scientific management of, 104 ;
guild's residual control of, 285 -99;
institutionalization of market for, 233 -36;
interpreted through feudalism, 299 -310;
labor movement ideology regarding, 394 -410;
labor power vs., 270 -71, 308 , 478 -79;
lack of historic requisite for, 214 ;
language to define, 253 -55, 268 -69;
link between product and overlooker's, 157 -62;
as market commodity, 232 -33, 239 n123;
prices determined by, 252 , 276 -77, 320 -21;
product vs. service, 330 ;
reduced to instrumental roles, 202 -3;
Ricardian school on role of, 244 -55;
significance of floor layouts for, 141 -43;
on value of, 219 -21, 246 -49, 253 -54;
wages as incentive for, 235 -36, 307 -10.
See also Piece-rate scales; Wage labor; Work
Labor as commodity:
authority implications of, 166 -67;
capitalism understood through, 402 -3, 482 -86;
cultural patterning of, 143 -44, 206 -9, 213 -14, 310 -12, 449 -50, 472 -82;
described, 41 -43, 143 -44, 221 -22;
equality issue and, 193 -94;
feudal legacy to, 309 -10;
German recognition of, 267 -78;
hierarchy of motivating conditions for, 316 , 343 -45;
impact on production of, 197 -99;
impact of state intervention on, 497 ;
link between strikes and, 459 -61;
media use of, 275 ;
quantified by overlookers, 147 -62;
strike demands based on, 341 -42;
time issues and, 378 -82;
within France, 321 -42.
See also Labor
Labor contracts:
authority to make, 171 -74;
comparison of British/German, 78 -84, 429 -31
Labor contracts (continued )
447 -49;
for factory spinners, 83 -84;
German court decisions on, 170 -71;
laws determining length of, 125 -26;
lawsuit over Herr K.'s, 162 -65;
sliding scale, 85 .
See also Wages
Labor dues (feudal), 299 -304, 306 , 328 -29
"Labor-'Giver' and Labor-'Taker'" (Sächsische Industrie ), 89
Labor history:
cultural effect on, 16 -21;
German, 260 -78;
impact of W.W. I on, 495 -97;
Italian, 315 -21;
Das Kapital representation of, 296 , 478 -79;
Marxism, 278 -85;
time economy in, 351 -85
Labor movement. See Workers' movements
Labor power (Arbeitskraft ):
ancient Greek concept of, 214 n3;
converted into product, 199 -201;
established as commodity, 235 -36, 331 ;
exploitation of, 414 -15, 423 -24;
German view of employment as, 87 -90, 166 , 270 ;
Herr K.'s rights based on, 163 -65;
implications of fines for, 78 ;
John Locke on, 222 n36;
labor vs., 270 -71, 308 , 478 -79;
language to express, 272 -74;
market commodities segregated from, 228 -31;
Marxist theory on, 42 -43, 216 , 279 -82, 471 , 476 -79, 492 , 497 ;
purchased by owner, 296 , 298 -99;
wage labor compared to, 223 -31;
within production social relations, 297
Labor power as commodity:
exploitation of, 414 -15, 423 -24;
workers' movement on, 418
Labor theory of value (Ricardian), 246 -50, 252 -55
Labor theory of value (Smith), 219 -21, 253 -54, 268
Labour Defended Against the Claims of Capital (Hodgskin), 394
The Labour Journal , 410
"Labour Must Receive Its Full Equivalent" (Thompson), 396
Labour Party, 420
Labour Rewarded (Thompson), 394
Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Remedy (Bray), 398 , 412
Lafargue, Paul, 342
Laissez-faire, 233 n96, 292 -93
Lancashire mills:
adoption of pick clocks by, 493 -94;
labor accounting used in, 78 -79, 81 ;
overlooker's compensation in, 152 -55;
piece-rate system in, 54 -55;
practice of latching doors at, 105 -6, 108 , 110 ;
production norms established for, 98 , 206 ;
social control by, 194 -95;
socialist movements within, 403 , 406 ;
strikes in, 437 -38;
unions of, 361 -62.
