Index
A
Aaron, Chloe, 417
ABC, 16 , 20 , 101 -2, 400 n29.
See also commercial networks
Abel, Elie, 180
Abrams, Harry N., 388 n14
Accuracy in Media (AIM), 203 , 282
Adair, Peter H., 325
advertising, 7 -8
corporate underwriting rules, 24 , 274 , 277 -78
national ads for programs, 256 -57, 271 .
See also corporate underwriting
Age of Kings, An,74 -75
AIM (Accuracy in Media), 203 , 282
Alabama state network, 39 , 385 n23
rejection of programs by, 87 , 109 , 182 , 272 , 374 -75n11
Alexander, Sydney, 339 -40
"Public Television and the 'Ought' of Public Policy," 343
Allen, Woody, 224 -27, 391 n34
Alvin H. Perlmutter Company. See Perlmutter, Alvin H.
Ambrosino, Michael, 400 n29
American Council on Education, 368 n8
American Family, An,185 -90, 385 n27
American Family Association, 307
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, 92
American Heritage Dictionary, "eminence," 290
American Journal of Sociology, "Objectivity as Strategic Ritual" (G. Tuchman), 403 n13
consortium, 284 -86
Amusing Ourselves to Death (Postman), 338 , 347
Anderson, Gloria, 394 n36
Annenberg, Walter, 288
Anson, Robert S., 205 -6
APTS (Association of America's Public Television Stations), 5 , 81 , 265 , 281 , 303 , 367 n2, 397 n22
Armsey, James W.:
as Ford grants administrator, 77 -81, 373 n2, 417
tensions between NET and, 78 -81
vision of public television, 97 -98, 375 n16
Aspen Document, 139 -40, 381 n14
Association of America's Public Television Stations. See APTS
Association of California Independent Public Television Producers, 323
Association for Education by Radio, 368 n8
Association of Independent Video and Filmmakers, 267 -68, 320 , 323
Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities, 368 n8
Association of Public Television Producers, 131 -32
Attenborough, David, 172
Australia public broadcasting, 16 , 83 , 97
Avery, Robert K., Politics of Interconnection,381 n16
awards:
Appalachian Spring,75
The Brain, 288
Carmina Burana (Prix Italia), 93
The Civil War,314
Free Time (Emmy), 203
Hollywood Television Theater (Emmy), 184 , 267 , 284
Lay My Burden Down,86 -87
Lincoln Center: Stage (Prix Italia), 95
NET treatment of presidential address (Emmy), 85
Newsroom (Dupont-Columbia Award, Peabody Award), 58
Pablo Casals Master Class,75
Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang (Emmy),
P.O. V. (Academy nomination), 325
Poverty, Anti-Poverty and the Poor (Emmy), 145
See It Now, 99
The Times of Harvey Milk (Oscar), 318 -19
VD Blues (AMA Award to 3M as sponsor), 184
B
BAETA (Bay Area Educational Television Association), 44 -45, 49
Bailey, Stephen K., 398 n7
Baker, Russell, 327
Ball, Edmund F., 394 n32
Ball, Samuel, First Year of "Sesame Street,"383 n19
Banks and the Poor,177 -79, 219 -20
Barney & Friends,169 , 305 -6, 357
The Image Empire,386 n4
Barreca, Frank, 381 n12
Barrett, Edward W., 106 -7, 376 nn 9, , 417
Barrett Marvin, 208
Basic Issues in Mass Communications (Merrill and Dennis), 403 -4n13
Bastian, Bob, 54
Batten, Tony, 208
Bay Area Educational Television Association (BAETA), 44 -45, 49
Bayley, Edwin R., 375 n16
An Age of Kings,74 -75
comprehensive programming, 316 , 345 -46, 359
emergence, 15 , 16 , 373 -74n3
The Forsyte Saga,171 , 383 n2, 385 n26
and government interference, 7 -8, 129 -30, 355 -56
Horizons, 400 n29
leadership, 5 , 9 , 27 -28, 163 , 220
program arrangements with U.S. public television, 84 , 93 -96, 260 , 261 , 289
Shinning Time Station,305
Upstairs/Downstairs,329
U.S. public television vs., 5 , 9 -10, 26 -27, 33 -34.
See also Britain
Becton, Henry, 302
Beirne, Joseph A., 379 n11, 400 n32
Benjamin, Robert S.:
as CPB hoard chair, 261 , 292 , 417
as CPB board member, 379 n11, 400 n32
Bennett, William, 282
Bill Moyers' Journal,236 , 359
dropped by CPB during Nixon years, 234 -35, 243
essay format, 182 -83, 249 , 342.
See also Moyers, Bill
Birmingham News, "FCC Backs Alabama Ban on Bad-Taste ETV Films," 385 n23
Birt, John, 337
"How Television News Can Hold the Mass Audience," 404 -5n10
"The Radical Changes Needed to Remedy TV's Bias Against Understanding," 404 n10
"Television Journalism," 404 n10
"Why Television News Is in Danger of Becoming an Anti-Social Force," 404 -5n10
Black, Shirley Temple, 53 -54
Blackaby, Linda, 403 n10
Black Journal,87 -88, 176 -77, 182 , 235 , 236
Blakely, Robert J., To Serve the Public Interest,368 n3, 369 n11, 386 n4
Boekmeier, Barbara S, "Genesis of WNDT," 386 n4
Bogatz, Gerry Ann, First Year of "Sesame Street,"383 n19
Bohen, Frederick M.:
on future of public television, 113 -14, 131 , 144 , 377 n24
as PBL executive editor, 111 , 377 n19, 417
Boorstin, Daniel J., 343 -44
Brain, The, 287 -88
Branscomb, Anne W., 26
Branson, Herman, 388 n14
Braum, Cyril, 369 n2
Brazil TV Globo, 359
Brewster, Kingman, 388 n14
Briggs, Asa, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, 369 n14
British Independent Television, 269
Channel 4 , 163 , 307 , 343 , 357
Independent Broadcasting Authority, 362 -63
innovative television, 83 , 84 , 97 , 269 , 359
London Weekend Television, 337
mission of public system, 26 -27, 345 -46, 357
Thames Television, 8 .
See also BBC
Broadcasting:
on Carnegie study, 276
on popular shows on reserved channels, 25
on Woody Allen show, 391 n30
Brookhiser, Richard, 295
Browning, Kirk, 95
Brugger, David J., 367 n2
Brunie, Henry C., 387 n6
Buchanan, Patrick, 236 , 245 , 246 , 272 , 393 n23
Buckley, James, 392 n38
Buckley, William F., 184 , 235 , 243 , 392 n38
Buckner, Walker G., 387 n6
Budinger, John D., 387 n6
Bundy, McGeorge, 135 , 151 -52
as Ford president, 99 , 115 -16, 126 , 417
and NET-WNDT merger, 192 , 199
and satellite technology, 101 -4
Burch, Dean, 218
Burke, John E., "The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967," 377 -78n3
Burnham, David, "Educational Stations in Alabama to Lose Licenses over Bias," 385 n23
Burns, Ken, 314 -15
Burns, Red, 398 n7
Butterfield, Fox, 282
C
cable television:
CSPAN, 362
implications for public television, 310 -13, 346
niche audiences, 312 , 350 , 364 .
See also technology explosion
Caines Jims, 188
Calderwood Arthur, 385 n26
Canada public television, 6 , 16
CBC, 95 -96, 106 , 205 , 209 -10
cooperation between U.S. system and, 83 , 89 , 95 -97
per capita support, 360 -61
Canal Zone, 321
Sesame Street production team from, 152 , 153 , 155 , 156
Carley, David, 397 n22
Carlson Richard W., 296 -97
Carman, John, 307
Carnegie Commission on Educational Television (Carnegie I), 362
members, 117 -18, 377 -78n3, 378 n4
recommendations, 118 -22, 138 -39, 299
Carnegie Commission on the Future of Public Broadcasting (Carnegie II), 274 -75, 389 n4
recommendations, 275 -76
Carnegie Corporation grants, 117 -22, 151 -52, 166 -67
Carroll, Roscoe C., 379 n11, 400 n32
Carter Administration, 262 -64, 274
Case, Everett N., 373 n11, 376 n9
on Perkins plan for NET-WNDT merger, 197 -98
Cater, Douglass, 117 -18, 119 -20
Cauthen, Henry J., 398 n7
CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), 95 -96, 106 , 205 , 209 -10.
See also Canada public television
as contributor to ETRC, 66 -67
Inside North Vietnam,89 -90, 374 n10, 374 -75n11
National Geographic Specials,400 n29
Omnibus, 20
The Selling of the Pentagon,179
Sesame Street production team from, 152 , 153 , 155 , 156 .
