Index
A
ABM Treaty
See Anti-Ballistic Missile Trety; Anti-ballistic missiles
Abrahamson, James A., Jr.: background of, 263
construction of Nitze criteria by, 284 -85
endorsement of Thatcher "four points" by, 233
"horse race" scheme adopted by, 277
pressed to develop more modest objectives for SDI, 117
reluctance of to make future cost estimates, 295
views on conformity of SDI with ABM Treaty, 199 , 265
views on Phase I deployment, 116 , 302 -3
Absentee ratio, 95 -96
Accidental Launch Protection System (ALPS), 117 , 124 -25
ACDA
See Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Acheson, Dean, 357 n.3
Adams, Gordon, 379 n.4
Adelman, Kenneth, 366 n.1
"ADI."
See Air Defense Initiative"
Advanced Launch System, 91 -92, 303 , 313
Advanced technology bomber
See B-2 bomber
Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD), 243 , 244 .
See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization
AEGIS system, 264
AGARD
See Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development
Agnew, Spiro, 62
Air-breathing weapons, 28 , 32
"Air defense initiative," 32
Air-Land Battle, 242
See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Air-launched cruise missile (ALCM), 2 , 101
Airborne optical system (AOS), 103 , 124 , 199 -200
Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), 68 , 308
ALCM
See Air-launched cruise missile
Alford, Jonathan, 220
Allen, Richard V., 16 , 19 , 359 n.12
Allison, Graham, 289 , 358 n.5
Alpha laser, 201
ALPS
See Accidental Launch Protection System
Alvarez, Luis, 357 n.3
American Physical Society (APS), report of on directed-energy technologies, 87
and composition of review committee, 107 -8
controversy over, 110 -15
effects of on public opinion, 274
as evidence of scientific consensus, 349 -50
importance of for arms control, 158
summary of, 108 -10
Anderson, Martin, 7 , 8 , 9 , 14 , 18 -19, 21
Andreotti, Giulio, 230
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972), 2 -3, 5 , 13 -15, 19 , 30 , 35 , 39 -45, 52 , 65 -66, 72 , 83 , 147 -49, 157 , 161 , 169 , 171 -74, 177 -80
concern over in Western Europe, 224
controversy over at Reykjavík (1986),
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (continued ) 206 -11
opposition to by Edward Teller, 13 , 268
reinterpretation of, 185 -89
reinterpretation of, criticized, 195 -98
reinterpretation of, criticized by Senator Nunn, 287 -88
reinterpretation of, defended, 185 -95
reinterpretation of, effect on U.S.-Soviet relations, 325 , 327 , 328 , 333 -50
terms of, 180 -82
testing permitted by, 182 -85, 198 -205
Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs), 1 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 19 , 23 , 42 , 44 , 51 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 60 , 62 , 172 , 336
controversy over deployment of, 272
Safeguard and Sentinel systems, 62 -63, 64
Soviet Galosh and Gazelle systems, 67 , 73
Anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, 5 , 25 , 38 , 53 , 54 , 76
detection of in Phase I architecture, 118 , 174
development of by U.S., 76 -80
potential use of in BMD, 212 , 305
projected costs of, 313
role of in militarizing space, 337 -53
Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), 147
Anti-tactical ballistic missiles (ATBMs): deployment of not precluded by ABM Treaty, 174
NATO interest in, 218 , 235 -39, 243 -46
