Culture and Power in Banaras
  CONTRIBUTORS
  PREFACE
 collapse sectionNOTES ON TRANSLITERATION
 •General Rules
 •Exceptions

 collapse sectionINTRODUCTION:  THE HISTORY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY OF BANARAS
 •National, Regional, and Local Political Power
 •The Nineteenth-Century Cultural Pattern and Power Relationships
 •Banaras as Urban Context

 collapse sectionPART ONE—  PERFORMANCE AND PATRONAGE
 collapse sectionIntroduction to Part 1—  Performance and Patronage
 •Urban Constituencies:  Audience and Patrons
 collapse sectionOne—  Ram's Story in Shiva's City:  Public Arenas and Private Patronage
 •The Performance
 •Origins of the Tradition
 •The Rise of Elite Patronage
 •The Book in Print
 •Changing Styles of Performance
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionTwo—  The Birth of Hindi Drama in Banaras, 1868–1885
 •Popular Theatre in Late-Nineteenth-Century Banaras
 •Bharatendu Harishchandra and the Elite Hindi Theatre
 •Conclusion
 •Banaras Sangit Texts (1868–1885) in the India Office Library and the British Museum
 collapse sectionThree—  The Rise of a Folk Music Genre: Biraha
 •Development of the Genre
 •Experimentation Leading to the Modern Biraha Structure
 •The Ensemble: Biraha as a Profession
 •The Larger Social Context
 •Biraha , the Mass Media, and Stardom
 •Conclusion
 •An Example of a Modern-Day Biraha

 collapse sectionPART TWO—  IDENTITY AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF COMMUNITY IN BANARAS
 collapse sectionIntroduction to Part 2—  Identity and Constructions of Community in Banaras
 •Organizing Expressions of Identity
 •The World of Work
 collapse sectionFour—  Protection and Identity:  Banaras's Bir Babas as Neighborhood Guardian Deities
 •The Bir Image and Shrine
 •The Identity of the Birs
 •Birs as Village Guardian Deities
 •The Banaras City Neighborhood Guardian
 •Worship of the Birs
 •Protection and Identity
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionFive—  Work and Leisure in the Formation of Identity:  Muslim Weavers in a Hindu City
 •The Weaver as Artisan
 •The Weaver as Ansari
 •The Weaver as Muslim
 •The Weaver as Banarsi
 •Conclusion

 collapse sectionPART THREE—  BANARAS IN WIDER ARENAS
 •Introduction to Part 3—  Banaras in Wider Arenas
 collapse sectionSix—  Forging a New Linguistic Identity:  The Hindi Movement in Banaras, 1868–1914
 •Introduction:  Indo-Persian and Hindu Culture
 •Language and the Formation of Community Identity
 •Old Identities:  The Terminus a QUO
 •Definition against External Rivals:  The Hindi-Urdu Controversy
 collapse sectionDefinition against Internal Rivals:  Hindustani, Braj, and Kaithi
 •The Rejection of Braj Bhasha
 •Nagari Yes, Kaithi No
 •Definition through Print:  The Growth of Publications
 collapse sectionThe Who of Hindi Supporters:  Patterns in Education and Employment
 •The Vernaculars and Education
 •The Vernaculars and Employment
 •The Role of Voluntary Organizations:  The Nagari Pracharini Sabha
 •Conclusion:  New Identities—The Terminus Ad Quem
 collapse sectionSeven—  State and Community:  Symbolic Popular Protest in Banaras's Public Arenas
 •Shared Culture of Public Arenas
 •Early-Nineteenth-Century State and Community
 •Renegotiating the Relationships
 •The Changing Style of Banarsi Protest:  1891 and 1913
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionEight—  Land Use and Environmental Change in the Gangetic Plain:  Nineteenth-Century Human Activity in the Banaras Region
 •Historiographical Perspective
 •Banaras:  Characteristic Features
 collapse sectionEnvironment and Resource Base
 •Physical Features
 •Agriculture
 •Human Population
 collapse sectionEnvironmental Alterations
 •Agents of Continuous Change
 •Modern Agents of Change
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionNine—  The Ecology and Cosmology of Disease in the Banaras Region
 •The Seasonality and Periodicity of Epidemic Disease
 •Spatial and Social Aspects of Epidemics
 •Disease, Death, and Curing
 •A Colonial Cosmology of Disease
 •Conclusion

  LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
 collapse sectionBIBLIOGRAPHY
 •I—  Archival Sources
 •II—  Printed Books and Other Sources
 collapse sectionINDEX
 •A
 •B
 •C
 •D
 •E
 •F
 •G
 •H
 •I
 •J
 •K
 •L
 •M
 •N
 •P
 •Q
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •U
 •V
 •W
 •Y
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