See also commercial networks
centralized public system:
decentralized system vs., 5 -10, 26 -27, 33 -34, 38 , 61 , 84 , 354 -63
Nixon attacks on, 215 -19, 221 , 223 , 227 -30, 235 -36
in reform of public television, 354 -63
Chamberlin, Ward B., Jr., 122 -23, 379 n9
as American Playhouse director, 400 n23, 417
as CPB executive vice president, 134 , 417
on mission of public television, 4 , 5
role in creation of PBS, 132 -36, 141 , 381 -82n17, 417
Chancellor, John, 125
Channel 13. See WNDT/New York; WNET/New York; WNTA/Newark
Channels of Learning (Powell), 368 -69n11
on development of educational television, 368 n3, 369 -70n7, 371 n3
on station histories, 369 n6, 370 n12
Chapin, Bill, 55
Charen, Peggy, 398 n7
Charles, Caroline, 198 -99, 388 n14, 394 n32
Chase, Barry, 282
Chayes, Abram, 377 n19
Cheney, Lynne, 355
children's programming, 53 -54
Barney & Friends,169 , 305 -6, 357
Captain Kangaroo,146 , 155 , 305
Carnegie study, 148 -50, 166 -67
on commercial television, 146 -47, 155 , 305
The Electric Company,164
funding, 4 , 92 , 286 -87, 359
Lamb Chop's Play-Along,305 -6
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood,147 -48, 305
public television as leader in, 49 -50, 305 -6
Shining Time Station,305
Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?306 .
See also Children's Television Workshop
Children's Television Workshop (CTW), 4 , 396 n9
audience recruitment, 160 -62
Community Educational Services, 161 -62
goals, 162 -63, 168 , 382 n8, 383 n21
preparation and premiere of Sesame Street,156 -61
production team, 152 -53, 155 , 156
programs after Sesame Street,164 -65
quality in programming, 149 -50, 163 -64
research as important, 148 -50, 153 -56, 159 -60, 167
self-sufficiency, 152 , 165 -69.
See also Sesame Street
Chollar, Robert G., 388 n14
Choy, Christine, 325
Christensen, Bruce:
as PBS president, 281 , 304 , 417
on Reagan and uncertain times, 289 -90, 299 , 300
Christian Science Monitor, on Free Time,203
Cincotta, Alexandra, 388 n14
civil rights struggle, 52 , 168 , 308
Black Journal,87 -88, 176 -77, 182
EEO standards for public system, 263 -64
NET coverage, 85 -88
Civil War, The,314 -15
Closed Captioning, 310
CNN (Cable News Network), 2 , 309 , 339 , 362
Cole, Dollie, 394 n32
Columbia University:
Experimental Broadcast Laboratory, 104 -5
Seminars on the Media and Society, 282 -83
commercial networks, 92 , 132 , 316
at White House meeting, 124 -25.
See also ABC; CBS; commercial television; NBC
commercial radio, 10 -12, 16 -17, 25 , 369 n12
commercials on public television. See advertising
commercial television, 2 -3, 276 , 308
assistance to public stations, 37 , 195 , 370 n2
children's programs, 146 -47, 155 , 305
consequences, 8 -10
educational shows, 20 , 22 , 34
news, 10 , 54 -55, 59 , 336 -39
programming policies, 59 -60, 72 -73, 120 , 256 , 360
public television as competition, 24 -26, 346 -47, 368 -69n11
and satellite ownership, 101 -3.
See also commercial networks; individual networks
Communications Act (1934), 353 , 380 n5
rewrite and update attempt, 276 -77, 399 n9
community control. See local control
Comsat, 103
Conant, James B., 378 n4
"Condition of Public Television in the United States and Elsewhere, The" (Rowland and Tracey), 334 , 404 n3
Connecticut state network, 39
Connell, David D., 152 , 156 -57, 159 , 167
consortia, 283 -87, 320 , 323 , 325
Constitution: That Delicate Balance, The,283
consumer issues, 92
in Banks and the Poor,177 -79, 219 -20
in The Great American Dream Machine,174 , 176
on cast of Sesame Street,156 -58
as creative leader, 163 -64, 167 -68
as CTW executive, 152 -53, 165 , 382 n10, 417
"The Potential Uses of Television," report by, 148 -50, 166 -67
as WNDT producer, 145 -46, 148 -50, 152
Coors, Joseph, 290 -91
corporate underwriting, 75
consequences of commercials, 277 -78, 362 -63
oil companies, 75 , 271 , 385 n26, 400 n29
other companies, 183 -84, 209 , 315
and program choices, 53 , 56 -57, 183 -84, 209 .
See also advertising
Corporation for Public Broadcasting. See CPB
Corporation for Public Television, 119
Corry, John, 294
Cousins, Norman, 195 , 373 n11
in National Programming Council, 199 -200, 229 , 388 n14, 417 -18
as NET board member, 129 , 376 n9, 417 -18
and NET-WNDT merger, 197 -200, 381 -82n17, 417 -18
as PBL Editorial Policy Board member, 376 n10, 377 n19
CPB, 273
on balance in The 51st State,206 -7
board, 121 , 122 -25, 231 -32, 266 , 379 n11, 397 n24
creation and purpose, 5 , 114 , 120 , 123 , 230 , 275
Death of a Princess affair, 268 -72
grants and funds arranged by, 124 , 151 , 258 -60, 285 , 288 , 319 -24, 326 -27, 403 n3
independents' frustration with, 320 -24
interconnection implementation, 132 -35
leadership, 125 , 131 -32, 171 , 290 -97, 400 -401n32
National Program Service goals, 304 -10
NET dissolution and NET-WNDT merger, 170 -71, 192 -93, 197 , 213 -14
Nixon control by pressure to, 124 -25, 215 -23, 227 -36, 240 -46, 394 n36
PBS-CPB partnership after Nixon, 240 , 241 -44, 253 -72, 394 n40
PBS created by, 136 -41
program control, 129 -32, 138 -40, 232 -37, 259 -61, 396 n14
and reformation of public system, 264 -68, 276 -77, 298 -303, 399 n9.
See also Program Fund; public television
Cremin, Lawrence A., 376 n10, 382 n10
Crystal, Les, 399 n12
CTW. See Children's Television Workshop
Cullen, Hugh R., 36
Cullman, Joseph F., 387 n6
Current, "Snookered Years Ago" (Leach), 369 n12
Curtis, Thomas B.:
as CPB board chair, 231 -32, 292 , 418
resignation, 241 -43, 244 -45, 248 , 292
D
Daniel, Clifton, 84
Dann, Michael, 152
Daressa, Lawrence, 323 , 403 n10
Dash, Julie, 403 n10
Daughtrey, Larry, "NET's No-No Words Stir Board's Ire," 385 n22
Davenport, Wilbur B., 398 n7
Davidson, Robert, 160
Davis, Curtis P., 82 -83, 93 -96, 127 , 185 , 418
Davis, David M., 403 n10
American Playhouse creator-director, 285 , 325 , 400 n23, 418
role in creation of PBS, 141 , 381 -82n17
Davis, Evelyn, 161 -62
as NET president, 128 -31, 250 , 381 n14, 388 n14
Dean, Arthur H., 372 nn 5,
Dean, John, 232
Death of a Princess,268 -72
decentralized public system:
centralized system vs., 5 -10, 26 -27, 33 -34, 38 , 61 , 84 , 354 -63
community corporation model, 38 -39, 40 -41
Congressional support, 355 , 358
Fletcher as designer, 27 , 33 -34, 63 , 112 -13
funding, 357 -58
local programming as lost in, 359 -60
mission and role, 4 -6, 9 -10, 27 -28
and PBS structure, 61 , 136 -39
and potential of public television, 298 -300
as resistant to reform, 354 -55
democracy:
as harmful to creativity, 6 , 107 , 140 , 359
risks to, 140 , 336 -39, 343 -44, 364 -65
in user-managed network, 133 -35, 138
Dennery, Phyllis, 394 n32
Dennis, Everette E., Basic Issues in Mass Communications,403 -4n13
Denver Post, on first worldwide satellite show, 84 -85
Descriptive Video Service, 310
Dewey, Thomas E., 39
Diaz, Eduardo, 403 n10
Dickerson, Nancy, 124 -25, 220
distribution system, 333 -34, 380 n5
"bicycling," 65 , 83 , 84 , 101
Carnegie recommendations, 118 , 120
cost of technological upkeep, 310 -13
CPB-PBS agreement on, 132 -35, 240 , 241 -44, 253 , 394 n40
interconnection, 84 -85, 104 -14, 118
by NET, 94 , 101 , 104 , 131 -40
PBL as experiment in interconnection, 104 -14
Public Broadcasting Act (1967), 112 , 132 -34, 380 n5
and satellite technology, 101 -4, 310 -13.
See also technology explosion
Dixon, Don, 82 -83, 90 , 96 , 127 , 418
Documents of American Broadcasting,368 n10
Dole, Robert, 207
Dowling, Robert W., 387 n6
Drew, Elizabeth, 143 , 234 -35
Duggan, Ervin S., 308 , 358 , 418
Dumpson, James R., 376 n10
Duncan, Virginia, 398 n7
E
Eastern Education Television Network, 254
Carnegie study on children's television 148 -50
role of television in, 2 , 4 -5, 11 -12, 17 , 146 , 353 -54
schools adaptation to television medium, 333 -34
Sesame Street as influence, 153 -54, 159 -63
television as information source, 1 -2, 336 -44.
