1. The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1986-1987 (London: IISS, 1986), p. 33. [BACK]

2. Jeffrey Richelson, "Ballistic Missile Defense and Soviet Strategy," in The Soviet Calculus of Nuclear War, ed. Roman Kolkowicz and Ellen Propper Mickiewicz (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986), p. 71. [BACK]

3. Robert S. McNamara, Blundering Into Disaster: Surviving the First Century of the Nuclear Age (New York: Pantheon, 1986), p. 42. [BACK]

4. R. L. Maust, G. W. Goodman, Jr., and C. E. McLain, History of Strategic Defense, report prepared for Defense Science Board (Arlington, Va.: System Planning Corp., September 1981), pp. 11-12. [BACK]

5. Edward Randolph Jayne II, "The ABM Debate: Strategic Defense and National Security" (Ph.D. diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology), p. 32. [BACK]

6. Ibid., pp. 41-42. [BACK]

7. Ibid., p. 45. McElroy was originally quoted in Jack Raymond, New York Times, November 21, 1957. [BACK]

8. Ibid., pp. 52-53. [BACK]

9. Maust, Goodman, and McLain, Strategic Defense, p. 15. [BACK]

10. McNamara, Blundering Into Disaster, p. 57. [BACK]

11. Excerpts from a speech delivered by Robert S. McNamara on September 18, 1967, in San Francisco, in ABM: An Evaluation of the Decision to Deploy an Antiballistic Missile System, ed. Abram Chayes and Jerome B. Wiesner (New York: New American Library, 1969), p. 242. [BACK]

12. See Anne Hessing Cahn, "American Scientists and the ABM: A Case Study in Controversy," in Scientists and Public Affairs, ed. Albert H. Teich (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974), pp. 41-120. [BACK]

13. Maust, Goodman, and McLain, Strategic Defense, pp. 18-19. [BACK]

14. Richelson, "Ballistic Missile Defense," p. 70. [BACK]

15. Quoted in Sayre Stevens, "The Soviet BMD Program," in Ballistic MissileDefense, ed. Ashton B. Carter and David N. Schwartz (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1984), p. 194. The Malinovsky quote is from Pravda, October 25, 1961; Khrushchev was quoted in Theodore Shabad, New York Times, July 17, 1962. [BACK]

16. Department of Defense, Soviet Military Power 1986 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), p. 44. [BACK]

17. Ibid., p. 43. [BACK]

18. Stevens, "Soviet BMD," p. 199; Richelson, "Ballistic Missile Defense," p. 71. [BACK]

19. Robert M. Gates and Lawrence K. Gershwin, testimony before U.S. Congress, Defense Subcommittee, Senate Committee on Appropriations, June 26, 1985, quoted in David S. Yost, "Alliance Strategy and BMD," in Strategic Defense and the Western Alliance, ed. Sanford Lakoff and Randy Willoughby (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1987), p. 71. [BACK]

20. DOD, Soviet Military Power, p. 45. [BACK]

21. Michael MccGwire, Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1987), pp. 243-44. [BACK]

22. DOD, Soviet Military Power, p. 54. [BACK]

23. Ibid., p. 57. [BACK]

24. Ibid., pp. 54-57. [BACK]

25. Ibid., pp. 54-55. [BACK]

26. The Reagan administration's complaint about the Soviets' new tracking radar was made in President Reagan's February 1985 report to Congress on Soviet noncompliance with arms-control agreements. Cited in David S. Yost, "Strategic Defenses in Soviet Doctrine and Force Posture," in Swords and Shields: NATO, the U.S.S.R., and New Choices for Long-Range Offense and Defense, ed. Fred S. Hoffman, Albert Wohlstetter, and David S. Yost (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1987), p. 133. [BACK]

27. DOD, Soviet Military Power, p. 57. [BACK]

28. Yost, "Alliance Strategy," pp. 79-80. [BACK]

29. DOD, Soviet Military Power, p. 53. [BACK]

30. Ibid., p. 57. [BACK]

31. Ibid., p. 46. [BACK]

32. Ibid., p. 47. [BACK]

33. Report in William J. Broad, New York Times, October 23, 1987, p. 11. See also Broad, "The Secrets of Soviet Star Wars," New York Times Magazine, June 28, 1987, pp. 22-28. [BACK]

34. Yost, "Alliance Strategy," p. 75. [BACK]

35. Stevens, "Soviet BMD," p. 219. [BACK]

36. MccGwire, Military Objectives, p. 36. [BACK]

37. Stevens, "Soviet BMD," p. 187. [BACK]

38. MccGwire, Military Objectives, p. 242. [BACK]

39. Bhupendra M. Jasani, ed., Space Weapons—The Arms Control Dilemma (London: Taylor and Francis, 1984), p. 5. [BACK]

40. Paul B. Stares, The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945-1984 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 55-57. [BACK]

41. Ibid., p. 76. [BACK]

42. Paul B. Stares, Space and National Security (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1987), p. 2. [BACK]

43. Stares, Militarization of Space, p. 200. [BACK]

44. Ibid., p. 232. [BACK]

45. Science 240 (June 12, 1987). [BACK]