A
A-Team, product placement in, 374
nicotine, 95 -96
via mouth, 78
acetaldehyde, filter for, 154
acetylcholine, nicotine effects on, 86
acidity
Food and Drug Administration, 94
nicotine
—extractable, 79
See also Extractable nicotine; Nicotine delivery
acrolein, filter for, 154
actron filter, 279 -280
ACVA Atlantic
CTR special project, 328
indoor air quality, 411 -412
See also Healthy Buildings International
Ad Hoc Committee, role in selecting special projects, 290
addiction
CTR not interested in studying, 304 -305
definition, 58
DSM III listing negative development for industry, 353
extent of nicotine addiction, 59
Food and Drug Administration, 102 , 103
necessary dose of nicotine, 84 , 102
nicotine, 15 , 68 , 69 , 74 , 80
Nicotine Addiction (Surgeon General's report). See Surgeon General's report, Nicotine Addiction
political problem, 249
procedures so companies could deny, 439
Sandefur, Thomas, comments, 105
selling nicotine, 58
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 100 -101
term, tobacco companies' reaction to, 305
tobacco companies, denials of nicotine addiction, 5
withdrawal, 64
See also Nicotine addiction; Smoker compensation
Addiction Research Foundation, CTR not interested, 304 -305
additives
allyl-isovalerate, 277
American position on disclosure of, 229
anti-smoking groups' concerns, 228
benzyl acetate, 227
benzyl alcohol, 227
biological activity, effect on, 152 -153
biological activity, use of additives to reduce, 144
caffeine, 136 -137
carbon monoxide production, use of additives to affect, 19
Chemosol, 211
cinnamaldehyde, 227
cocoa, 220 -221
Committee of Council, 229
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 226
coumarin, 221 -223
D-Limonene, 227
destroying the data, 230
disclosure of, 225 -231
—pressure from Department of Health and Human Services, 229 -230
—pros and cons, 230 -231
extractable nicotine, use of additives to change, 81 , 83
filter characteristics, use of additives to change, 154
flavor and aroma of cigarette smoke, use of additives to change, 131
food, additives in versus additives burned in tobacco, 202
glycerine (in Real cigarettes), 218
high-nicotine tobacco extract, 85
humectants, 211
independent industry panel on use of, 230 -231
inquiries, negative development for industry, 353
Liggett and Myers, position on disclosure of, 229
list of additives released by industry in 1994, 211 , 223 , 225 , 226 , 227 -228, 231
Lorillard, position on disclosure of, 229
menthol, 211
—in Real cigarettes, 218
mutagenicity of, 245
N-Bloctin, 147
nicotine delivery, use of additives to increase, 79
nicotine powder, 124
nothing artificial added, 218
PEI, 83
Philip Morris, position on disclosure of, 229
policy on testing of, 228 -229
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, effect on, 144
potassium carbonate, 145
—use to reduce benzpyrene, 125
products liability, 230 , 232 , 233
public relations, 228 , 230 -231, 233
pure nicotine as an additive, avoiding, 85
pyridine, 227
R. J. Reynolds position on disclosure of, 229
safrole (mace), 227
self-policing by industry, 230 -231
sidestream smoke, use of additives to reduce, 403 -404
sugar, 211
—in Real cigarettes, 218
titanium dioxide, 227
tobacco extract, 85
toxicity effected by pyrolysis of, 211
tumorgenic effects of, 19
types of, 202
use of, as undefendable, 231
vitamin A, 147
See also Additives Guidance Panel; and by specific additive
Additives Guidance Panel
changing role of, 232 -233
coumarin, 221 -222
diethylene glycol, 224
glycerol, 224
propylene glycol, 224
testing of additives by, excluding external testing, 232
admissibility in evidence, contract or in-house research on smoking and health, 275
advertising
brand advertising used to send political message, 191
Camel cigarettes, 28
countering health messages, 187 -193
editorial content, use of advertising dollars to influence, 357 , 358
First Amendment, 261 -262
health-image cigarettes, 26
healthier cigarettes, 28
Kent cigarettes, 29
Kool cigarettes, 28 , 29 , 387
less irritating cigarettes, 28
Lucky Strike cigarettes, 28
motion picture trailers, 287
nicotine delivery, 29
Old Gold cigarettes, 28
passive smoking and lung cancer, use of advertising to attack evidence on, 414
physician endorsements, 28
revenue losses threatened by anti-smoking legislation, 358
voluntary agreement between industry and Federal Trade Commission, 28
advertising restrictions
benefits to industry of broadcast advertising ban, 256 , 258
Federal Trade Commission, 260 -261
money lost by advertisers if advertising regulated, 358
product placement to circumvent television advertising restrictions, 365 , 368 -369
smokeless tobacco, efforts to prevent AMA from supporting, 312
Surgeon General's 1964 report, response to, 175
AFP. See Associated Film Promotion
agricultural chemical study group, 209
