1. For the general history of the Rad Lab in the postwar era, see J. L. Heilbron, Robert W. Seidel, and Bruce Wheaton, Lawrence and His Laboratory: Nuclear Science at Berkeley, 1931-1961 (Berkeley: Office for the History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1981), and a communication by Seidel in the Proceedings of the 1985 International Symposium on Particle Physics: Pions and Quarks held at Chicago in 1985. I learned of many of the events of those times from these sources. Only a small circle, to which I did not belong, was privy to Lawrence's activities. See also H. F. York, The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller and the Superbomb (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976) and Making Weapons, Talking Peace (New York: Basic Books, 1987). [BACK]

2. See, e.g., Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering, ed. K. Nishimura (Physical Society of Japan, Selected Papers in Physics, n.s., no. 26). [BACK]

3. This series of investigations starts with J. Hadley, E. L. Kelly, C. E. Leith, E. Segrè, C. Wiegand, and H. F. York, "Angular Distribution in n-p Scattering with 90-Mev Neutrons," Phys. Rev. 73 (1948): 1114-15, and extends up to 1957. A partial review is given in E. Segrè, "High Energy Scattering and Polarization," Physica 22 (1956): 1079-90. [BACK]

4. H. Stapp, T. Ypsilantis, and N. Metropolis, "Phase Shift Analysis of 310 Mev p-p Scattering Experiments," Phys. Rev. 105 (1957): 302. [BACK]

5. Experimental Nuclear Physics , ed. E. Segrè, with contributions by H. Staub; H. Bethe and J. Ashkin; N. F. Ramsey; K. T. Bainbridge; P. Morrison; B. T. Feld; E. Segrè; G. C. Hanna; M. Deutsch and O. Kofoed-Hansen; and E. M. McMillan (New York: Wiley, 1953-59). [BACK]

6. See E. Segrè, "Preface," Ann. Rev. Nuclear Science 26 (1976): vii-x. [BACK]

7. See E. Segrè, "High Energy Scattering of Neutrons and Protons," Helvetica Phys. Acta 23, supp. 3 (1950): 197-205. [BACK]

8. See G. R. Stewart, The Year of the Oath (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1950), and D. P. Gardner, The California Oath Controversy (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967), as well as R. T.

Birge, "History of the Physics Department" (University of California, Berkeley, 1966-?; 5 vols., mimeographed), vol. 5, ch. 19. [BACK]

10. See York, The Advisors, and Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb . [BACK]

11. S. A. Blumberg and Gwinn Owens, Energy and Conflict: The Life and Times of Edward Teller (New York: Putnam, 1976) gives Teller's version of these events. E. Segrè, Enrico Fermi, fisico, 2d ed. (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1987) supplies some documents newly made available. [BACK]

12. E. Segrè, I nuovi elementi chimici: Chimica nucleare alle alte energie (The new chemical elements: Nuclear chemistry at high energies) (Rome: Acc. naz. Lincei, Fondazione Donegani, 1953). [BACK]

13. E. Segrè, "Über den Zeemaneffekt von Quadrupollinien" (On the Zeeman effect of quadrupole lines), Zs. f. Physik 66 (1930): 827-29; partial review in E. Segrè, "L'irradiamento dei quadrupoli" (Quadrupole radiation), Nuovo cimento 2 (1931): 28-37. [BACK]

14. E. Amaldi and E. Segrè, "Einige spektroskopische Eigenschaften hochangeregter Atome" (Some spectroscopic properties of highly excited atoms), in Zeeman Verhandelingen (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1935), pp. 8-17. [BACK]

15. E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System of the Elements," Scientific Monthly 57 (1943): 12-16; J. W. Kennedy, G. T. Seaborg, E. Segrè, and A. C. Wahl, "Properties of 94 ²³⁹ ," Phys. Rev. 70 (1946): 555-56; and G. T. Seaborg and E. Segrè, "The TransUranium Elements," Nature 159 (1947): 863-65. [BACK]

16. E. Segrè, R. S. Halford, and G. T. Seaborg, "Chemical Separation of Nuclear Isomers," Phys. Rev. 55 (1938): 321-22. [BACK]

17. E. Segrè, "Possibility of Altering the Decay Rate of a Radioactive Substance," Phys. Rev. 71 (1946): 274 (abstract). [BACK]

18. Partial summary of the former in E. Segrè, "High Energy Scattering and Polarization" (cited n. 3 above); partial summary of the latter in E. Segrè, "Antinucleons: Richtmyer Lecture 1957," Am. Jour. of Physics 25 (1957): 363-69. [BACK]

19. E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, O. D'Agostino, F. Rasetti, and E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity Produced by Neutron Bombardment," Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 146 (1934): 483-500; E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, O. D'Agostino, B. Pontecorvo, F. Rasetti, and E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity Produced by Neutron Bombardment, II," ibid. 149 (1935): 552-58. [BACK]

20. Lewis Strauss, a well-known American investment banker and a protégé of President Hoover's, suffered a similar failure. He attributes this to the fact that the leaders of U.S. industry then thought that nuclear energy was science fiction; see Strauss, Men and Decisions (Garden City, N.Y.:

Doubleday, 1962). And see also Lawrence Badash, Elizabeth Hodes, and Adolph Tiddens, "Nuclear Fission: Reaction to the Discovery in 1939," Proc. Am. Phil. Soc . 130 (1986): 196-231. [BACK]

21. J. W. Mihelich, A. Schardt, and E. Segrè, "Energy Levels in Po ²¹⁰ ," Phys. Rev. 95 (1954): 1508-16. [BACK]

22. C. L. Oxley, W. F. Cartwright, J. Rouvina, E. Baskir, D. Klein, J. Ring, and W. Skillman, "Double Scattering of High Energy Protons," Phys. Rev. 91 (1953): 419. [BACK]

23. Enrico Fermi, "Polarization of High Energy Protons Scattered by Nuclei," Nuovo cimento 11 (1954): 417. FP267. [BACK]