Passions of the Tongue
  Acknowledgments
  Note on Transliteration
 collapse sectionPreface
 •“Between Homes, Between Languages”

 collapse section1. Introduction
 •Language and Devotion
 •Language, Colonialism, and Modernity
 •Language and Gender
 •Preview
 •Notes
 collapse section2. One Language, Many Imaginings
 collapse sectionReligiously Tamil: The Language Divine
 •The Polarization of Tamil and Sanskrit
 •Being Religious, The Tamil Way
 collapse sectionCivilizing Tamil: The Language Classical
 •The Tyranny of Civilization
 •The Contest with Sanskrit
 •Opposing Orientalism
 •Tamil and the Nostalgia for Civilization
 collapse sectionLanguage and the Nation: Indianizing Tamil
 •Indianism and Divine Tamil
 •Indianism and Classical Tamil
 •Indianism and the “Mother Tongue”
 •Indianism and Hindi
 •The Congress and Indianized Tamil
 collapse sectionLanguage of the Nation: Dravidianizing Tamil
 •Dravidianism and India
 •Dravidianism and Hinduism
 •Dravidianism and the Tamil Family
 •The DMK and Dravidianized Tamil
 •Dravidianism and its Discontents
 •The Many Faces of Tamil
 •Notes
 collapse section3. Feminizing Language
 •The Poetics and Politics of Praise
 collapse sectionTamil as Deity: Pietistics of Tamil Devotion
 collapse sectionTamiḻtteyvam: Portrait of a Goddess
 •“You were there, even before the mighty Himalayas emerged, and Kumari Nadu submerged!”
 •“There is no one like you! This is indeed the truth”
 •“She encircles the resounding world”
 •“You are sovereign of the fine Tamil world”
 •“You are knowledge itself”
 •“She is the goddess who commands the gods who guard us”
 •“The supreme one who has no beginning and no end, ardently desires you”
 •“I am your devotee; you are my refuge”
 •Profiling the Pious Devotee
 •The Ideology of Pious Devotion
 collapse sectionTamil as Mother: Somatics of Tamil Devotion
 •Tamiḻttāy: Portrait of a Mother
 •The Violated Body of Tamiḻttāy
 •The Fertile Womb of Tamiḻttāy
 •The Nourishing Milk of Tamiḻttāy
 •The pitiful Tears of Tamiḻttāy
 •Profiling the Filial Devotee
 •The Ideology of Somatic Devotion
 •Tamil as Maiden: Erotics of Tamil Devotion
 •On the Feminization of Language
 •Visualizing Tamiḻttāy
 •Notes
 collapse section4. Laboring for Language
 •Worshipping with Tamil: Language and Liturgy
 •Cleansing Tamil: Language and Purity
 •“What’s in a Name?”: Rechristening Madras State
 •Enthronement of Tamil: Dilemmas of Rule
 •Battling the Demoness Hindi
 •Notes
 collapse section5. To Die For
 •The Woman Devotee
 •The Missionary Devotee
 •The Brahman Devotee
 •The Poet Devotee
 •The Scholar Devotee
 •The Devotee as Publicist
 •The Devotee as Patron
 •The Warrior Devotee
 •The Devotee as Martyr
 •The Anti Devotee
 •Notes
 collapse section6. Conclusion
 •Notes

  Abbreviations
  Plates
  References
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