See also British mills
Land as commodity:
capital vs., 269 ;
relationship of people to, 327 -28;
value of, 218 -19
Landes, David, 296
Language:
reflecting reality, 346 -47, 383 n115;
regarding industrial/feudal work, 306 ;
to describe production, 277 -78;
translation of Wealth of Nations , 265 -66, 268 -69;
used by
Marx, 283 -84;
used by overlookers, 181 -86;
used in strikes, 445 -46;
used to describe labor classes, 288 n127;
used to describe labor/work, 253 -55, 272 -74, 329 , 331 ;
work experience and inherited, 390 -91.
See also Culture
Lasalle, Ferdinand, 413 -14, 450
Learning to Labor (Willis), 30
Le Chapelier law, 324
The Levellers, 223 -24
Levenstein, Adolf, 416
Liberal commercialism:
British development of, 217 -18, 255 -58, 487 -89;
French development of, 321 -42;
German development of, 260 -78, 488 -90;
guild resistance to, 297 -99, 314 ;
hostility toward, 289 ;
Italian development of, 315 -21.
See also Capitalism
Locking out:
in case of strikes, 122 ;
in case of tardiness, 105 -21;
in French factories, 340 n109;
in Italian factories, 321 n28;
message sent by, 378
Lohnarbeiter (wage worker), 297
"Looming" occupation, 168
Looms:
efficiency production of, 98 n10-104;
as employment symbol, 83 -84;
factory accounting system by, 78 -80;
introduction of power, 6 -7, 94 -95;
machinery "rent" of, 111 n68;
overlooker's responsibilities for, 148 ;
ratio of overlookers to, 149 -51;
strike demands regarding, 452 , 458 -59;
strike support dues per, 359 -60
Lotz, Johann, 270
Luddite movement, 388 -89
Luḱcs, Georg, 208
M
Macdonald, Jem, 420
Machinery "rent," 111 n68
McMillan, Margaret, 420
Macpherson, C. B., 223 -24
Maguire, Tom, 420
The Making of the English Working Class (Thompson), 16 -17, 387 -88, 399
Mangoldt, Hans, 90 , 270 , 277
Mann, Tom, 420
Manufacture:
defining labor of, 275 -76;
division between guild craft and, 289 -95;
during eighteenth-century France, 326 -27;
poverty linked to, 226 n55;
unrestricted market for, 231 -32
The Manufacturing Population of England (Gaskell), 250
Market commodities:
labor power established as, 235 -36;
labor power segregated from, 228 -31;
land as, 218 -19;
relative prices of, 236 -44.
See also Labor as commodity
Market culture, 19 -20, 408 -9
Market economy:
forced labor transaction in British, 229 -31;
goods in exchange for labor products in, 236 -44;
institutionalization of labor in, 233 -36;
labor as commodity within, 218 -33;
Marxist theory on, 278 -85;
sale of manufactures within, 231 -32;
wage earners within, 223 -27
Market-industrial society, 26 -27
Marxism:
contribution to labor movement of, 392 -93;
cultural foundation for reception of, 418 -25;
economic theory of, 278 -85;
on instrumental roles of capitalism, 202 -3, 310 -12, 490 -91;
labor power theory within, 42 -43, 216 , 279 -82, 471 , 476 -79, 492 , 497 ;
tract summaries of, 415 -16.
See also Socialism
Marx, Karl:
Arbeitskraft (labor power) concept of, 42 -43, 471 , 476 -79, 492 ;
attacks against middleman by, 410 n101;
comparison of feudal and capitalist labor by, 308 -9;
contributions to theories of, 400 -402;
on craft work, 294 -96;
criticism of British labor application by, 90 ;
on despotic nature of capitalism, 166 ;
on exploitation, 393 , 414 -17, 488 , 490 ;
on German capitalism, 259 -60, 478 ;
German cultural influence on, 3 , 278 ;
on social character of labor exchange, 482 -85;
survey of economic theory by, 215 -16;
theory of surplus value by, 342 ;
on value of labor/products, 60 , 220 ;
vocabulary used by, 283 -84
Master and Servant Act, 256 n193
Maurice, Marc, 145
Menger, Anton, 400 -401
Menschenkraft (human power), 274
Merrie England (Blatchford), 408
Metal work, 58 n47, 115 n80, 121 , 158 n44, 161 n61, 197 , 243 n138, 243 n140, 336 n95
Metal workers, 380 n101, 418 n140
Micro-apparatuses of discipline, 94 n1
The Millgate (publication), 124
Mill, James, 249 -50
Mill, John Stuart, 250 -51
Moalan economy, 26 -29
Moore, Barrington, 255
"Moral economy," 18 n47
Morris, William, 420
Most, Johann, 415
N
Nairn, Tom, 488
"Net margin" proposal, 430
Newspapers:
labor terms used in, 275 ;
on lack of sanitation/amenities, 453 -54;
on material distribution complaints, 363 -64;
worker complaints published in, 175 -196;
on workers' movement ideology, 406 -7
New Unionism, 450
North, Roger, 225
Northrop looms, 99
O
Obermeister (chief foreman), 162
Operating expenses:
British/German time accounting as, 105 -21;
overlooker's compensation as, 155 -62
The Operative (journal), 397
Organizational structures, 16 -18
Organization of production, 145 -47. See also Production
Overlookers:
authority of, 166 -74, 193 -96;
collective associations of, 464 -68;
culture to interpret status of, 196 -201;
"disloyal" conduct by, 170 -71;
functions of, 148 -49, 171 , 196 -97;
lan-
guage used by, 181 -86;
materials dispensed by, 364 ;
organized protests against, 438 ;
published complaints against, 174 -93;
ratios of looms to, 149 -51;
strike role of British/German, 461 -69;
wage compensation of, 152 -62.
