1. George B. Leonard, Jr., "No Sponsors, No Censors, No Scandals," Look (western ed.), Feb. 16, 1960. [BACK]

2. KQED's original transmitter was purchased from KPIX/Channel 5 for $25,250 with an additional $32,250 paid to convert it to Channel 9. Payments were to be made over several years, but a portion of the payments were forgiven when KQED was unable to meet them. The agreement was signed prior to the sale of KPIX to Westinghouse/Group W and has always been viewed by KPIX's then vice president and general manager, Philip G. Lasky, as a contribution. [BACK]

3. In his organizational efforts to bring Channel 9 into being, Seidel drew heavily on the aid of his assistant superintendent, Raymond L. Smith. Smith later joined the KQED staff to build and direct its in-school service. [BACK]

4. Of the two grants that put KQED on the air, the San Francisco Foundation gave $10,000 and the Rosenberg Foundation gave $60,000, half of which was paid when the station began regular broadcasting. [BACK]

5. Dwight Newton, San Francisco Examiner , May 4, 1955. [BACK]

6. Terrence O'Flaherty, "Something for Nothing," San Francisco Chronicle , June 28, 1955. [BACK]

7. The KQED Auction grew over the years from the original one-day happening to an annual event that extended over ten days or more and that provided more than $1 million in annual income to KQED. The successful formula spread rapidly to other public-television stations until more than seventy of them adopted some variation of it as an annual fund-raising event. [BACK]

8. KQED's audience support was a variation on the Pacifica pattern. But whereas KPFA's founder, Lewis Hill, saw viewers as subscribers, much as subscribers to newspapers and magazines, KQED's Seidel saw them as members of the corporation, each with a vote in electing the station's governing board. Seidel's view was laudably democratic but fraught with problems—as the board discovered years later when viewer voting produced factions and board meetings were devoted as much to politicking as to policy-making. [BACK]

10. Bill Davidson, "I Wish I Had That Broad's Connections," TV Guide , June 8, 1974. [BACK]

11. Nicholas von Hoffman is quoted in Adrian Taylor, "No Frills TV," Washington Journalism Review (Apr.-May 1979). [BACK]