See also educational television
Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 195
Educational Broadcasting Review:
"Carnegie Report Revisited" (Singer), 390 n16
"The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967" (Burke), 377 -78n3
educational radio, 369 n12
channel reservations, 17 -18, 20 , 25 , 35 , 41
educational television, 357 , 368 n10
as competitive, 24 -26, 368 -69n11
development, 6 -7, 9 , 17 -28, 368 n3
ETRC development, 61 -72
KQED/San Francisco, 43 -60
NET and growth, 72 -99
program-exchange center, 61 -99
"public" television as new name, 5 , 100 , 118
station recruitment and histories, 29 -42, 370 n12
and USOE, 150 -52
viewer impact, 68 , 71 , 76 , 373 n18.
See also decentralized public system; public television
Educational Television Facilities Act (1962), 378 n6
Educational Television for the Metropolitan Area (ETMA), 193 -94, 387 n5
Educational Television Network. See Alabama state network
Educational Television and Radio Center. See ETRC
Educational Television Stations. See ETS
Educational Testing Service, 162 -63
Ehrlichman, John, 216 , 232 -33
Eisenhower, Milton S., 30 , 379 nn 11, 14, 401 n32
Electric Company, The,164
Ellington, Duke, Queenie Pie (opera), 96 , 375 n15
Ellison, Ralph, 378 n4
Ellison, Richard, 281
Emery, Walter, 369 n2
Emmy, "The Great Experiment" (Golden), 376 n8
Epstein, Robert, 318 -19
ETMA (Educational Television for the Metropolitan Area), 193 -94, 387 n5
ETRC (Educational Television and Radio Center):
Affiliates Committee, 69 , 70 , 373 n12
board, 62 -65, 372 n5, 372 -73n11
development, 61 -64
growth, 68 -72
policies and staff, 63 , 64 , 69 , 74 , 81 , 371 n3
program acquisition, 63 , 64 -68.
See also NET
ETS (Educational Television Stations):
as adviser to CPB, 134 , 141 , 380 n6
merger with PBS, 240 -41
ETV in Controversy (Schwarzwalder), 370 n10
Europe public systems, 16 , 83 , 356
as centralized, 26 -27, 33 -34, 38 , 84
perception and role, 332 -33
U.S. system vs., 5 -10, 26 -27, 33 -34
Experimental Broadcast Laboratory (Columbia University), 104 -5
Extra, "All the Usual Suspects," 405 n18
Eyes on the Prize,315
F
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), 405 n18
Fanning, David, 286 , 320 , 325
Fauci, Salvatore, 394 n32
Blue Book (1946 Report), 16 , 373 -74n3
channel reservation for education, 9 , 10 , 17 -30, 35 , 71 , 193
on discrimination against blacks, 182 , 385 n23
fairness and accuracy criteria, 329 -30
licensing, 5 , 8 , 17 , 21 , 193 , 368 -69n11
policy on private ownership of airwaves, 22 , 102 -3
radio frequency reservation for education, 17 -18, 25 , 41 , 369 n12
regulations on educational television, 16 -17, 278 , 329 -30, 368 n10, 384 n13
and role of educational television, 26 -27
Sixth Report and Order,9 , 22 -24, 27 , 28
Third Notice of Proposed Rule Making,21 -22
Fenner, Darwin, 39
51st State, The,204 -11
Film Fund, 304
Firing Line,184 , 235 , 243 , 392 n38
First Year of "Sesame Street" (Ball and Bogatz), 383 n19
Fischer, John, 376 n10, 377 n19
Flanigin, Peter, 213 , 219 -20
Fleming, Robben W., 265 -66, 293 , 397 n24, 398 n30, 418
Fletcher, C. Scott:
as decentralized system designer, 27 -28, 33 -34, 38 , 63 , 112 -13, 369 n6, 374 n7
as Fund for Adult Education president, 19 -21, 27 , 40 , 77 -78, 116 , 418
and listener sponsorship study, 32 -33, 369 -70n7
as national program center creator, 61 -65, 69 , 73 , 81 , 126 , 133 , 418
station recruitment, 28 , 29 -34, 40 .
See also Fund for Adult Education
Folsom, Marion, 30
Forbes, H. C., 387 n6
Ford, Edsel, 18
Ford, Eleanor C., 18
Ford, Gerald R., 291
Ford, Henry, 18
Ford Foundation, 81 , 101 , 105 , 199
FCC reservation of education channels, 18 -21
goals for public television, 96 -99
Nixon Administration on, 219 , 390 -91n19
on nonprofit service of satellite technology, 102 -3
reorganization of public television, 113 -14, 125 -26, 240
role in NPACT creation, 140 -44, 215 , 381 -82n17
role in PBS creation, 140 -41, 381 n16.
See also Ford Foundation grants; Fund for Adult Education
Ford Foundation grants:
for ETRC, 61 -65
for independent productions, 318 , 321
for innovative programs, 55 , 58 -59
for Media and Society Seminars, 282 -83
for NET, 73 , 74 , 76 -81, 92 , 171
for PBL project, 101 , 105 -15, 321 , 376 n8
policy on, 74 , 76 , 79 -81, 115 -16, 246
for quality in universities and colleges, 98
for Sesame Street,151 -52
for SPC, 396 n9
for station equipment, 31 -32, 33 , 35 , 45 -46
for station use (non-equipment), 29 , 31 , 72 , 195 -96
See also Ford Foundation
Forsyte Saga, The,171 , 383 n2, 385 n26
Fox, Virginia G., 403 n10
France public television, 7
Frankel, Max, 83
Franklin, John H., 198
Freedman, Lewis, 113 -14
as CPB Program Fund director, 266 -68, 284 , 319 , 418
as creator of consortium, 284 -87
as Hollywood Television Theater creator, 184 , 267 , 284 , 377 n22, 418
Matters of Life and Death,268 , 319 , 320
in PBL project, 106 , 267 , 418
freedom of speech, 26 , 121 -23, 202 -3, 343 , 353
Freeman, Neal B., 394 n36
Friday, William, 394 n32
Friendly, Fred W., 135 , 136 , 140 , 199
as adviser to Ford president, 55 , 78 , 99 , 101 , 104 , 126 , 128 -29, 418
on federal funding, 121 -22, 263
goal for public television, 101 , 105 , 112 , 126
as Media and Society Seminars creator, 282 -83, 418
on NET-WNDT merger, 192 , 201 , 205
as PBL project creator, 101 , 105 -15, 126
role in NPACT creation, 141 -44, 215 , 381 -82n17
and satellite technology, 101 -4
Frontline, 286 , 303 , 320 , 342
Fund for Adult Education:
development, 18 -21
influence on public system, 26 -27, 33 -34, 38 -39, 40 -41, 116
and listener sponsorship study, 32 -33, 369 -70n7
Fund for Advancement of Education, 33
alternative methods, 361 -63
programming as influence on, 53 , 56 -57
spectrum fee, 275 -76, 277 , 361 -62.