problems for Western alliance and arms control raised by, 246 -51
upgrading of Patriot SAMs to serve as, 245 -46
AOS
See Airborne optical system
Apollo Project, 15 , 86 , 315 -16, 330 , 351
Apollo-Soyuz , 82
See also Space exploration
APS
See American Physical Society
Architectures envisioned in SDI: boost phase, 94 -99
and costs of notional deployments, 304 -8
European versions of, 237
general description of, 92 -104
mid-course, 102 -3
Phase I deployment plan, 117 -18
Phase II and Phase III, 120 -21
post-boost phase, 101 -2
terminal, 103 -4
Armacost, Michael H., 358 n.4
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), 201
Arrow Project, 230
ASATs
See Anti-satellite weapons
ASW
See Anti-submarine warfare
ATMBs
See Anti-tactical ballistic missiles
Australia and SDI, 230
Aviation Week & Space Technology , 5 , 125
AWACs
See Airborne Warning and Control System
B
B-1 bomber, 52 , 173 , 259 , 276 , 312
B-2 bomber, 2 , 52 , 173 , 293 , 321
Ballistic Missile Boost Intercept (BAMBI), 58 , 125
Ballistic missile defense (BMD), 1 -3, 5 , 8 -9, 31
futility of early efforts to design, 48 -83 passim
new technologies proposed for in SDI, 84 -131 passim, 134 , 137 , 159 , 238 , 242 , 243 , 268 -69, 338 , 349
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), 55 , 58
Bangemann, Martin, 230
Bardeen, John, 17
Battle management, 104 -6
Becker, Abraham S., 185 -86, 187
Belgium and SDI, 230
Bendetsen, Karl R., 10 , 12 , 14 , 15
Berkhof, G. C., 224
Bild Zeitung , 72
Bison bomber, 54
Blackjack bomber, 307
Blechman, Barry M., 304 -8, 312 , 313
Bloembergen, Nicolaas, 108
BMD
See Ballistic missile defense
Boost Surveillance and Tracking System (BSTS)
See Detection and discrimination
Boycott of SDI by university researchers, 108 , 270 -75
Brandt, Willy, 224
Brennan, Donald G., 185
Brezhnev, Leonid, 155 , 176 , 180 , 239
Brezhnev doctrine, 36
Broad, William J., 360 n.29
Brooke, Edward, 62
Brooks, Frederick P., 106
Brown, George, 283
Brown, Harold, 80 , 81 , 136 , 198 , 311 , 312 , 333
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 133 , 369 n.4, 372 n.1
BSTS (Boost Surveillance and Tracking System)
See Detection and discrimination
Buchheim, Robert W., 175
Buckley, James, 184
Bumpers, Dale, 283
Bush, George H. W., 125 , 233 , 290
Bush, Vannevar, 85
C
Canada and SDI, 230
Canavan, Gregory H., 110 , 111 , 112 -15, 274 , 362 n.71
Carter, Ashton, 269 , 299 , 300
Carter, Jimmy, 65 , 76 , 81 , 173 , 259 , 289
"Cathouse" radar, 67
Chain, John, 329
Challenger accident, 264 , 294
Chayes, Abram, 197
Chayes, Antonia, 197
Chernobyl nuclear accident, 264 , 294
Chiles, Lawton, 283
Chirac, Jacques, 228
Churchill, Winston S., 144
Clifford, Clark, 198
Close, Robert, 219
Cohen, William, 24
Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), 269
Compton, Karl T., 256
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), 225
Corona program, 77
Costello, Robert, 117
Costs of strategic defenses: calculated for notional systems, 304 -8
compared to prior estimates, 293 -94
estimated by Council on Economic Priorities, 299 -302
estimated for Phase I deployment, 295 , 299 -302
and Marshall Institute Phase I projections, 308 -13
in SDIO's investment strategy, 296 -99
widely varying estimates of, 291
Countermeasures and counter-countermeasures, 99 -101
Courter, Jim, 282
Craig, Paul P., 370 n.18
Cranston, Alan, 379 -80 n.6
Crowe, William J., 328
D
DARPA.