See also Tuners
Owen, Robert, 420
Owners:
attempts to divide employees socially, 189 -90;
factory rules issued by, 448 ;
factory shutdown compensation by, 375 -76;
fining systems for tardiness by, 107 , 112 , 115 -18, 121 ;
German/British views of authority by, 166 -67;
interaction between employees and, 122 -25;
overlooker's position between worker and, 171 , 196 -97;
protests through mockery of, 439 ;
purchase of labor power by, 296 , 298 -99;
"rough music" against, 443
P
Paine, Thomas, 388
"Passive strike," 441 -42
Pay by shot:
British adoption of, 492 -93;
described, 61 -64;
French use of, 338 -39;
German adoption of, 65 , 69 -72, 493 ;
production and, 104
"Pay deductions" (Lohnabzüge ), 427
Petty, William, 218 -23, 229 , 237 , 244
The Philosophy of Manufactures (Ure), 130
Pick clocks, 61 -62, 104 , 492 -94
Piece-rate quality control, 74 -78
Piece-rate scales:
basis for indexing of, 86 -87, 321 ;
coal mining, 85 -86;
comparison of British/German, 56 -73;
efficiency ratio used for, 102 -3;
inadequate facilities and, 89 ;
inequity of, 52 -60;
"net margin" proposals for, 430 ;
time equivalent, 352 -62;
used in France, 337 -38, 341 ;
"waiting time" and, 363 -72;
Place, Francis, 394
The Poor Man's Advocate (journal), 132 , 251
Poor Man's Guardian (journal), 397
"Poundage" system, 152
Power looms, 94 -95. See also Looms
Powerloom Weavers' Association, 361
"Preparatory workers" (Vorarbeiter ), 169
Prices:
determined by labor, 252 , 276 -77, 331 n74;
Italian theory on labor and, 320 -21.
See also Value
Principles of Political Economy (Ricardo), 245 , 247 , 252
The Pristine Culture of Capitalism (Wood), 488
Production:
compensation and, 155 -62, 352 -62;
defining feature of capitalism, 490 -91;
defining process of, 252 -53;
efficiency ratio of, 95 -105;
German classification of employee, 76 -77;
impact of labor-as-commodity concept on, 197 -99;
increasing government role in, 495 -97;
interpreted through culture, 91 -92;
kinship-based social order and, 25 -31;
Production (continued )
language describing, 277 -78;
marked by entry/exit rituals, 105 -21;
market culture impact on, 19 -20;
of power looms, 94 -95;
profits realized through, 87 -88, 298 ;
Prussian agricultural, 300 -302;
source of surplus value in, 279 -80;
tattling about, 186 -87;
through fair exchange, 398 -99;
Weber's approach to, 31 -33, 215 -16.
See also Organization of production
Products:
abstract labor linked to, 59 -60, 215 -16, 252 , 337 ;
economy of artificialite, 216 -17;
goods in exchange for labor, 236 -44, 319 -20, 482 -86;
gross national comparisons on cloth, 198 n175;
labor power converted into, 199 -201;
overlooking expenses linked to, 157 -62;
time embodied in, 373 ;
value determined by components of, 219 ;
wages in advance of, 249 -50;
wages linked to finished, 58 -73, 87 -89, 148 ;
weaver's pieces as, 45 -46.