See also corporate underwriting; grants; U.S. Congress
G
Galloway, Alfred, 394 n32
Gammino, Michael A., Jr., 379 n11, 400 n32
Georgia state network, 39 , 109 , 307 , 402 n17
Gerbner, George, 12
Germany public broadcasting, 361
Gibbon, Sam, 153
Gilbert, Craig:
as An American Family producer, 185 -90, 385 n27
as The Triumph of Christy Brown producer, 182 , 185 , 187
Gilson, Gary, 205 -6
Goldberg, Henry, 220 , 232 -33, 244
Golden, Michael, "The Great Experiment," 376 n8
Goldin, Hyman H., 378 n4
Goldstein, Richard, on Death of a Princess,268
Goldwyn Company, Samuel, 285 -86
Gomberg, Sy, 388 n14
Gorham, William, 377 n19
Gould, Jack:
on Cooney and CTW, 152
on Ford Foundation, 33
on PBL, 109
on role of public television, 344
on WNDT programs, 210
Gould, Samuel B., 387 n6
Governing Board Chairmen's Group, 239 , 240 , 241
grants:
for adult education programs from Annenberg, 288
for AIM from NEH, 282
for America '73 from Congress, 235
for American Playhouse from NEA, CPB, and SPC, 285
for The
Brain from National Science Foundation, 288
for The Civil War from WETA, 315
for equipment from Emerson Radio, 46
for equipment from federal government, 378 n6
for equipment from Ford, 31 -32, 33 , 35 , 45 -46
for ETRC/NET from Ford, 63 , 65 , 73 , 74
for IDF from Ford and NEA, 318
for innovative programs from CPB, 259 -60
for innovative programs from Ford, 55 , 58 -59
for local programming from Congress, 258 , 406 n15
for MacNeil/Lehrer from AT&T, 278 , 279
for Media and Society Seminars from Ford, 282 -83
for NET from CPB, 124
for operations from Ford, 72
for Sesame Street from Carnegie, 148 -52
for Sesame Street from Congress, CPB and Ford, 151
for SPC from Ford, 396 n9
for station purchase from Ford, 195 -96
for Tongues Untied from NEA, 326
for Wiseman from Ford, 321
for Wiseman from MacArthur and CPB, 322
for WNET from Rockefeller, 317
Great American Dream Machine, The,172 -76, 205
Jacobs's FBI segment, 180 -81, 204 , 225
as outlet for independents, 173 -74, 317
Great Performances,93 , 289 , 400 n29
consortium, 286
as model of excellence, 9 , 335
Greaves, William, 88
Greeley, Bill:
on award for VD Blues,184
on CPB-PBS partnership, 261
on WNDT programs, 201
Greenburg, Henry, 236
Greene, Felix, Inside North Vietnam,89 -91, 374 n10, 374 -75n11
Griffiths, G. H. (Bill), 45 -46
Gross, Len, 47 -48
Grossman, Lawrence K., 262 , 311
and Death of a Princess affair, 269 , 270 -71
as PBS president, 255 -56, 280 -81, 399 n18, 418
on public television, 259 -60, 274 , 299
schedule changes, 256 -58, 279
Grove, Lloyd, "Sound Bites over Substance," 367 n6
Gunn, Hartford N., Jr., 237 , 380 n6
editorial control of NET programs, 178 -81, 220
in PBS management changes, 253 -54, 255 , 311 , 418
as PBS president, 137 -38, 140 , 247 , 381 n12, 418
as SPC creator, 257 -58, 396 n9
on Watergate hearings coverage, 247 -48
as WGBH president, 40 , 373 n12, 378 n3
H
Haig, Alexander, 251 -52
Haizlip, Ellis, 201
Haley, Alex P., 399 n7
Hall, Laurence S., 403 n10
Hampton, Henry, 315
Hancock, Alan, 36 -37, 370 n11
Hancock Foundation, 36 -37
Hanley, William L., Jr., 292 , 295
Harley, William, 373 n12
Harlow, James G., 394 n32
Harney, Gregory G., 378 n4
Harrington, Stephanie, on An American Family,188
Harris, Patricia Roberts, 198 -99
Hatch, Robert, 160 -61
Hawley, C. Bart, 394 n32
Hayes, Denis, 388 n14
Hayes, John, 118
Hazard, Leland, 31 , 39 , 373 n11
Head, Cheryl, 403 n10
Heald, Henry T.:
as Ford Foundation president, 77 , 80 , 98 , 125 -26, 418
relationship with White, 77 , 78 , 125 -26
resignation, 99
Heffner, Richard, 195 -96
Heller, Walter W., 399 n7
Helms, Jesse, 326
Henderson, Hazel, 388 n14
Hennock, Frieda B., 21 -22, 24 -25, 38 , 368 -69n11, 419
Henry, David D., 378 n4
Hentoff, Nat:
on The 51st State,208 -9
on Free Time,203
Heritage: Civilization and the Jews,289
Hickey, Neil, on reform of public television, 354
High-definition television, 311
Hill, Lewis, 32 -33, 369 -70n7, 371 n8
History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, The (Briggs), 369 n14
Hitchcock, Ethan A., 388 n14, 394 n32
on caution in programming, 210 , 211 , 225 , 250
and NET-WNDT merger, 197 -200
as NET-WNET chair, 250 , 381 -82n17, 419
Hobby, Oveta C., 118 , 379 nn 11, 14, 401 n32
Hoffer, Eric, 114
Hoffman, Nicholas von, 58
Hoffman, Paul G., 18 -20
Hofstadter, Richard, 376 n10
Hollings, Ernest, on problems in public system, 262 -63
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 216 , 343
Holmes, Presley, 380 n6
Holst, Howard, 381 n12
Hoover, J. Edgar, 180 -81
Horne, Harriet Van, on PBL,109
Hoso Bunka Foundation survey, 347 , 404 n3
Houghton, Arthur A., 193 -94, 387 n6
Houston, University, 35 -36
Hoving, Thomas P., 376 n10
Howard, Brice, 82 -83
Howe, Harold, 150 -52
Hoyt, Robert, 106
Hudson, Robert, 62
as ETRC programming chief, 63 , 64 -65, 73
as NET vice president, 73 , 74 , 126 , 419
Hughes, Joseph D., 361 -62, 379 nn 9, , 401 n32, 407 n18
Hughes, Robert, 347
Hull, Richard, 372 n5, 373 n11
I
IDF (Independent Documentary Fund), 318 -21
Image Empire, The (Barnouw), 386 n4
Independent Documentary Fund (IDF), 318 -21
independent production:
and centralized system, 359 -60
The Civil War,314 -15
Crisis to Crisis as outlet, 268 , 320
and development of public television, 316 -19
Eyes on the Prize,315
The Great American Dream Machine as outlet, 173 -74, 317
Matters of Life and Death as outlet, 268 , 319 , 320
organized efforts for federal funding, 267 -68, 319 -21, 323 -24, 403 n3
program control loss with federal funding, 325 -30
Wiseman as model, 317 , 321 -23.
See also individual producers
Independent Television Service (ITVS), 324 , 403 n10
Inside North Vietnam,89 -91, 374 n10, 374 -75n11
instructional television. See educational television
Interim Interconnection Management Group, 133 -34
Isaacs, Jeremy, 343
Iselin, John J.:
and staff unrest, 209 , 210 , 388 n18
as WNET president, 202 , 203 , 226 , 419
Iseman, Joseph, 388 n14
IT&T, 103
Italy public broadcasting, 361
ITVS (Independent Television Service), 324 , 403 n10
Ives, David, 270 , 378 n3, 381 n14
J
Jackson, Joseph H., 11
James, Sidney L., 143 , 222 , 394 n32
Japan public television, 16 , 84 , 332 , 356 , 360 -61
Jay, Peter:
"How Television News Can Hold the Mass Audience," 404 -5n10
"The Radical Changes Needed to Remedy TV's Bias Against Understanding," 404 n10
"Television Journalism," 404 n10
"Why Television News Is in Danger of Becoming an Anti-Social Force," 404 -5n10
JCET (Joint Council on Educational Television), 20 -21, 30 , 368 n8, 369 n2
Jefferson, Thomas, 212
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 322
Johnson, Josie R., 399 n7
Johnson, Lyndon B., 85 , 215 , 378 n8
CPB board appointments, 121 , 122 -25, 290 , 292 , 379 n11
and funding recommendations, 116 , 117 -18, 122 , 378 n3
and NET coverage of Vietnam War, 88 -89
Joint Council on Educational Television (JCET), 20 -21, 30 , 368 n8, 369 n2
Jones, Jennifer, 388 n14
Josephs, Devereux, 193 -94, 387 n6
journalism. See news and current issues
Judd, Walter, on Inside North Vietnam,374 n10, 374 -75n11
K
Kael, Pauline, on Wiseman, 322
Kaiser, Lloyd, 380 n6, 381 nn 12, 14, 388 n14
at NET Washington news bureau, 85 , 141 -42, 419
and NPACT coverage of public affairs, 223 -24, 247 -48, 249 , 391 n28
as NPACT vice president, 143 , 214 , 419
Kaufman, Paul, 82
Kavanau, Ted, 206
Kaye, Peter, 224
KCET/Los Angeles, 37
and Aspen Document affair, 138 -40, 381 n14
Hollywood Television Theater,184 , 267 , 284
KCTS-TV/Seattle, 39
Keeping PACE with the New Television (Mahony et al.), 311
Kellam, J. C., 117 -18
Kelley, Florence M., 387 n6
Kelley, Michael, 274
Kemmerer, Walter W., 35 -36
Kennedy, John F., 84 , 86 , 215
Kennedy, Robert, 168
Kennedy, Tom, 377 n22
on PBL project team, 105 -6
KERA/Dallas, 238
KETC/St. Louis, 39 , 234 , 374 -75n11
KGO-TV/San Francisco, 54 -55
Killian, James R., Jr.:
as Carnegie chair, 117 , 379 n11, 419
as CPB board chair, 243 -44, 292
as CPB board member, 241 , 379 n11, 400 n32, 419
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 55 , 86 , 87 , 110 , 168
Kitman, Marvin, 330
Kline, Katherine, 318
KNXT-TV/Los Angeles, 67
Kobin, William, 224 -25, 388 n14
as NET vice president, 82 -83, 419
and programming challenges, 86 -87, 90 , 96 , 113 -14, 127
Kotlowitz, Robert, 202
KPFA-FM/Berkeley, 32 -33, 49 , 50 , 371 n8
KPIX-TV/San Francisco, 370 n2
KQED/San Francisco, 39 , 184 , 317
and Aspen Document affair, 138 -40, 381 n14
board, 45 , 49 , 51 -54, 59 , 371 n8
community politics, 51 -59, 86 , 87
fund-raising, 44 , 47 -49, 56 -57, 371 n7
leadership and mission, 44 -47
programs, 46 -47, 49 -60, 66 , 86 , 87
voluntary audience sponsorship, 32 -33, 49 , 50 , 371 n8
Kraetzer, Warren, 373 n14, 380 n6
Krause, Mitchell, 201
Krieger, Seymour, 369 n2
KRMA/Denver, 75
Kroll, Nathan, 75
KTCA/Minneapolis-St. Paul, 36 , 174 , 209 -10, 374 -75n11
KTHE/Los Angeles, 36 -37, 66 , 71
Kuchel, Thomas, 388 n14
KUHT/Houston, 29 , 35 -36, 46 , 66 , 272
Kuney, Jack, 224 -25
"Closing Down of Woody Allen," 391 n30
KUON-TV/Lincoln, 39
Kusch, Polykarp, 376 n10
L
Land, Edwin H., 378 n4
Land, Herman, 167
Lasky, Philip G., 370 n2
Lasswell, Harold, 62 , 63 , 372 n11
Law, Lindsay, 285
Lawrence, David, 38
Lawson, Jennifer:
National Program Service goals, 304 -10
as PBS programming chief, 3 , 4 , 303 , 419
Lax, Eric, On Being Funny,391 n30
Leach, Eugene E., "Snookered Years Ago," 369 n12
League, Raymond, 388 n14
Lehrer, Jim, 85 , 248 -49, 278 -80.
