1. Michael Howard, quoted in David Ignatius, Wall Street Journal, October 15, 1985. [BACK]

2. Trevor Taylor, "The Implications of SDI for the Independent Nuclear Forces of Europe," in Strategic Defense and the Western Alliance, ed. Sanford Lakoff and Randy Willoughby (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1987), p. 107. [BACK]

3. Assembly of the Western European Union, "WEU and the Strategic Defense Initiative—the European Pillar of the Atlantic Alliance," document 1034, November 5, 1985, p. 10. Cited in Taylor, "Implications of SDI," p. 115. [BACK]

4. E. P. Thompson, "Folly's Comet," in Star Wars. Science-Fiction Fantasy or Serious Probability?, ed. E. P. Thompson (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1985), pp. 106-07. [BACK]

5. Ibid., p. 148. [BACK]

6. Geoffrey Howe (Address to the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, March 15, 1985). Excerpted in the Times (London), March 22, 1985. [BACK]

7. Ibid. [BACK]

8. President Mitterrand, quoted in Pierre Lellouche, "SDI and European Security: A View from France," in Strategic Defense, ed. Lakoff and Willoughby, n. 6, p. 145. [BACK]

9. Senior official, French Foreign Ministry, quoted in Judith Miller, "Allies in West Lend Support to 'Star Wars,'" New York Times, December 30, 1985. [BACK]

10. John Fenske, "France and the Strategic Defence Initiative: speeding up or putting on the brakes?" International Affairs 62 (Spring 1986): 233. [BACK]

11. Heinz Riesenhuber, "Die EUREKA-Initiative zeigt eine beachtliche Dynamik," Die Welt, December 13, 1986. Riesenhuber was FRG minister for research and technology. Cited in Michael Lucas, "The Economic and Technological Impact of SDI on Western Europe," typescript. [BACK]

12. Hans Rühle, quoted in North Atlantic Assembly, "General Report of the Scientific and Technical Committee" (San Francisco: North Atlantic Assembly, November 1984), p. 27. [BACK]

13. Kai-Uwe von Hassel, "Uberlegungen zu einer Europaischen Verteidigungsinitiative" ["Reflections on a European Defense Initiative"], December 31, 1985, p. 24; also quoted in Thomas O. Enders, Missile Defense as Part of an Extended NATO Air Defense (St. Augustin, F.R.G.: Sozialwissenschaftliches Forschungsinstitut der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, May 1986), p. 6. [BACK]

14. See Michael Lucas, "SDI and Europe," World Policy Journal 3 (Spring 1986): 229; Ernst-Otto Czempiel, "SDI and NATO: The Case of the Federal Republic of Germany," in Strategic Defense, ed. Lakoff and Willoughby, pp. 157-58; and Hans Günter Brauch, ed., Star Wars and European Defense, Implications for Europe: Perceptions and Assessments (New York: St. Martin's, 1987). [BACK]

15. Interview with French Defense Minister Paul Quilès, Jane's Defence Weekly, March 8, 1986, p. 411, also in Taylor, "Implications of SDI," p. 108. [BACK]

16. Michael Quinlan, senior civil servant responsible for nuclear issues, quoted in Lawrence Freedman, "British Nuclear Targeting," Defence Analysis 1 (June 1985): 94. [BACK]

17. See David S. Yost, "France's Deterrent Posture and Security in Europe, Part I: Capabilities and Doctrines," Adelphi Paper no. 194 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, Winter 1984-85), p. 15. [BACK]

18. Commission d'Etudes sur les Armes Spatiales, Rapport de Synthèse présenté au Ministre de la Défense, January 30, 1986, trans. U.S. Congressional Research Service, p. 12. Cited in Taylor, "Implications of SDI," p. 81. This report is known as the "Delpech Report" because the commission was chaired by Jean François Delpech, director of research at the Centre National de la Récherche Scientifique. [BACK]

19. Lellouche, "SDI and European Security," pp. 129-30. [BACK]

20. Jacques Chirac, inaugural address before the National Assembly, reprinted in Le Monde, April 11, 1986, and quoted in Lellouche, ibid., p. 145. [BACK]

21. Quoted in Taylor, "Implications of SDI," p. 113. [BACK]

23. Jonathan Dean, Watershed in Europe: Dismantling the East-West Military Confrontation (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1987), pp. 262-63. [BACK]