See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Dean, Jonathan, 231
Deaver, Michael K., 9
Defense Acquisition Board, 116
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA): and ABM Treaty, 172
early BMD programs of, 55
and Project Defender, 58 , 65 , 77 , 266
review of BMD prospects by, 5
review of High Frontier proposed by, 10 -11
space laser program of, 360 n.24
Defense contractors
See "Military-industrial complex"
Defense-protected build-down, 41 , 159 -60
Defense Science Board, 132 , 329 , 334 , 369 n.1
Defense Support Program (DSP), 58
Defensive Technologies Study Committee: conclusions of, 13 , 30 , 92 , 100 , 107 , 122 , 233 , 287 , 326 , 327 -28, 351
DeLauer, Richard, 15 , 16 , 18 , 34
Delpech, Jean François, 376 n.18
Delpech Report, 227 , 376 n.18
Delta 181 experiment, 103
Denmark and SDI, 230
Department of Defense (DOD), U.S., 85 , 107 , 237
and ABM Treaty reinterpretation, 187
and conflicts of interest with former employees, 279
estimates and expenditures on SDI by, 294 , 296
and warning against criticism of SDI by researchers, 278
See also Strategic Defense Initiative Organization
Destructive devices, types of under consideration in SDI: directed-energy weapons (DEW), 88 -92, 97 -98, 108 , 112 , 352
electromagnetic railgun, 89 , 201 , 317
kinetic-energy weapons (KEW), 88 -89, 95 -97, 100 , 110 , 115 , 116
nuclear ABMs, 88
space-based interceptor (SBI), 119 -23, 204 -5, 254 , 312
See also Lasers
Detection and discrimination, 91
by airborne optical systems (AOS), 103 , 124 , 199
included in Boost Surveillance and Tracking (BSTS) and Space Surveillance and Tracking (SSTS) systems, 116 -17, 118 -19, 123 , 200 , 204
in Designated Optical Tracker (DOT) program, 65
and infrared sensors proposed for phases II and III, 123
by Long Wave Length Infrared (LWIR) sensor, 65
in mid-course, 102 -3
using Neutral Particle Beam (NPB), 91
incorporated in Phase II and Phase III architectures, 121
using radar, 91
in Sea Lite Beam Detector project, 203
studied by SDIO in surveillance, acquisition, tracking, and kill assessment (SATKA) program, 104
DEW (directed-energy weapon).
See Destructive devices
DEW Line
See Distant Early Warning Line
Dicks, Norman D., 188
Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, 55
DIVAD
See Division air defense antiaircraft gun
Division air defense (DIVAD) antiaircraft gun, 280 -81, 321
DOD
See Department of Defense
"Doghouse" radar, 67
Dole, Robert, 287
Domenici, Pete, 11
DOT (Designated Optical Tracker)
See Detection and discrimination
Downy, Thomas, 283
Dregger, Alfred, 224
Drell, Sidney D., 364 n.93
DSP
See Defense Support Program
Dushanbe laser facility, 72
Dyson, Freeman, 41 , 160 , 363 n.85
E
Economic benefits of SDI: analysis of by Council on Economic Priorities, 314 -18
questioned, 270
EDI
See "European Defense Initiative"
Einstein, Albert, 84
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 6 , 36 , 75 , 76 , 80 , 257
ERIS
See Exoatmospheric Reentry Vehicle Interceptor System
ESPRIT
See European Strategic Program of Research in Information Technology
ETA accelerator, 113
See also Lasers
EUREKA
See European Research and Coordinating Agency
"European Defense Initiative" (EDI), 224
European Research and Coordinating Agency (EUREKA), 35 , 223 , 227
European Strategic Program of Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT), 223
Evangelista, Matthew, 378 -79 n.1
Everett, Robert R., 115 , 117 , 119
Excalibur Project
See Lasers: X-ray
Excimer laser
See Destructive devices; Lasers
Exoatmospheric Reentry Vehicle Interceptor System (ERIS), 103 -4
conformity of with ABM Treaty, 205
estimated cost of, 125 , 309 , 311
multiple warheads for, 201
proposed for ALPS, 124 -25
proposed for Phase I architecture, 118 , 140
Extended air defense, 218 , 243
F
Fabius, Laurent, 228
FALCON
See Fission-activated light concept
FAS
See Federation of American Scientists
Fascell, Dante B., 188
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG): interest of in Ostpolitik , 248
pursuit of for accommodation with Soviet Union, 249
reaction in to SDI, 223 -25, 229 -30, 231 , 234
Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs), 276 , 279 -80
Federation of American Scientists (FAS), 108 , 269 , 270 , 349
FEL (free-electron laser)
See Destructive devices; Lasers
Fencer
See SU-24 Fencer
FFRDCs
See Federally funded research and development centers
Finke, R. G., 313
Fishbowl nuclear tests (1962), 79
Fission-activated light concept (FALCON), 90
Fitter D/H
See SU-17 Fitter D/H
Fitzgerald, Charles L., 195 , 374 n.44
Fletcher Committee
See Defensive Technologies Study Committee
"Flexible response," 32 , 72 , 74 , 225 -26
FOBS
See Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
Follow-On Forces Attack, 242
See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Ford, Daniel, 367 n.17
Ford, Gerald R., 155 , 175 , 180 , 282
Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS), 79
France: interest in SDI contracts of firms in, 227
political acceptance of SDI by, 228 -29, 337
reaction to SDI in, 219 -23 passim, 226 , 337
Free-electron laser (FEL)
See Destructive devices; Lasers
Freedman, Lawrence, 379 n.2
Freeze on nuclear weapons, 24 , 27
European interest in, 250
Frog-7 (missile), 241
Future Security Strategy Study (Hoffman report), 39 , 235 -37
G
Galosh (ABM), 67
GAO
See General Accounting Office
Garthoff, Raymond L., 185 , 186 , 195 , 196 , 197
Gavin, James, 57
Gayler, Noel, 145
Gazelle (ABM), 67
GBMD
See Global Ballistic Missile Defense
GDR
See German Democratic Republic
Gell-Mann, Murray, 172
General Accounting Office, U.S. Congress, 11 , 316 , 321
General Advisory Committee (to U.S. Atomic Energy Commission), 256
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 223
George C. Marshall Institute, and proposed deployment of strategic defenses, 96 , 115 , 119 , 122 , 287 , 308 -13
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 241
Gingrich, Newt, 19
Glenn, John, 237
Global Ballistic Missile Defense (GBMD), 10 , 14
See also High Frontier
Godwin, Richard, 115
Goldwater, Barry M., 182
Gorbachev, Mikhail: changes in military policy introduced by, 253
and cooperation with Reagan on arms control, 331
economic reforms initiated by, 46
and skepticism toward Reagan's offer to share SDI technology, 385 n.4
U.S. public opinion of arms reduction proposals by, 262
views of expressed at Reykjavík meeting with Reagan (1986), 32 , 177 , 205 -7
Gore, Albert, Jr., 362 n.69
Gottfried, Kurt, 269
Graham, Daniel O., 9 , 14 , 19 , 115 , 268 , 269
Graham, Thomas, Jr., 196
Graybeal, Sidney, 184 , 195 , 197 , 374 n.44
Great Britain: and complaints on exclusion of British contractors by House of Commons Defence Select Committee, 248 , 337
and "four points" negotiated by Prime Minister Thatcher, 229
public attitudes toward SDI in, 232
reaction to SDI in, 219 -22, 337
Greb, G. Allen, 359 n.9
Grechko, Andrey, 197 -98
Green, F. Bailey, 270
Greenwood, Ted, 358 n.4
Greve, Frank, 21
H
Haldane, J. B. S., 84 -85
Hanrieder, Wolfram F., 232
Harmel Report, 323
Harris, William R., 185 , 187 , 195
Hartung, William D., 314
Hawk surface-to-air missiles, 245 -46
HEDI
See High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor
"Henhouse" radar, 67
Heritage Foundation, 12 , 219 , 268 , 381 n.28
Hernu, Charles, 224
Heseltine, Michael, 248
HIBEX
See High-Acceleration Boost Experiment
HIBREL
See High Brightness Relay project
Hicks, Donald A., 278
High-Acceleration Boost Experiment (HIBEX), 65
High Brightness Relay (HIBREL) project, 203
High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor (HEDI), 103 , 116 -17, 307 , 308
estimated costs of, 311
High Frontier: proposal of for early deployment, 115 , 119 , 149 , 260
role of in shaping call for SDI, 10 -15, 29 , 34 , 40 , 59 , 291
strategy document attributed to, 268 -69, 381 n.28
High Frontier Europe, 218 -19
Hill, James, 7
HOE
See Homing Overlay Experiment
Hoffman, Fred S., 6 , 39 , 235 , 236 , 237
Hoffman Committee
See Future Security Strategy Study
Hoffman report (Future Security Strategy Study), 39 , 235 -37
Holdren, John P., 270
Hollings, Ernest, 287
Homing Overlay Experiment (HOE), 65 , 201
Howard, Michael E., 219
Howe, Geoffrey, 221 -22
Human Events , 343
Hunter, Duncan, 237
Hydrogen bomb, 54 , 256 , 357 n.3
I
ICBMs.