See also Goods
Professional technical workers law (1913), 169
Profits:
analyzed by socialist journals, 406 ;
converted from labor capacity, 166 ;
production factors and, 87 -88, 298 ;
source of capitalist's, 237 , 413 -14;
work as source of, 277
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber), 32
Protestantism, 31 -33
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 332
Prussia:
agricultural production in, 300 -302;
edicts of 1810 in, 218 , 260 -63, 266 ;
government supervision in, 432 n194;
guild activity in, 285 -87, 292 -93;
ruling on nonguild employment in, 291 .
See also Germany
Przeworski, Adam, 490
Putting-out system, 264 n22
Q
Quarry Bank Mill, 99
R
Reddy, William, 19 -20, 337 , 436 , 470
Refeudalization, 317
Regiekosten category, 155
Renaissance Italy, 215
"Rethinking Chartism" (Jones), 390
Reviermeister ("section master"), 168
Rhineland, 286 -87
Ricardian school, 244 -55
Ricardian socialists, 401 -2
The Rights of Man (Paine), 388
The Rights to the Whole Produce of Labour (Menger), 400
The Rise of Market Culture (Reddy), 19 , 436 , 470
Roemer, John, 490
Roesler, Karl, 280
"Room master" (Saalmeister ), 168
Rossi, Pellegrino, 330 -31
"Rough music" tradition, 438 , 443
S
Saalmeister ("room master"), 168
Sahlins, Marshall, 25 -29, 35 , 485
Salford Rolling Mills, 128
Saxony, 301 -2
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 329 -30
Schramm, Carl August, 392 , 415
Schüsse pay system, 48 , 50 , 55
Schussuhr (pick clock), 61 -62, 104
Scientific management, 104 , 126
Scott, Joan, 17
"Section master" (Reviermeister ), 168
Service labor, 330
Sewell, William, 325
Shop floor:
activities on, 2 -4;
cultural applications to, 479 -82;
layouts for, 134 -43, 321 n28;
significant of complaints to, 175 -96.
See also Factory systems
"Shop master" (Werkmeister ), 168
Slate system, 463
Sliding scales, 85 -87
Smith, Adam:
British cultural influence on, 3 ;
contributions of, 215 ;
on development of capitalism, 285 ;
German reception of, 264 -68;
influence of, 401 ;
model of labor by, 41 , 475 -77;
on product price/value, 220 , 278 ;
on wages and labor, 235 -44
Smith, Thomas, 352
Soboul, Albert, 325
Social action:
culturally and economically based, 34 -36, 203 ;
culture as basis of, 32 -34
Social Democratic Federation, 405 , 408 , 420
Social-Demokrat (journal), 414 -15
Social institutions, 13 , 21 -25
Socialism:
cultural foundation for, 418 -25;
German development of, 413 -18;
ideological contributions to, 399 -410;
Ricardian, 401 -3;
struggle between capitalism and, 394 -401.
See also Marxism
"The Socialist Catechism" (Joynes), 408
Socialist Review (newspaper), 457
Social orders, 244 -45
Social relations:
equality issue within, 187 -88, 191 -92;
of German feudal agriculture, 299 -305, 308 -9;
German reliance on authority for, 193 -94;
implications of worker complaints for, 175 -96;
labor power within production, 297 , 482 -86;
product value conferred by, 384 -85;
within capitalism, 208 -9
Sonenscher, Michael, 326 , 382
Speed clauses, 495 n46
Spinning and Weaving Factory Ettlingen, 138
Spinning employment, 82 -84, 495 n46
State:
factory legislation, 80 , 118 -19, 447 , 481 n8;
laws of public assembly, 444
Statute of Apprentices, 226
Steuart, Sir James, 232 -33, 237 , 254
Stobek, Oskar, 411
Storck, Friedrich, 445
Strike demands:
based on labor as commodity, 341 -42;
British/German formulation of, 450 -61;
loom dues to support, 359 -60;
time issues of, 362 -82;
wage-per-day issue of, 356 n10;
"waiting time" reimbursement as, 366 -67
Strikes:
comparison of British/German, 437 -50;
language used in, 445 -46;
passive, 441 -42;
role of British/German
Strikes (continued )
overlookers in, 461 -69;
"supposed," 442 ;
symbolic constitution of, 436 -37.