See also MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour
Leinsdorf, Erich, 379 n11, 400 n32
Leonard, John, 178
Lesser, Gerald S., 153 -54, 382 n10
Lester, Susan, 187
Levenson, Hal, 208
Levin, Al, 92
Levinson, Hal, 205 -6
licensee institutions:
"FCC freeze" on licenses, 17 , 21 , 193
first public channels, 37 -38, 41
universities and colleges, 25 , 35 -38, 41 , 371 -72n4.
See also individual institutions
licenses. See FCC
Linen, James A., 387 n6
Lippmann, Walter, 78 , 364 , 365 , 407 n23
Live from Lincoln Center,335 , 359
local control, 369 n6
as basis of public system, 27 -28, 33 -34, 40 -41
and "community television," 4 , 5 , 30 -31, 48 , 59 , 73
and matching grants from Ford, 31 -32, 33 , 35
model stations based on, 38 -39, 40 -41, 51 -59
Long, Herman, 388 n14
Loomis, Henry, 261 , 393 -94n30
as CPB president, 232 , 392 n3, 419
funding for CPB, 244 -45, 258 -59
Loper, James, 380 n6, 381 nn 12, 14, 388 n14
Los Angeles Times:
on An American Family,188
on death of public television under Nixon, 234
Loud, Pat, 186 -90
Loud, William C., 186 -90
Lowell, John, 394 n32
Lowell, Ralph, 39 , 63 , 117 , 372 n11, 378 n3
Lucas, Christopher, 202
Lydon, Christopher, "FCC Lets Alabama TV Setup Drop Black-Oriented Programs," 385 n23
M
MacArthur Foundation, 322
Macdonald, Torbert H., 228 -29, 239 , 243 -44
MacNeil, Robert, 83 , 106 , 235
in first hour-long news show, 278 -80
Nixon Administration attempt to discredit, 221 -24
as on-air personality, 85 , 214 -15
The Right Place at the Right Time,390 n6, 391 n28
viewer support, 238 , 248 -49, 393 -94n30
Watergate hearings coverage, 248 -49
on working 1972 Republican Convention, 224 , 391 n28.
See also MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour; Washington Week in Review
MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, The,112 , 359 , 399 n12
balance, 309 , 340 , 357 , 405 n18
as first hour-long news show, 278 -80, 340
See also Lehrer, Jim; MacNeil, Robert
MacNeil/Lehrer Report,257 , 279 , 280
Macy, John W., Jr., 222 , 225 , 234
on balance in The 51st State,206 -7
as CPB president, 123 -25, 229 -31, 379 n14, 392 n3, 419
on decentralized production, 138 -40
definition of "public," 129 -30
as PBS board member, 381 n12
relationship with federal government, 220 -21, 227 -30
role in NPACT creation, 141 -44, 381 -82n17
Markel, Lester, 83 -84
competition and repetition, 313 , 364 -65
let-the-market-prevail approach, 274 , 353 -54
news as marketable commodity, 338 -39
self-sufficiency of CTW, 165 -66
Markey, Edward, 298 -99
Marks, Leonard, 388 n14
Marshall, Burke, 198
Mason, Kenneth, 399 n7
Masterpiece Theater,184 , 271 , 289 , 385 n26
Mathews, David, 388 n14
Matters of Life and Death,268 , 319 , 320
Maynard, Fredelle, 189
McBride, Fern, 202
McBride, Jack, 381 n12
McCabe, Robert, 106
McCarter, William, 381 n14, 388 n14
McCarthy, Harry, 92
McConnell, Joseph H., 361 , 378 n4
McGill, William J., 275 , 398 n7
McLuhan, Marshall, 54
McNeil, Donald R., 394 n32
Mead, Margaret, 190
Media and Society Seminars, The, 282 -83, 377 n22
Memphis Press-Scimitar, on censorship on public television, 181
Mennin, Peter, 376 n10
Merrill, John C., Basic Issues in Mass Communications,403 -4n13
META (Metropolitan Educational Television Association), 193
Metropolitan Pittsburgh Educational Television, Inc., 38
Meyner, Robert B., 194 -95, 387 n6
Michael, Lloyd S., 373 n11
Michel, Robert, 206
Mielke, Keith, 306
Mills, Stephanie, 388 n14
Minow, Newton, 194 , 262 , 385 n4
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood,147 -48, 305
Mitchell, Maurice, 388 n14
Montaigne, Michel de, 13
Moore, Richard O., 86 , 381 n14, 419
on centralized program system, 300 -301, 359 , 388 n14
Moore, Thomas, 241
Morgan, Edward P., 106
Morrisett, Lloyd D.:
as Carnegie Corporation vice president, 146 , 148 , 151
as CTW board chair, 165 , 167 -68, 382 n10, 419
and funding for Sesame Street,150 -52, 160
on quality of children's programs, 149 -50, 154
and Voters' Channel plan, 2 -4
Moyers, Bill, 3 , 224 , 344 , 399 n7
essay format, 182 -83, 249 , 289 , 342 .
See also Bill Moyers' Journal
Mullen, Robert, 30 -31
Muppets (Henson), 157 -58, 159 -60, 166
Murphy, Win, 50 -51
Murrow, Edward R., 78 , 342 , 386 n1
Oppenheimer interview, 66 -67
television as information source, 337 -38
N
and ETS, 81 , 116 , 240 -41, 374 n7
as lobbyist for funding, 217 -18, 239
Nixon Administration Public Broadcasting Papers,389 n4
NAPTS (National Association of Public Television Stations). See APTS
NASA and Apollo coverage, 233
Nashville Tennessean, "NET's No-No Words Stir Board's Ire" (Daughtrey), 385 n22
National Association of Educational Broadcasters. See NAEB
National Association of Public Television Stations (NAPTS). See APTS
National Association of State Universities, 368 n8
National Citizens Committee for Educational Television (NCCET), 30 -31, 38
National Coalition of Independent Broadcasting Producers, 323 -24
National Council of Chief State-School Officers, 368 n8
National Educational Television. See NET
National Educational Television Conference, 29 -30
National Education Association, 368 n8
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), 285 , 318 , 319 , 326
National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), 282
National Geographic Society, 400 n29
National Geographic Specials,96 , 272 , 289 , 400 n29
National Independent Programming Service, 323
National Observer, on NET treatment of presidential address, 85
National Program Funding Standards and Practices, 399 n11
National Programming Council, 199 -200, 229 , 388 n14
National Program Service goals, 304 -10
National Public Affairs Center for Television. See NPACT
National Public Radio:
All Things Considered,340 -41
Morning Edition,340 -41
National Science Foundation, 288
National Telecommunication and Information Administration, 389 n4
Nature, 357
Nava, Gregory, 285
as contributor to ETRC, 67 -68, 372 n8
Lamb Chop's Play-Along,305
NBC Opera Company, 95
PBS-NBC coverage for 1992 conventions, 309
salute to Sesame Street,160 -61.