See Intercontinental ballistic missiles
Iklé, Fred C., 16 , 134 , 142 , 185 , 196 , 237
INF Treaty
See Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987)
Institute for European Defense and Security Studies, 219
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 2 , 6
and deterrence, 38 , 66 , 77 , 147 , 172 -75, 257
and SALT accords, 180
and SDI, 54 , 95 , 126 , 166 , 312 -13, 334 , 341
Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987), 155
effect of on extended air defense in Europe, 241 , 247 -51
foreshadowed at Reykjavík, 177 -78, 216 , 217
"Iron triangle," 256 -59, 379 n.4
Israel, agreement by to cooperate in SDI, 230
J
Jackson, Henry M., 183
Japan and SDI, 230
Jastrow, Robert, 269
Johnson, Louis, 357 n.3
Johnson, Lyndon B., 41 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 171
Johnston, J. Bennett, 283 , 284 , 288
Joint Chiefs of Staff: and opposition to deployment of Nike-Zeus, 571
and views on strategic defense, 16 , 17 , 20 -22, 23 , 25 , 328
Jungerman, John, 370 n.18
Just war principles in relation to nuclear deterrence, 143 -45
K
Kampelman, Max, 179
Karpov, Viktor, 184 , 192 , 194 , 197
Kaun, David E., 378 n.1
KC-10A (tanker aircraft), 308
Keegan, George J., 5
Keeney, Spurgeon, 188
Kennedy, John F., 60
Kernell, Samuel H., 383 n.73
KEW (kinetic-energy weapon)
See Destructive devices
Keyworth, George A., II: and advocacy of SDI, 233 , 270
and cooperation with APS team, 108
meeting of with Reagan's kitchen cabinet, 14
and relationship with Edward Teller, 11 -12, 360 n.29
report of Reagan's disinterest in terminal defenses by, 27 -28
role of in preparing announcement of SDI, 16 -19
Khrushchev, Nikita, 66 , 78 , 79
Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 283 , 363 n.78
Kissinger, Henry A., 133 , 161 , 192 -94, 269 , 369 n.4
Kokoshin, Andrei, 364 n.94
Kotz, Nick, 381 n.6
Krasnoyarsk radar installation, 67 -68, 161
considered in violation of ABM Treaty, 346
Soviet rationale for, 174 -75
Kuhn, Robert Lawrence, 385 n.39
Kunsberg, Philip, 42 , 187 , 196
L
Laird, Melvin, 182 , 183 , 198
Lakoff, Sanford, 371 n.39
Lambeth, Benjamin S., 133
Large Optical Demonstration Experiment (LODE), 202
Large phased-array radars (LPARs), 60 , 61 , 66 , 67 -68
and ABM Treaty, 200
in Alpha chemical laser project, 117 , 201
free-electron (FEL), 84 , 89 -90, 97 , 98 -99, 112 -13
in Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL) project, 203
in Talon Gold project, 201 , 202
X-ray, 11 -13, 84 -85, 89 -90, 96 , 208 , 268 , 271
See also Destructive devices: directed-energy weapons
Lawrence, Ernest O., 357 n.3
Leahy, William, 88
Lebow, Richard Ned, 134
LEDI
See Low Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor
Lellouche, Pierre, 228
Liddell Hart, Basil H., 132
Lilienthal, David E., 359 n.3
Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) (1962), 79 , 90 , 346
Lindley, Daniel, 275
Long-Wave Infrared Probe System
See Detection and discrimination
Low Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor (LEDI), 307
LPAR
See Large phased-array-radars
LTBT
See Limited Test Ban Treaty
LWIR (Long Wave Length Infrared) radar
See Detection and discrimination
M
MAD.
