The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century
  PREFACE

 collapse sectionIntroductory Essay
 •Instruments and Instrumentation
 •The Play of the Spirit
 •Furthermost Afield

 collapse sectionPART 1  RATIONALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
 collapse section1  The Mathematical Philosophy
 collapse sectionUniversal Mathematics
 •Wolff's "Rational Thoughts"
 •The Mathematical Method
 •For and Against Enlightenment
 collapse sectionWeighing in the Balance
 •In Sweden
 •By Kant
 collapse section2  The Broken Circle
 •Encyclopedism and Order
 •The Challenge of Plenitude
 •The Broken Circle
 collapse section3  Systematics and the Geometrical Spirit
 collapse sectionThe Systematic Model
 •The Model and the Geometrical Spirit
 •Mineralogy
 •Chemistry
 •Medicine
 •Varia
 •Conclusions
 collapse section4  Measure of Ideas, Rule of Language: Mathematics and Language in the 18th Century
 •An Instrument of Analysis
 •Artificial Languages
 •Mechanical Communication
 •Signs and Thought

 collapse sectionPART 2  MORE EXACT SCIENCES
 collapse section5  Late Enlightenment Meteorology
 •Weather Observation and Climatology Prior to 1770
 collapse sectionWeather Observation and Climatology, 1770–1790
 •The Smaller Societies
 •The Big Projects
 •Conclusion
 collapse section6  Accuracy, Rhetoric, and Technology: The Paris-Greenwich Triangulation, 1784–88
 collapse sectionGeodesy and Cartography in the 18th Century
 •Cassini de Thury and Europe
 •British Military and Scientific Engineers
 collapse sectionThe Paris-Greenwich Triangulation
 •The Longitude of Greenwich and the Shape of the Earth
 •Instruments of Competition
 •The Rhetoric of Accuracy
 •Accuracy and Technology
 •The Militarization of Cartography
 collapse section7  The Measure of Enlightenment
 collapse sectionThe Plight of the People
 •Cain's Legacy
 •Mathematics and the Rights of Man
 collapse sectionThe Program of the Academy
 •Professional Imperatives
 •Institutional Considerations
 collapse sectionThe Labor of Academicians
 •Pit and Pendulum
 •Roughing It
 •A Military Connection
 collapse sectionThe Response of the People
 •Resistance
 •Spread

 collapse sectionPART 3  WIDER APPLICATIONS
 collapse section8  The Changing Role of Numbers in 18th-Century Chemistry
 •The Balance
 •Synthesis and Analysis Quantified
 collapse sectionExperimental Physics and Chemistry
 •Instruments and Facts
 •Instruments and Theory
 •Phlogiston Modified
 •Conclusions
 collapse section9  The Most Confused Knot in the Doctrine of Reproduction
 •The Problem of Plant Sexuality
 •The Combinatory of Parental Characters
 •Reception
 collapse section10  Labs in the Woods: The Quantification of Technology During the Late Enlightenment
 collapse sectionWater Power
 •Theoretical
 •Instrumental
 •Institutional
 •Charcoal-Burning
 •Utilization of Manpower
 •The Need for Control
 collapse section11  The Calculating Forester: Quantification, Cameral Science, and the Emergence of Scientific Forestry Management in Germany
 collapse sectionBetter Management
 •Doing the Work
 •Counts to Calculation
 collapse sectionPrinciples
 •Minimum Diversity
 •The Balance Sheet
 •Sustained Yield
 •Epilogue
 collapse section12  Society in Numbers: The Debate over Quantification in 18th-Century Political Economy
 •Staatenkunde and Statistics
 collapse sectionPolitical Arithmetic
 •In Britain
 •In Sweden
 collapse sectionSwedish Statisticians at Work
 •Utopian Statistics
 •Practical Statistics
 •Descriptive Statistics
 •Conclusion
 collapse section13  The Laplacean View of Calculation
 •Mobility through Mathematics
 •Mathematics and Revelation
 •Mathematics against Uncertainty

 collapse sectionBIBLIOGRAPHICAL AFTERWORD
 •Other Expressions of the Spirit
 collapse sectionInculcating the Spirit
 •Academies
 •Education
 collapse sectionOther Directions
 •Economics and Polity
 •Discourse
 •Opposition
 collapse sectionINDEX
 •A
 •B
 •C
 •D
 •E
 •F
 •G
 •H
 •I
 •J
 •K
 •L
 •M
 •N
 •O
 •P
 •Q
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •U
 •V
 •W
 •X
 •Z
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