See also commercial networks
NCCET (National Citizens Committee for Educational Television), 30 -31, 38
NEA (National Endowment for the Arts), 285 , 318 , 319 , 326
NEH (National Endowment for the Humanities), 282
Nelson, Lyle, 64
affiliates, 72 -73, 80 , 116 , 152
arts and sciences coverage, 92 -96
Association of Public Television Producers, 131 -32
board, 73 , 95 , 106 , 110 , 135 , 198 , 373 n14, 376 n9
children's programs, 147 -48
dissolution, 96 , 170 -71, 213 -14
distribution, 94 , 101 , 104 , 131 -40
Ford's goals for public television, 96 -99
as "Fourth Network," 72 , 79 , 135
grants from Ford, 73 , 74 , 76 -81
independent production access, 316 -17, 321
merger with WNDT, 114 , 182 , 188 , 191 -204
news and current issues coverage, 83 -92, 140 -44
PBL project, 105 -14, 143 -44, 376 n10, 377 n19
PBS interference with programs, 177 -82, 384 n17, 385 nn 18,
programming, 73 -76, 83 -96, 140 -44, 172 -90, 219 -20
relationship with stations, 78 -79, 80 , 81 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 97 , 374 -75n11
role, 81 -96, 98 -99, 170 -72.
See also ETRC; WNET/New York
NET Journal, 91 -92, 176 -79, 286 , 384 n12
NET Opera Theater project, 95 -96
NET Playhouse,93 -94
Nevins, Sheila, 173
Newburn, Harry K., 373 n11, 419
as ETRC president, 63 -65, 68 -71, 74
Newfield, Jack, 210
New Jersey state network, 39
news and current issues:
on commercial television, 54 -55, 56 , 58
KQED coverage, 54 -59
and long-form docu-
mentary, 341 -44
NET/WNET coverage, 83 -92, 112 , 204 -11
in P.O.V., 324 -26
quality in content, 336 -41.
See also political climate
Newsday, on The Great American Dream Machine,175
News in Perspective,83 -84
Newspaper of the Air,54 -55
Newsweek:
on An American Family,188
on death of public television under Nixon, 234
on Vietnam: A Television History,281
on Whitehead, 215 -16
New York, City University of, 328 -29
New York Daily News, on death of public television under Nixon, 234
New York Magazine, "Poor Little Rich Station" (Welles), 388 n18
New York state network, 39
New York Times:
on An American Family,188
on American Playhouse,285
on Banks and the Poor,179
on Burns, 314
"Educational Stations in Alabama to Lose Licenses over Bias" (Burnham), 385 n23
on ETRC programs, 67
"FCC Lets Alabama TV Setup Drop Black-Oriented Programs" (Lydon), 385 n23
on Ford Foundation, 33
on Free Time,203
on Nixon influence, 242 -43, 251 -52
on objectivity in journalism, 327
on PBL, 109
on PBS, 237
on Sesame Street and CTW, 152 , 158 -59
on WNDT programs, 210
on Woody Allen show, 391 n30
Ney, Edward N., 388 n14
Niven, Paul, 85
Nixon, Richard M., 85 , 215 , 390 n7
CPB board appointments, 290 -91
as hostile to public system, 144 , 212 -13, 249
resignation, 251 -52.
See also Nixon Administration
Nixon Administration, 207
centralized public system, attacks on, 215 -19, 221 , 223 , 227 -30, 235 -36
control of public system by control of CPB, 124 -25, 231 -36, 240 -43, 246 , 394 n36
divide-and-subdue strategy, 215 -22, 227 -30, 232
and Ford Foundation, 141 , 219 , 390 -91n19
funding cuts, 176 , 215 -17, 227 -30
hostility for public system, 121 , 144 , 175 , 210 -11, 212 -13, 249
loss of influence, 237 -52
on NET, 170 -71, 175 , 213 -15
viewer revolt against, 237 -38, 393 -94n30
Watergate, 246 -49.
See also Nixon, Richard M.
Nixon Administration Public Broadcasting Papers (NAEB), 389 n4
Nolan, Kathleen, 399 n7
Nova,9 , 289 , 357 , 396 n9, 400 n29
hiring of on-air persons, 214 -15, 221 -24
as Nixon Administration target, 221 -24, 247 , 249
A Public Affair: Election '72,223 -24, 391 n28
Watergate hearings coverage, 248 -49
O
Oakes, Dallin, 281
Oberholtzer, Kenneth, 372 n11
O'Connor, Harry, 294 -95
O'Connor, John:
on An American Family,190
on American Playhouse,285
Oklahoma state network, 307 , 402 n17
Olin, John, 231 -32
Omnibus, 20
On Being Funny (Lax), 391 n30
Oppenheimer, Robert J., 66 -67
Osmundsen, John, 106
P
Pace, Frank, Jr., 122 -23, 132 , 213 , 379 n9
as CPB board chair, 213 , 292 , 400 n32, 419
Pacifica Foundation, 32 -33, 50 , 371 n8
Paik, Nam June, 317
Palmer, Edward L., 155 -56, 159
Parsons, John, 205 -6
Pastore Subcommittee on Communications hearings, 131 -32, 245 , 252 , 380 n4, 393 n23
Patterson, Franklin, 378 n4
PBL project:
debut year, 107 -11
development, 101 , 105 -7, 126
final year, 111 -15
organizational structure, 106 -7, 110 -11, 143 -44, 376 n10, 377 n19
children's programs, 169 , 305 -6
corporate underwriting standards, 278 , 399 n11
CPB-PBS partnership after Nixon, 240 , 241 -44, 253 -72, 394 n40
creation, 136 -41
Death of a Princess affair, 268 -72
decentralized structure, 61 , 113 , 136 -38, 237
editorial power, 177 -82, 204 , 384 n13
first hour-long news show, 85 , 278 -80
Ford Foundation role in shaping, 140 -41, 381 n16
funding, 260 -61, 287 -90, 357 -61, 406 n15
The Great
American Dream Machine FBI segment, 180 -81, 204 , 225
independent production access, 316 , 324 -25
merger with ETS/NAEB, 240 -41
National Program Service goals for, 304 -10
Nixon control by pressures on, 215 -18, 221 , 223 , 227 -30, 235 -36
programming, 138 -40, 233 -34, 236 -37, 243 -44, 283 -87, 328 -30
reformation of public system, 264 -68, 276 -77, 298 -303, 357 -59, 399 n9, 406 n15
as technology pioneer, 310 -13
Vietnam: A Television History and AIM, 281 -82
Voters' Channel refusal, 1 -5, 309
Watergate hearings coverage, 247 -49.
See also public television
People for the American Way study, 339
Pepper, Robert, 141
The Politics of Interconnection,381 n16
Percy, Charles, 271
Perkins, James A., 197 , 387 n9, 388 n14
Perlmutter, Alvin H., 82 , 88 , 131 -32
as The Great American Dream Machine producer, 3 , 172 -74, 419
Pettit, Tom, 106
Pfister, Edward J., 293 -96, 419
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, on censorship of public television, 181
Pifer, Alan, 151 -52
political climate:
KQED and local issues, 51 -59
and long-form documentary, 341 -44
NET programs in 1960s, 85 -92, 111 -12
NET programs in 1970s, 176 , 185 -90
role of television, 9 -10, 34 -35
Politics--and Comedy of Woody Allen, The,224 -27, 391 nn 30,
Politics of Interconnection, The (Avery and Pepper), 381 n16
Porambo, Ron, 208
Postman, Neil:
Amusing Ourselves to Death,338 , 347
Technopoly,363
Powell, John W., Channels of Learning,368 n3, 368 -69n11, 369 n6, 369 -70n7, 370 n12, 371 n3
Powers, Ron:
on The Great American Dream Machine,175
on NPACT, 143
Program Fund:
funding for independent productions, 266 -68, 319 -22
Public Broadcasting Act (1967), 238 , 290
implementation, 121 -25, 378 n6, 379 nn 9, , 14
passage and terms, 119 -22, 299 , 380 n5
program regulation, 245 , 326 -30, 403 -4n13
Public Broadcasting Environment Center, 124
Public Broadcasting Report, "PBS Unveils Public Subscriber Network," 402 n26
Public Broadcasting Service. See PBS
public radio, 6 -10, 12 , 32 -33, 369 -70n7, 371 n8
Public Service Broadcasting in a Multichannel Environment, "Public Service Broadcasting in the United States" (Rowland), 367 n5
Public Subscriber Network, 311
Public Telecommunications Financing Act (1978), 261 -64, 319 -20, 323 , 403 n3
Public Telecommunications Review, "CPB-PBS Agreement," 394 n40
Public Television: A Program for Action (Carnegie I), 118 , 378 n8, 390 n16
public television:
audience, 9 -10, 171 -72, 310 , 314
balance in programming, 326 -30, 340 -41, 344 , 403 -4n13, 405 n18
Carnegie study on, 115 -22, 377 -78n3, 378 n4
Carnegie study on, 274 -76, 398 -99n7
children's programs, 4 , 49 -50, 53 -54, 92 , 100 , 145 -69
as competitive with commercial television, 24 -26, 346 -47, 368 -69n11
corporate under-writing rules, 277 -80, 399 n11
CPB leadership, 119 -25, 129 -44
CPB-PBS partnership after Nixon, 240 -44, 253 -72, 394 n40
diversity in programs, 304 -5, 334 -36, 344 -48
European public systems vs., 5 -10, 26 -27, 33 -34
first nightly news show, 278 -80
goals, 96 -99, 304 -10, 357 -58
independent production, 267 -68, 314 -30
leadership, 2 , 26 -28, 71 , 125 -27, 140 , 290 -97
meaning of "public," 129 -30, 312 -13, 333
mission and purpose, 4 -6, 12 -13, 91 , 171 -72, 308 -9, 312 , 357
NET leadership, 72 -99, 125 -27, 131 -44, 170 -200
NET-WNDT merger, 182 , 188 , 200 -211
news and current issues, 1 -5, 340 -44
Nixon Administration influence on, 212 -46, 253
and NPACT,
140 -44
PBS-CPB partnership after Nixon, 240 -44, 253 -72. 394 n40
PBS leadership, 136 -41
perception, 5 -6, 129 -32, 331 -36, 344 -50, 357 , 360,367 n5
presidential failure to bring leadership to, 290 -97, 400 -401n32
quality in content, 9 -10, 344 -48
Reagan Administration influence on, 273 -74, 277 -78, 281 , 287 -90
rebirth after Nixon influence, 247 -49
reforming the system 276 -77, 351 -65, 399 n9
roles, 2 , 4 , 9 -10, 112 -13, 333 -36, 340 -48
station histories, 29 -42, 370 n12
technology explosion and implications, 310 -13
weaknesses, 332 -36
WNET/Channel 13 , 182 -90, 200 -211.