See Mutual Assured Destruction
Malinovsky, Rodion, 66
Mandelbaum, Michael, 359 n.19
Manhattan Project, 4 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 351
Markey, Edward, 114
MAS
See Mutual Assured Survival
"Massive Retaliation," 257
May, Michael M., 101
MccGwire, Michael, 68 , 73 , 74 , 141
McCone, John, 52
McFarlane, Robert C.: as chair of National Security Planning Group, 43
as chair of special Arms Control Policy Group, 188
and conversation with Poindexter, 24
and preparation of Reagan's SDI announcement, 16 -18
reinterpretation of ABM Treaty announced by, 185
and reports on X-ray
laser from Teller and Wood, 271
views of JCS reported by, 21 -22
McMahon, Brien, 256
McNamara, Robert S.: cost-benefit analysis introduced in DOD by, 255
distinction between "Star Wars I" and "Star Wars II" drawn by, 135
exchange with Kosygin at Glassboro Summit (1967), 172
and explanation of arms race as "action-reaction phenomenon," 5
opposition of to unilateral U.S. adoption of space-based defenses, 161
role in developing Nike X, 59
role in developing Nike-Zeus, 79
support for traditional interpretation of ABM Treaty, 198
McNeill, John H., 196
Melman, Seymour, 358 n.4
Menaul, Stewart, 219
Meyer, E. C., 21
MHV (Miniature Homing Vehicle)
See Anti-satellite weapons
Midwest Research Institute, 316
MiG-27 Flogger D/J (aircraft), 240
"Military-industrial complex," concern for influence of, 252 -53, 257 , 351 -52.
See also Weapons research and acquisition
Mills, C. Wright, 378 n.1
Miniature Homing Vehicle (MHV)
See Anti-satellite weapons
Minuteman (missile)
See Intercontinental ballistic missiles
MIRACL (Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser)
See Lasers
Mirage IV (aircraft), 220
Mitterand, François, 35 , 222 , 223
Mondale, Walter F., 261 -62, 282
Morel, Benoit, 246
Mudflap Project, 79
Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), 9 , 13 , 33 , 343
Mutual Assured Survival (MAS), 10 , 13 , 33 , 343
MX, 2 , 9 , 17 , 23 , 25 , 150 , 276
N
NASA
See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 316
National Aerospace Plane, 91 -92
National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 85
National Review , 283
National Security Council (NSC), 6 , 16 , 187 , 193
National Security Decision Directive no. 85 , 6
National Security Decision Memorandum (NSDM): no. 117, 191 ; no. 120, 192
National Security Planning Group, 43 , 375 n.69
National Security Study Directive 6 -83, 6
"National technical means" (NTMs) for assuring compliance with arms control agreements, 146
National Test Bed, 106
NATO
See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO Air Defense Ground Environment (NADGE)
See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Nerlich, Uwe, 377 n.44
Netherlands and SDI, 230
"New Look," 257
New York Times , 43
Newhouse, John, 182
See also Strategic defenses
Nitze, Paul H.: background, 26
informed of progress of X-ray laser by Teller and Wood, 271
not consulted on announcement of SDI, 16
views on ABM Treaty interpretation, 187 , 192 , 210 , 373 n.25
views on negotiated transition to reliance on defenses, 40 , 135 , 156 -58, 327 -28, 334 , 335 , 347 , 363 n.82, 372 n.1
See also Nitze criteria
modified by SDIO but adopted by Congress, 284 -86, 287 -88, 335
Nixon, Richard, 12 , 62 , 63 , 161 , 175 , 192
NORAD
See North American Aerospace Defense Command
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), 7 , 54 , 81
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 16 , 25 , 32 , 43 , 45 , 48
agreement to cooperate in SDI by members of, 230 -33
and doubts on U.S. nuclear guarantee, 164
qualified endorsement of SDI by Nuclear Planning Group of, 234 , 243
reaction to SDI by members of, 218 -32
strategic concerns of, 240 -46, 247 -51, 337 , 341
Norway and SDI, 230
Novak, Michael, 361 n.58
Nozette, Stewart, 385 n.39
NPB (Neutral Particle Beam)
