1. Wajdi, Traditional Jirgas, 222. This is an important book on the Afghan jirga system. Wajdi is particularly commendable on the jehad jirgas held in Peshawar, where he worked as chief of the Publication Department of the Islamic and National Revolutionary Councils. I am grateful to Masood Majruh for lending me his copy of the book. See also Hyman, “Afghan Politics of Exile.” [BACK]

2. Wajdi, Traditional Jirgas, 220. [BACK]

3. Zamani, “Jirga in Peshawar,” 17, 22, 23. [BACK]

4. Wajdi, Traditional Jirgas, 225. [BACK]

5. Ibid., 229-37. [BACK]

6. Ibid., 226. [BACK]

7. Ibid., 236. [BACK]

8. Ibid., 237. [BACK]

9. Ibid., 243. [BACK]

10. Ibid., 249. [BACK]

11. Ibid., 241. [BACK]

12. Ibid., 246. [BACK]

13. Ibid., 247. [BACK]

14. Ibid., 248. [BACK]

15. Ibid., 251. [BACK]

16. Alam, “Memoirs of Jehad,” 110. [BACK]

17. Zamani, “Jirga in Peshawar,” 31, 35. [BACK]

18. Ibid., 14. The Consultative Board had the following as its members: three senior military officers, Shahnawaz Khan of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the leader of the Jama’at-e-Islami of Pakistan. The latter was not a government official. [BACK]

19. Ibid., 14. [BACK]

20. Alam, “Memoirs of Jehad,” 111; Wajdi, Traditional Jirgas, 251. [BACK]

21. Wajdi, Traditional Jirgas, 264-67. [BACK]

22. Ibid., 268. [BACK]

23. A. Wasifi, personal communication, Los Angeles, May 1991. [BACK]

24. Wajdi, Traditional Jirgas, 269. [BACK]

25. Ibid., 270-71. [BACK]

26. For details, see Mohammad Zahir, Messages, 21. I am grateful to Ibrahim Majid Seraj and Sultan Mahmud Ghazi for providing me with this rare book. [BACK]

27. Adamec, Afghanistan’s Foreign Affairs, 81. [BACK]

28. Mohammad Zahir, Messages, 47, 22, 34. [BACK]

29. Ibid., 46, 47. [BACK]

30. Amin, “Future of Afghan Society,” 13. The authoritative biography of the former king states that “it was due to his statesmanship that on several critical occasions collisions between the two Muslim countries were averted” (Mohammad Zahir, Messages, 3). [BACK]

31. Mohammad Zahir, Messages, 142. [BACK]

32. A. Wasifi, personal communication, Los Angeles, May 1991. [BACK]

33. S. M. Ghazi, personal communication, Orange County, Calif., January 1991. [BACK]

34. Roy, Islam and Resistance, 124. [BACK]

35. Mohammad Zahir, Messages, 151. [BACK]

37. Mohammad Zahir, Messages, 151. [BACK]

38. Emadi, State, Society, and Superpowers, 104. [BACK]

39. Ibid. [BACK]

40. Surkha: Sazman-e-Rihayeebakhsh-e-Khalq-e-Afghanistan, (Organization for Liberation of the People of Afghanistan). [BACK]

41. Duran, “Setback for Peace,” 15. [BACK]

42. Kalakani’s father and grandfather also lost their lives for social causes. For details, see Anonymous, “Two Martyred and the Same Fate.” [BACK]