agriculture department. See Department of Agriculture
air pollution
CTR special report, 333
environmental tobacco smoke, 22 , 393 -394
See also Environmental tobacco smoke; Passive smoking; Sidestream smoke
ALEPH foundation, 321
All the Marbles, product placement in, 390
Allied Dunbar (UK), and BAT, 5
allyl-isovalerate, additives, 227
Alta Marea Productions, solicited product placement, 367
AMA-ERF. See American Medical Association; American Medical Association Education and Research Fund
AMC Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
American Brands
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
Council for Tobacco Research, 286
American Cancer Society
environmental tobacco smoke, 351
industry efforts to keep corporations from cooperating with, 355
nicotine-blocking agents, 99
responding to, 73
"safe" cigarette research, 53
Surgeon General's 1964 report, anticipated response of, 51
threat to industry, 247
Tobacco Institute use of American Cancer Society study on passive smoking and lung cancer, 351 , 414
American Chemosol Corporation, 212 . See also Chemosol
American Heart Association
environmental tobacco smoke, 384
"safe" cigarette research by, 53
Surgeon General's 1964 report, anticipated reaction of, 51
American Legislative Exchange Council, Tobacco Institute contributions, 385
American Lung Association
Huber, Gary, presentation, 394
Sterling, Theodor, presentation, 297
American Medical Association
creating controversy about smoking and health, 181
Education and Research Fund report, as negative development for industry, 353
papers on Brown and Williamson documents, 11
public relations influenced by industry, 181 , 184
"safe" cigarette research, 53 , 128
Tiderock Corporation, 181 , 184
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers, presentation by Theodor Sterling, 299 -300
American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
American Tobacco Company
additives, position on disclosure of, 229
annual pesticide residue meeting, 209
Chemosol, 213
G-13 process to expand tobacco, 217
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
workplace smoking, opposition to study of, 251
Ames test
Additives Guidance Panel, 219
cigarette smoke, 228 -229, 302
lawyers, as avoiding Ames test studies, 303
mutagenicity of cigarettes, 20
ranking of cigarette brands, 20 , 148
sidestream smoke, 401
smoker compensation effects, 149 -150
ammonia, as affecting delivery of nicotine, 211
Amusement and Music Operators Association, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
analogues. See Nicotine analogues
anesthetic agent
menthol, 211
smoke easier to inhale, 219
annoyance, nonsmokers' reaction to environmental tobacco smoke, 334
annual pesticide residue meeting, 210
antifreeze, 223
anti-smoking groups, concern about additives, 228
antitrust issues
Chemosol, 285
Council for Tobacco Research, 285
fire-safe cigarette, 252 -253
laws, 284 -285
Microbiological Associates contract, 302
nicotine analogues, 286
aortic aneurysm, 19
Apocalypse Now, use of Marlboro cigarettes in, 372 -373
Ariel
Battelle Memorial Institute, 74 -77
cigarette design, 131
description, 74
Fate of Nicotine in the Body,74
idealized product, 104
less toxic cigarette, problems associated with marketing of, 440 -441
nicotine delivery device, use as, 62 , 65 , 82
patent, 75 -76
Philip Morris, 77
R. J. Reynolds, 77
"safe" cigarette research, 126
sharing information with research laboratories outside Britain, 82
status reports on, 78
arsenic
Borstal, 110
cigarette smoke, 31
asbestos
connection with smoking as negative development for tobacco industry, 353
Kent micronite filter, 29
ASHRAE. See American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers
Associated Film Promotion (AFP)
audit of product placement expenses, 369 -371, 387 , 390
dissatisfaction with, 365
payment for product placements, 388 -389
product placement for Brown and Williamson, 365 -374
Sylvester Stallone, 365 -367, 370 , 371 , 373 , 389
termination of agreement with Brown and Williamson for product placements, 373 -374
See also Product placement
assumption of risk defense, in US versus UK, 340 -341
asthma, research relating to effects of environmental tobacco smoke on, 318
Atmospheric Health sciences, Domingo Aviado's consulting firm, 308
attorney-client privilege
avoidance of discovery, 241
Brown and Williamson documents, 236
definition, 236
fraud exception to, 238 -239
See also Work product rule
attorney work product. See Work product rule
attribution of statements of affiliated companies to Brown and Williamson, 6 , 267 , 273 -275
Avalon filter
description, 125
sharing information regarding, 71
Surgeon General's Advisory Committee, withholding information, 72 -73
avoidance of notes, memos, or lists, for deadwood documents, 235
avoiding disclosure of research results, 4
avoiding discovery. See Discovery