1. For a background to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and its wider implications for the region and the world, see Bradsher, Afghanistan. [BACK]

2. Andrew and Gordiesky, KGB, 574. [BACK]

3. Deac, “Sky Train Invasion,” 22. [BACK]

4. Ibid., 23 [BACK]

5. Andrew and Gordiesky, KGB, 574. [BACK]

6. Quoted in Reshtia, Price of Liberty, 54. [BACK]

7. Zurmulwal, Russia’s Armed Aggression, 27. [BACK]

8. Andrew and Gordiesky, KGB, 575. [BACK]

9. Anwar, Tragedy of Afghanistan, 190. [BACK]

10. Dobbs, “Secret Memos.” [BACK]

11. Ibid. [BACK]

12. Deac, “Sky Train Invasion,” 24. [BACK]

13. Arnold, Afghanistan’s Two-Party Communism, 186. [BACK]