See also decentralized public system; educational television; individual stations
Public Television Finance Act (1975), 253 , 258
Puttnam, David, 357
R
Radio-Television Workshop, 20
Ragtime Era, 75
Raposo Joe, 158
Raubinger, Frederick N., 387 n6
Reagan, Ronald W., 24 , 57 , 291 -92, 293 .
See also Reagan Administration
Reagan Administration, 282 , 338 , 353
CPB board appointments, 291 -92, 293 -96
sink-or-swim funding policy, 273 -74, 277 -78, 281287 -90.
See also Reagan, Ronald W.
Reed, Philip D., 376 n9
reform of public system:
funding, 360 -63
more studies, 351 -53
plan, 355 -60
public trust, 354
Reinsch, J. Leonard, 399 n7
Reith, Sir John C. W., 5 , 9 , 220
Revelle, Roger, 198
Rice, Jonathan C., 45 , 46 -47, 50 , 51 , 419
Rice, Mrs. Emmett, 382 n10
Riggs, Marlon, 325 -26
Right Place at the Right Time, The (MacNeil), 390 n6, 391 n28
Rights and Wrongs,308
Rivera, Tomas, 399 n7
Roberts, Curt, 47 -48
Robertson, James, 72 , 373 nn 12, 14
Rockefeller, John D., 3d, 193 -94, 379 nn 11, 14, 387 n6, 401 n32
Rockefeller, Sharon P., 293 , 294 , 300 , 398 n30, 419
Rockefeller Foundation, 317
Rogers, Fred, 147 -48
Rogers, Ralph B.:
as CTW board member, 239 , 382 n10
in Governing Board Chairmen's Group, 239 , 394 n32
PBS reorganization, 238 -44, 253 -55, 261 -62, 396 n9, 419 -20
Rogers, William P., 376 n10
Rooney, Andy, 173 -74
Roper, Barbara, 394 n32
Rose, Jon, 236
Rosenberg, Leonard E., 394 n32
Rosenberg Foundation, 370 n4
Rowland, Willard D., Jr., 353
"The Condition of Public Television in the United States and Elsewhere," 334 , 347 -48, 404 n3
"Public Service Broadcasting in the United States," 367 n5
"Struggle for Self-Determination," 397 n18
Rubenstein, Martin, 296
Ryan, John, 394 n32
S
Safire, William, 310
Sameth, Jack, 82
Samuel Goldwyn Company, 285 -86
Sanders, Carl E., 379 n11, 401 n32
Sanford, Terry, 378 n4, 382 n10, 388 n14
San Francisco Chronicle,11 , 47 , 54 -55
on The Great American Dream Machine,174
on More Tales of the City,307
San Francisco Foundation, 370 n4
Sapadin, Lawrence M., 323 , 403 n10
satellite technology, 101 -4, 310 -13
"bicycling" before, 65 , 83 , 84 , 101
first worldwide satellite show, 84 -85.
See also technology explosion
Saturday Review, "Can This Be America?" (Shayon), 377 n21
Saudek, Robert, 378 n4
Saunders, William J., 387 n6
Scalapino, Robert, 90
Scalia, Antonin, 227
Schenkkan, Robert, 374 n7, 380 n6
Schmiechen, Richard, 318 -19
Schooley, Frank E., 379 n11, 401 n32
Schuman, William, 95 , 198 , 388 n14
Schwarzwalder, John C., 36 , 420
ETV in Controversy,370 n10
Seaborg, Glenn T., 198 , 373 n11, 388 n14
Sears Roebuck Foundation, 147 -48
Seidel, Vaughn D., 44 , 370 n3, 371 n8
Seligsohn, Leo, on The Great American Dream Machine,175
Seminars on the Media and Society (Columbia University), 282 -83, 377 n22
Serkin, Rudolf, 378 n4
Carnegie study on children's series, 148 -50
cast and Muppets, 156 -58, 159 -61, 163 -64
and children's programming, 146 -48, 164 -65, 169
design and style, 145 -46, 149 -50, 153 -56, 159 -64
production costs, 121 , 150 , 151 -52, 382 n7, 396 n9
production team, 152 -53, 155 , 156 , 377 n22
public television as influenced by, 169 , 305 , 357
research as important, 148 -50, 153 -56, 159 -60, 167
See also Children's Television Workshop
Sevareid, Eric, 125
Shakespeare, William, plays of, on television, 67 , 74 -75, 260 , 261 , 289
Shakespeare on TV,67
Shales, Tom:
on Death of a Princess,272
on Grossman as PBS president, 399 n18
on PBS 1983 schedule, 289
on reform of public television, 352 , 354
on Wiseman, 322
Shayon, Robert Lewis, "Can This Be America?" 377 n21
Shigekawa, Joan, 403 n10
Sidney, Alexander, 346 -47
Siepmann, Charles, 97 , 373 -74n3, 395 n17
Silverstein, Morton, 91 -92, 177 -78
Simon, Norton, 388 n14
Sims, Monica, 163
Singer, Arthur L., Jr., 218 , 390 n16
"Carnegie Report Revisited," 390 n16
Slater, Gerald, 105 -6, 180 , 377 n22
Smith, Cecil, 234
Smith, H. Russell, 394 n32
Smith, Howard K., 125
Smith, Raymond L., 370 n3
Solomon, Joan C., 378 n4
South Carolina state network, 39 , 109 , 184 , 272 , 374 -75n11
South Dakota state network, 39
SPC (Station Program Cooperative), 257 -61, 299 , 303 , 396 n9
spectrum fee, 275 -76, 277 , 361 -62
Spinney, Anne, 371 n3
Stanton, Frank, 179
Starr, Mark, 373 n11
state networks, 278
Alabama, 39 , 87 , 109 , 182 , 272 , 374 -75n11, 385 n23
Connecticut, 39
Georgia, 30 , 109 , 307 , 402 n17
New Jersey, 39
New York, 39
South Carolina, 39 , 109 , 184 , 272 , 374 -75n11
South Dakota, 39
Wisconsin, 39
Station Program Cooperative (SPC), 257 -61, 299 , 303 , 396 n9
Steetle, Ralph, 369 n2
Stewart, David, 369 n2
Stoddard, George D.:
as ETMA member, 193 -94
as ETRC board member, 62 , 63 , 371 -72n4, 372 n11
as NET board member, 80 , 376 n9, 387 n6
Stone, Loren, 373 n12
Studies in Visual Communications, "Reflections on An American Family " (Gilbert), 385 n27
Sucherman, Stuart, 114
Media and Society Seminars, 283 , 377 n22
on PBL project team, 105 -6, 377 n22
role in NPACT creation, 141 -44, 381 -82n17
Surrey, Stanley S., 379 n9
T
Tajima, Renee, 325
Tales of the City,307
Taverner, Donald, 388 n14
Taylor, Helen M., 291 -92
Taylor, John, 381 n14
Taylor, Telford, 20
TCAF (Temporary Commission on Alternative Financing), 277 -78
technology explosion:
consequences, 350 -51, 363 -65
implications for public television, 310 -13, 333 -34, 356
niche audiences, 312 , 350 , 364
satellites, 84 -85, 101 -4, 310 -13.