24. Gallup Poll, Ltd., February 1985. Fifty-eight percent of those polled thought defensive weapons were being developed mainly to defend the United States, 23 percent thought they were intended to defend both the United States and Western Europe. [BACK]

25. Between June 1982 and January 1986, the percentage of West Germans preferring to cooperate with the United States rather than the U.S.S.R. shrank from 52 percent to 32 percent. Among the young, support for unilateral disarmament rose from 44 to 55 percent. Czempiel, "SDI and NATO," p. 152. [BACK]

26. Wolfram F. Hanrieder, "SDI: Strategic Disengagement and Independence," in Arms Control, the FRG, and the Future of East-West Relations, ed. Wolfram F. Hanrieder (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1987), p. 125. [BACK]

27. Hugh De Santis, "An Anti-Tactical Missile Defense for Europe," SAIS Review 6 (Summer—Fall 1986): 101. [BACK]

28. Quoted in George W. Ball, "The War for Star Wars," New York Review of Books, April 11, 1985, p. 41. [BACK]

29. NATO Nuclear Planning Group Final Communiqué, text in Survival 27 (May-June 1985): 129. [BACK]

30. Fred S. Hoffman, study director, Ballistic Missile Defenses and U.S. National Security (Summary report prepared for the Future Security Strategy Study, October 1983), p. 2. [BACK]

31. Ibid., p. 3. [BACK]

32. Ibid., pp. 3-5. [BACK]

33. Ibid., p. 10. [BACK]

34. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearings, Strategic Defense and Anti-Satellite Weapons (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), p. 17. [BACK]

35. Text of Weinberger letter in Survival 27 (May-June 1985): 128. [BACK]

36. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, "U.S. Plans for Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missiles," p. 5, cited in Ivo H. Daalder, "A Tactical Defense Initiative for Europe?" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 43 (May 1987): 34. [BACK]

37. Dennis M. Gormley, "A New Dimension to Soviet Theater Strategy," Orbis 29 (Fall 1985): 541-54. [BACK]

38. Dennis M. Gormley, "Emerging Attack Options in Soviet Theater Strategy," in Swords and Shields: NATO, the U.S.S.R., and New Choices for Long-Range Offense and Defense, ed. Fred S. Hoffman, Albert Wohlstetter, and David S. Yost (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1987), pp. 90-94. [BACK]

39. Ibid., see also De Santis, "Anti-Tactical Missile Defense," 103-04. [BACK]

40. See Andrew H. Cordesman, "SDI and Europe: Where Does Theatre Defense Fit In?," International Defense Review 20 (April 1987): 411. [BACK]

41. Gormley, "New Dimension," 561-66. [BACK]

42. Ibid., p. 563. [BACK]

43. Ibid., p. 567. [BACK]

44. Manfred Wörner, "A Missile Defense for NATO Europe," Strategic Review 14 (Winter 1986): 13-20. Similar views were advanced earlier by military analyst Uwe Nerlich in "Taktische oder erweiterte strategische Raketenverteidigung für Europa" ["Tactical or Extended Strategic Missile Defense for Europe"] (Ebenhausen: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, January 1985). [BACK]

45. See Daalder, "Tactical Defense," p. 34. [BACK]

46. Wörner, "Missile Defense," p. 15. [BACK]

47. Daalder, "Missile Defense," p. 36. [BACK]

48. Benoit Morel and Theodore A. Postol, "A Technical Assessment of Potential Threats to NATO from Non-Nuclear Soviet Tactical Missiles." This paper and another by the same authors, "Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missiles and NATO," prepared in 1987 for the Center for International Security and Arms Control, Stanford University, were subsequently published in Donald Hafner and John Roper, eds., ATBMs and Western Security: Missile Defenses for Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1988). See also Benoit Morel, "ATBM—A Solution in Search of a Problem," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 43 (May 1987): 39-41. [BACK]

49. According to a calculation by the Economist, January 12, 1985, pp. 30-40, cited in De Santis, "Anti-Tactical Missile Defense," p. 112. [BACK]

50. David Rubenson and James Bonomo, "The Role of ATBM in NATO Strategy," Survival 24 (November-December 1982): 518-19. [BACK]

51. De Santis, "Anti-Tactical Missile Defense," p. 112. [BACK]

52. Ibid. [BACK]

53. Science and Government Report (U.K.), June 1, 1987. [BACK]

54. Times (London), June 19, 1987. [BACK]

55. See Michael Lucas, "The United States and Post-INF Europe," World Policy Journal 5 (Spring 1988): 183-233. [BACK]