See also Workers' movements
Subcontracting practice, 158 -59, 241 -42, 336 n95
Supervisors. See Overlookers
"Supposed Strikes," 442
Surplus value:
defense of theory of, 342 ;
Engels on, 281 n97;
production, 279 -80;
socialism ideology on, 409 ;
theoretical origins of, 400 .
See also Value
Swaysland, Edward J. C., 88
Sweezy, Paul, 285
System of Economic Contradictions (Proudhon), 332
T
Tackler, 168 . See also Overlookers
Tagelohn ("day wages"), 297
Tagelöhner ("day laborer"), 297 -98
Tardiness:
fines for, 107 , 112 , 115 -18, 121 ;
locking out for, 105 -21
Technical professionals (technischer Angestellte ), 170
Technischer Angestellte (technical professionals), 170
Der Textil-Arbeiter (journal), 417 -18
Textil-Arbeiter (newspaper), 179 -86, 193
Textile Manufacturer (journal), 493
Textile Mercury (journal), 392
Textile mills:
British vs. German, 6 -13, 128 -43, 477 -79;
dressing rituals of, 126 -28;
efficiency ratio used in, 95 -105;
entry/exit controls at, 105 -21;
evolution of factory system of, 66 -73;
fining system within, 74 -78;
"gate" symbolism of, 122 -25;
German vs. British shop-floor activity in, 2 -4;
hierarchy within, 149 ;
hiring systems of, 171 -74;
labor as commodity within, 43 ;
piece-rate scales within, 43 -66;
publications on, 174 -75;
Saddleworth woolen industry scales, 54 n29;
subcontracting practice in, 158 -59;
technical advances of, 4 -7;
wage assessments within, 234 -35.
See also British mills; German mills
Theories of Surplus Value (Marx), 215
"The Theory and Practice of Piece-work" (Wood), 54
The Theory of Communicative Action (Habermas), 33
"Theory of the firm," 90
Thompson, E. P., 16 -18, 34 -35, 351 -52, 386 -91, 399 , 480
Thompson, Noel W., 399
Thompson, William, 394 -96, 399 -400
Thun, Alphons, 67
Time issues:
of British vs. German weavers, 354 -62;
piece-rate earnings and, 352 -54;
strike demands and, 362 -82;
"waiting time," 363 -72
"Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism" (Thompson), 351
A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions (Petty), 218 , 222
Tryon, T., 231
Tucker, Dean, 233
Tuners:
described, 167 -68;
fare-
well gifts for, 188 -89;
"greasy," 187 ;
strikes supported by, 462 .
See also Overlookers
Turner, Ben, 404
U
Unions:
Christian, 423 -25;
growth of, 391 ;
ideology of British/German, 417 -18;
linked to socialist campaigns, 404 -5;
origins of, 361 -62;
recruitment into, 422 -23;
time management statistics kept by, 363 ;
titles of Yorkshire, 465 .
See also Workers' movements
United Textile Factory Workers' Association, 405
Ure, Andrew, 130
"Use value," 283 , 299 . See also Value
"The Use Value of Labor" (Roesler), 280
Utilitarian approach, 21 -25
V
Value:
conferred by social relations, 384 -85;
John Stuart Mill on labor, 249 -51;
of labor as commodity, 246 -48, 279 -80;
labor as index of, 319 -20n20;
labor rejected as measure of, 270 ;
Ricardian school on assigning labor, 246 -50, 252 -55;
Smith on labor, 219 -21, 253 -54;
of "waiting time," 364 -67;
workers' club debates over, 406 .
See also Goods; Prices; Surplus value
Vaughan, Rice, 228 -29
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 214
Volkszeitung (newspaper), 452
Vorarbeiter ("preparatory workers"), 169
W
Wage labor:
equated with product purchase, 238 -39;
labor power compared to, 223 -31;
language to express, 274 n67;
Petty's recommendations on, 221 ;
within factories, 297 -98.