See also distribution of programs
Technopoly (Postman), 363
Telecommunications Policy Handbook, "Struggle for Self-Determination" (Rowland), 397 n18
Television Quarterly, "Closing Down of Woody Allen" (Kuney), 391 n30
Temporary Commission on Alternative Financing (TCAF), 277 -78
Thirty Minutes With . . . ,143 , 234 -35
This Week, 182
Time (magazine), on An American Family,188
Times (London), 337
"How Television News Can Hold the Mass Audience" (Birt and Jay), 404 -5n10
"The Radical Changes Needed to Remedy TV's Bias Against Understanding" (Birt and Jay), 404 n10
"Television Journalism" (Birt and Jay), 404 n10
"Why Television News Is in Danger of Becoming an Anti-Social Force" (Birt and Jay), 404 -5n10
Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press study, 339
Tongues Untied,325 -26
Tony Brown's Journal,88 .
See also Black Journal
Top Value Television (TVTV), 318
To Serve the Public Interest (Blakely), 368 n3, 369 n11, 386 n4
Towery, Kenneth, 295
Tracey, Michael, 353
"The Condition of Public Television in the United States and Elsewhere," 334 , 347 -48, 404 n3
Triumph of Christy Brown, The,182 , 185 , 187
Truman, Harry S., 21
Tuchman, Barbara, 336
"Objectivity as Strategic Ritual," 403 n13
Turner, Irby, Jr., 291 , 394 n32
Twentieth Century Fund Task Force, Quality Time?352 , 355 , 358
U
universities and colleges (licensee institutions):
Columbia University, 104 -5, 282 -83
first public channels in, 37 -38, 41
Michigan State University, 37
recruitment plan, 30
University of California, 36
University of Georgia, 25 -26
University of Houston, 35 -36
University of Illinois, 371 -72n4
University of Southern California, 36 -37, 38
Carnegie recommendations, 118 -19
Carnegie recommendations, 275 -76
Communications Act (1934), 353 , 380 n5
Community Service Grants from, 258 , 406 n15
CPB creation as politically motivated, 121 , 230 , 379 n11
Educational Television Facilities Act (1962), 378 n6
funding in 1980s, 287 -90, 324
funding in early years, lack of, 10 , 24 , 27 , 28
on Inside North Vietnam,90 -91, 374 n10, 374 -75n11
on NET, 170 -71
perception of public television, 5 -6, 129 -32, 333 , 360
on politically sensitive programs, 90 -91, 178 , 179 , 308 , 374 n10
Public Broadcasting Act (1967), 112 , 119 -25, 132 -34, 290 , 299 , 326 -30, 378 n6, 380 n5, 403 -4n13
Public Telecommunications Financing Act (1978), 261 -64, 319 -20, 323 , 403 n3
public television control through funding, 206 -7, 244 -45, 298 -303
Public Television Finance Act (1975), 253 , 258
Temporary Commission on Alternative Financing, 277 -78.
See also U.S. government
Carnegie on public television funding, 118 -22
funding for CTW from, 150 -52, 165
perception of public broadcasting, 5 , 367 n5
program control, 129 -44
satellite technology development, 102 -3.
See also FCC; U.S. Congress
U.S. Office of Education (USOE), 116 , 150 -52
U.S. Office of Telecommunications Policy (USOTP). See Whitehead, Clay T.
U.S. Senate, 99 , 247 -49, 290 -91, 300 -302, 403 n7
V
Valenti, Jack, 241 , 379 n11, 401 n32
Van Deerlin, Lionel, 222 , 262 -64, 276 -77, 399 n9
Vanhoose, Richard, 394 n32
Vanocur, Sander:
Nixon Administration attempt to discredit, 215 , 221 -24, 390 n7
as NPACT on-air personality, 214 -15, 248
on working 1972 Republican Convention, 224 , 391 n28
Variety:
on Advocates,235
on award for VD Blues,184
on Behind the Lines,204
on CPB-PBS partnership, 261
on Free Time,203
on NET programs, 92
on Sesame Street,169
on WNDT programs, 201
on Woody Allen show, 391 n30
VD Blues, 183 -84
Vietnam: A Television History,281 -82
on The 51st State,207
and funding for public television, 120 , 168
Inside North Vietnam,
Vietnam: A Television History,281 -82
Village Voice:
on An American Family,188
on Death of a Princess,268
on The 51st State,210
on PBL, 112
on Sesame Street,158
Viola, Bill, 317
Voters' Channel, The, 1 -5, 309
W
Waldo, Robert G., 394 n32
Wallis, W. Allen, 293
Wall Street Journal, on Nixon and public television, 249 , 251 -52
Wall Street Week,257 , 258 , 289 , 357
Warren, Christopher, 270 -71
Washington Evening Star and Daily News, on An American Family, 188
Washington Post:
on The Great American Dream Machine,174
on Nixon and public television, 251 -52
on reform of public television, 354
"Sound Bites over Substance" (Grove), 367 n6
on Vietnam: A Television History,281
Washington Week in Review,143 , 289
Nixon attempt to control, 234 -35, 236 , 238 , 243
Watergate, 246 -49
Watson, Patrick, 205 -7, 209 -10
WCET/Cincinnati, 39
Weiss, Mark, 325
Welles, Chris, "Poor Little Rich Station," 388 n18
West, John, 272
Western Union, 103
Westin, Avram, 105 -11, 206 , 377 nn 19, , 420
WETA/Washington, 138 -40, 143 -44, 235 , 315 , 381 n14
and Aspen Document affair, 138 -40, 381 n14
Death of a Princess,269
Masterpiece Theater,184 , 385 n26
in national program production, 66 , 75 , 301 -2, 358
WGBH Educational Foundation, 40
WGBH-FM/Boston, 40
Wharton, Clifford, 381 n12
Wheatly, Parker, 40
White, E. B., 10 , 286 , 335 , 341
White, John F., 373 n12
Ford grant and restructure of NET, 76 -83
on Ford's goals for public television, 96 -99
Inside North Vietnam affair, 90 -91
leadership, 71 -81, 125 -27, 379 -80n16
as NET president, 70 -71, 106 , 376 n9, 420
as PBL program adviser, 111 , 376 n10, 377 n19
on program quality and significance, 73 -74, 76 , 96
relationship with stations, 72 -73, 86
resignation, 125 -27, 379 -80n16
role in WNDT purchase, 193 -97
Whitehead, Clay T., 231 , 236 , 392 n3, 420
divide-and-subdue strategy, 215 -17, 227 -29
on long-term funding, 250 -52
loss of influence, 245 -46, 249 -50, 252
on program content, 219 -21, 233 .
See also Nixon Administration
WHYY/Philadelphia, 114
Wicklein, John, 106
Wien, Lawrence A., 387 n6
Wiesner, Jerome, 381 n12
Wildmon, Donald, 307
Williams, Eddie N., 382 n10
Willis, Jack, 131
as The 51st State producer, 205 -6, 209 -10
as The Great American Dream Machine producer, 172 -73, 202 , 205
other productions by, 91 , 176 , 318
Wilson, Robert, 238 , 254 , 396 n4
Winfrey, Carey, 204
Wisconsin state network, 39
Wiseman, Frederick, 317 , 321 -23
Basic Training,321
Essene, 321
High School,321
Juvenile Court,321
Meat, 321
Model, 321
Near Death,321 -22
Primate, 321
Race Track,321
The Store, 321
Titticut Follies,403 n4
Welfare, 321
Witherspoon, John, 218
Wittcoff, Raymond, 39 , 62 , 371 n2, 373 n11
WNDT/New York (Channel 13), 94 , 108 , 160
and Aspen Document affair, 138 -40, 381 n14
Cooney as producer at, 145 -46, 148 , 149 -50, 152
development, 71 , 126 -27, 192 -97, 201 , 386 n1, 387 n6
NET-WNDT merger, 114 , 182 , 188 , 191 -204
poor performance, 191 -92, 196 -97, 386 n2.
See also WNET/New York (Channel 13)
WNET/New York (Channel 13):
The 51st State,204 -11
Great Performances,286
in national program production, 301 -2, 321 -22, 358
NET-WNDT merger, 114 , 182 , 188 , 191 -204
programs during merger, 182 -90
Theater in America,284 , 400 n29
WNET Television Laboratory, 317 -19
and Woody Allen satire, 224 -27, 391 n34.
See also WNDT/New York (Channel 13)
WNET Television Laboratory, 317 -19
Cuba: The People,318
Lord of the Universe,318
WNTA/Newark (Channel 13), 193 -95
Wolper Productions, 400 n29
Wonderworks,286 -87
Wood, Donald N., 371 n3
"First Decade of the 'Fourth Network,'" 371 n3
Woodcock, Leonard, 378 n4
Wozencraft, Frank, 394 n32
and Aspen Document affair, 138 -40, 381 n14
children's programs, 147 -48
National Geographic Specials,400 n29
Wonderworks,287
Wrather, Jack, 223 , 232 , 234 , 394 n36
and Aspen Document affair, 138 -40, 381 n14
and national programs, 66 , 174 -75, 184
WTVS/Milwaukee, 374 -75n11
Wynn, Earl, 373 n12
Y
Yourd, Kenneth, 373 n14
Yunich, David L., 387 n6
Z
Zablocki, Clement, 271
Ziegert, Arthur, 92