1. "Independent Educational Television Plus Ten," an address by John F. White to the managers of the educational television stations at Edgewater Gulf Hotel, Gulfport, Miss., Mar. 6, 1958. National Public Broadcasting Archive (hereinafter referred to as NPBA), University of Maryland, College Park, Md. [BACK]

2. Raymond Wittcoff's "bold and forthright" plan was proposed in a speech before the Television Programs Institute held at Pennsylvania State College in April 1952, NPBA. [BACK]

3. For his "eyewitness account" of Fletcher's July 1952 meeting, Powell relied on the handwritten notes of Anne Spinney, who was present at the meeting as an FAE employee. Both Powell ( Channels of Learning , pp. 78-79) and Wood ("First Decade of the 'Fourth Network,'" pp. 34-37) provide considerable detail on the discussion that took place, because, wrote Powell, ''all the considerations raised are important." In fact, they laid down the basic principles on which the system operated for more than two decades and still, in large measure, honors today. [BACK]

5. The two additional ETRC directors elected at the December 1952 meeting were Arthur H. Dean and Richard Hull. The election of Hull, the only professional broadcaster on the board (general manager of WOI-TV in Ames, Iowa), was a concession to the interests of the NAEB. A month later, the board elected a third new director, Kenneth Oberholtzer, superintendent of the Denver public schools. [BACK]

6. Hudson's plans for the Center are contained in his memorandum to C. Scott Fletcher, "The Educational Radio and Television Program Development and Exchange Center," Nov. 16, 1952, NPBA. [BACK]

7. Robert Hudson, "Producing for National Educational Television," Journal of the University Film Producers Association (winter 1958). [BACK]

8. The three series produced and paid for by NBC in the first season of the cooperative arrangement were American Government: Pursuit of Happiness , with Professor E. E. Schattschneider of Wesleyan; Mathematics , with James Newman, editor of The World of Mathematics ; and Highlights of Opera History , with Paul Henry Lang of Columbia. The remaining two series, produced and fended by the Center, were The American Scene , with guest authors hosted by Albert P. Van Nostrand of Brown, and Geography for Decision , with Albert E. Burke of the American Institute of Resource Economics. The fall 1957 series of ETRC-NBC programs included two produced by the Center— The International Geophysical Year , hosted by Frank Blair, and Camera On Washington , hosted by Bill Henry. NBC produced three program series: Arts and the Gods from the Metropolitan Museum of Art , hosted by Alexander Scourby; Mathematics , hosted by Clifton Fadiman; and Survival , hosted by Albert E. Burke. The ETRC-NBC programs in the spring 1958 series were Decision for Research, Briefing Session , and The Subject Is Jazz . The final two series, broadcast in the fall of 1958, were Ten for Survival and Adventuring in the Hand Arts . [BACK]

9. Jack Gould, "TV: Professors on the Air," New York Times , Mar. 19, 1957. [BACK]

10. "A Report from the Educational Television and Radio Center to the Ford Foundation, 1957," NPBA. [BACK]

11. The original board of the ETRC included (in addition to Fletcher) Ralph Lowell, trustee of Boston's Lowell Institute; Robert Calkins, director of the Brookings Institute in Washington; George Stoddard, president of the University of Illinois; Harold Lasswell, professor of law and political science at Yale University; Arthur H. Dean, attorney; Kenneth Oberholtzer, superintendent of the Denver public schools; and Richard Hull, general manager of WOI-TV (Ames, Iowa). Added later were Harry K. Newburn, president of the ETRC; Everett N. Case, president of Colgate University; Norman Cousins, editor of the Saturday Review ; Leland Hazard, vice president and general counsel of Pittsburgh Plate Glass and chairman of WQED; Lloyd S. Michael, superintendent of the Evanston, Ill., public schools; Mark Starr, educational director of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union; Glenn T. Seaborg, chancellor of the University of California at Berkeley; and Raymond Wittcoff, vice president of the Carridine Hat Company and president of KETC/St. Louis. [BACK]

12. The original Affiliates Committee of the ETRC, elected in 1956, consisted of John F. White (WQED/Pittsburgh), James Robertson (WTTW/Chicago), Hartford Gunn (WGBH/Boston), William Harley (WHA/Madison), Loren Stone (KCTS/Seattle), and Earl Wynn (WUNC-TV/North Carolina). [BACK]

13. "Independent Educational Television Plus Ten," an address by John F. White to the managers of the educational television stations at Edgewater Gulf Hotel, Gulfport, Miss., Mar. 6, 1952, NPBA. [BACK]

14. In addition to Robert Hudson, the new vice presidents were Kenneth Yourd for business and legal affairs and Warren Kraetzer for development. In a later appointment, James Robertson was made vice president for station relations. [BACK]

15. John F. White, interviewed by the author, New York, Sept. 17, 1981. [BACK]

16. Hudson to Fritz Jauch, memorandum, July 6, 1962, quoted in Wood, "First Decade of the 'Fourth Network,'" p. 315. [BACK]

17. "Discussion of General Objectives of the National Program Service," summary of NET seminar, Dec. 9-10, 1960, quoted in Wood, "First Decade of the 'Fourth Network,'" p. 322. [BACK]

18. In the audience survey made for public television in 1952, a "regular viewer" was identified as one who could correctly identify at least one public-television show viewed in the past week. [BACK]