See also Labor
Wage Labour and Capital (Marx), 408 , 420
Wages:
based on labor power, 87 -90, 270 ;
calculating purchasing power of, 228 -29;
cause of depression of, 411 n104;
Colne Valley weavers dissatisfaction with, 52 ;
efficiency ratio and, 102 -5;
fining system and, 74 -78;
as incentive for labor, 235 -36, 307 -10;
legal restrictions on, 226 -28, 234 -35;
"net margin" proposal for, 430 ;
offensive methods of paying, 376 ;
of overlookers, 151 -62;
pay by shot, 61 -65, 69 -72, 90 ;
as payment in advance of product, 249 -50;
payment by piece, 43 -73;
"six pence per pick," 68 n81;
stability of, 240 -41;
"starvation," 354 -55;
theft to supplement, 142 n181;
"theory of the firm" definition of, 90 .
See also Labor contracts; Products
"Wages fund" theory, 247 -48
Wage worker (Lohnarbeiter ), 297
"Waiting time" issue, 363 -77, 472
Walzer, Michael, 228
Wealth distribution, 398 -99
Wealth of Nations (Smith):
German reception of, 264 -66, 276 ;
on labor as commodity, 239 ;
Wealth of Nations (Smith) (continued)
model of labor in, 41 , 236 , 252 -53, 278 , 475 -76;
as radical handbook, 379
"Weaving master" (Webmeister ), 168 -69
"Weavingshed Management" (Textile Manufacturer ), 96
Weaving "sick" practice, 80 -81, 83 -84
Webb, Beatrice Potter, 400
Weber, Max:
approach to early capitalism by, 31 -33;
on cultural patterning, 204 -5;
formal calculability criterion of, 154 ;
wages rejected as measure of labor by, 105 ;
on use of efficiency ratio, 95
Werkmeister ("shop master"), 168
West Riding Power Loom Weavers' Association, 404
West Vale textile works, 132
Wiener, Martin, 488
William, Nassau, Senior, 252
Willis, Paul, 30
Winstanley, Gerrard, 224
"Wisdom of the Statute," 228
"Witch doctors," 168
Wood, Ellen Meiksins, 488 -89
Work:
labor defined in terms of, 253 -55;
language used to describe, 253 -55, 272 -74, 329 , 331 ;
Marx on craft, 294 -96;
as profit source, 277 ;
role of craft, 289 -91.
See also Labor
Work and Authority in Industry (Bendix), 14 , 92
Work clothing, 126 -28
Workdays, 105 -6, 125 -26. See also Tardiness
Worker committees, 456
Workers:
collaboration between British overlookers and, 461 -68;
committees to negotiate fines of, 428 -29;
complaints by, 175 -96;
development of ideology of, 394 -425, 480 ;
lack of factory facilities for, 452 -54;
Marxism on exploitation of, 393 ;
overlooker's position between owner and, 171 , 196 -97;
as renters of machines, 336 ;
status of home, 333 -34;
"waiting time" for, 363 -77.
See also Employment practices; Female workers; Strikes
Workers' movements:
cultural foundation for ideology of, 418 -25, 480 ;
economic ideologies of British, 394 -410;
economic ideologies of German, 411 -18;
origins of ideology of, 391 -93;
response to exploitation by, 426 -31;
role of culture in, 387 -91.
See also Strikes; Unions
Work and Wages (Sonenscher), 382
Work, Mobility, and Participation (Cole), 14
Work, Society and Politics (Joyce), 389
Work stoppages, 441 -42, 446 . See also Strikes
World War I, 495 -97
Wright, Erik Olin, 147 n5, 303 n190, 490
The Wuppertal mill, 159
Y
Yorkshire Factory Times:
"Echoes from Mills and Workshops" feature in, 174 ;
on exploitation
of fines, 426 -29;
on function of unions, 404 -5;
on offensive pay practices, 376 ;
on sanitation complaints, 454 ;
on unsafe machinery issue, 452 ;
on "waiting time," 368 ;
on worker complaints, 179 -84, 191
Yorkshire mills:
dismissal authority in, 173 ;
labor transfer practice in, 81 -82;
overlooker's compensation in, 152 -53, 155 , 156 -60;
piece-rate system in, 46 -52, 54 -55;
practice of latching doors at, 105 -6;
production norms established in, 206 ;
social control of, 194 -95;
social expectations of overlookers in, 187 -88;
socialist movement within, 403 , 406 ;
strikes in, 437 -38;
See also British mills
Z
Zwiedineck-Südenhorst, Otto von, 257
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