Popular Culture and Oral Traditions in African Film
1. Robert Stam and Randal Johnson, Brazilian Cinema (East Brunswick: Associated University Press, 1982). Teshome Gabriel, Third Cinema in the Third World: The Aesthetics of Liberation (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1982). Julianne Burton, Cinema and Social Change in Latin America: Conversations with Film-makers (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986). For the recent debates on Third Cinema see Julianne Burton, "Marginal Cinemas and Mainstream Critical Theory." Screen vol. 26, no. 3/4 (1985). Teshome Gabriel, "Colonialism and 'Law and Order' Criticism." Screen , vol. 27, no. 3/4 (1986). For an overall review, see Roy Armes, Third World Filmmaking and the West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). [BACK]
2. "Le dit du cinéma africain" in Films éthnographiques sur l'Afrique Noire , by Jean Rouch. Paris: UNESCO (1967), pp. 1-9. [BACK]
3. In Revue de Littérature Comparée , vol. 3, no. 4 (1974), p. 537. [BACK]
4. For a recent discussion of codes that are specific to film language see Jacques Aumont et al., Esthétique du film . Paris: Editions Fernand Nathan (1983), pp. 138-143. [BACK]
5. Jacques Binet, for example, argues that "The African traditions were not prone to an art of images: no fresco, no painting and no drawing." See "Les cultures africaines et les images" in CinémAction no. 26 (1982) (special issue: Cinémas noirs d'Afrique), p. 19. [BACK]
6. Revue de Littérature Comparée , p. 549. [BACK]
7. Mbye Cham, "Ousmane Sembene and the Aesthetics of African Oral Traditions," in Africana Journal (1982), p. 26. [BACK]
8. In Technicians of the Sacred , ed. by Jerome Rothenberg. New York: Anchor Books (1969), pp. 184-191. [BACK]
9. "Oral Literature and African Film: Narratology in Wend Kuuni ." Présence Africaine no. 142 (1987), pp. 36-49. [BACK]
10. Christopher L. Miller, "Orality through Literacy: Mande Verbal Art after the Letter." The Southern Review , vol. 23, no. 1 (1987), p. 88. [BACK]
11. Massa Makan Diabaté, Le Lion à l'Arc . Paris: Hatier (1986), p. 77. [BACK]