See Detection and discrimination
NSC
See National Security Council
NSC 68 (directive), 6
NSDM
See National Security Decision Memorandum
Nuclear reactors proposed for SDI, 113 -14
"Nuclear winter," 142
Nunn, Sam: "Accidental Launch Protection System" proposed by, 117 , 124 -25
"guaranteed mutual build-down" supported by, 24
reinterpretation of ABM Treaty opposed by, 182 -83, 189 , 287 -88, 329 , 350
O
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 12
Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 86 , 106 , 151 , 153 , 160 , 269 , 281 , 299 , 349
view on effects of nuclear explosions on functioning of ERIS, 368 n.56
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 267 , 366 n.2
OSTP
See Office of Science and Technology Policy
OTA
See Office of Technology Assessment
Outer Space Treaty (1967), 90
P
Pake, George, 108
Parnas, David Lorge, 273
Parsons, J. Graham, 192
Patel, Kumar, 108
Patriot missile
See Anti-tactical ballistic missiles; Surface-to-air missiles
Payne, Keith B., 362 n.72, 363 n.81
Peacekeeper (missile)
See MX
Percy, Charles, 24
Perle, Richard N.: ABM interpretation reopened by, 42 -43, 185 , 187 , 196
announcement of SDI opposed by, 18
focus of announcement narrowed by, 19 -20
SALT II Treaty opposed by, 321 -22
SDI suppored by in Europe, 233
Soviet concerns re SDI interpreted by, 210
trade with U.S.S.R. opposed by, 227
Pershing II (missile), 225 , 241
Phillips, Kevin, 363 n.79
Pillsbury, Michael E., 187
Pinetree Line, 55
Podhoretz, Norman, 362 nn. 76, 77
Poindexter, John, 24
Portugal and SDI, 230
Postol, Theodore A., 246
Powers Gary, 77
Pratt, Erik, 275
Preferential defenses, 152 -54
President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 57
Program 505, 79
Project 437, 79
Project Argus, 79
Project HiHo, 80
Project Vanguard, 77
Proxmire, William, 283 , 284 , 285 , 288
PSAC
See President's Science Advisory Committee
Q
Quayle, Dan, 37 , 237 , 282 , 287
R
RACE
See Research in Advanced Communication in Europe
"Randomly subtractive" deployment of ABMs, 151 -52
Reagan, Ronald W.: assurances to Prime Minister Thatcher by, 43 , 229
conflicting advice on early deployment received by, 156 -57
commitment to strategic modernization by, 259 , 322 -23
and discussions with JCS on strategic defenses, 16 , 20 -22
doubts of about arms control, 26 , 371 n.34
establishment of National Security Planning Group by, 43
influence of conservative ideology on, 35 -38, 320 , 342 -46
interest in strategic defenses prior to SDI, 7 -11
limited use of SCC by, 175
meetings with Edward Teller, 13 , 15 , 357 n.3
meeting with kitchen cabinet on strategic defenses, 14 -15
motivations in promoting SDI, 29 , 339 , 359 nn. 9, 19
political calculations in promoting SDI, 260 -61
relations with Congress regarding SDI, 281 -89, 325
view on "military-industrial complex," 252
views expressed in Reykjavík meeting with Gorbachev (1986), 44 , 176 -78, 179 , 205 -13
Reagan doctrine, 37 , 363 n.78
Research in Advanced Communication in Europe (RACE), 223
Rhinelander, John B., 182 , 185 , 186 , 188
Richardson, Elliot, 198
Rogers, Bernard, 328
Roman Catholic bishops (U.S.), pastoral letter on war and peace, 21 , 27 , 142 -43
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 4
Rosen, Steven, 376 n.1
Rosenfeld, Stephen S., 363 n.78
Ruhle, Hans, 223
Ruina, Jack, 172
Rutherford, Ernest, 85
S
SA-5, 70 -71
Safeguard ABM System, 62 , 199
Sagdeyev, Roald, 364 n.78
SAGE
See Semi-automatic ground environment
SAINT
See Satellite interceptor (SAINT) system
Salgado, Joseph F., 114
SAMOS
See Satellite and Missile Observation System
SAMs
See Surface-to-air missiles
SANE
See Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy
Sapolsky, Harvey M., 357 -58 n.4
Sary Shagan (U.S.S.R.), 71
Satellite and Missile Observation System (SAMOS), 77
Satellite Early Warning System (SEWS), 58
Satellite interceptor (SAINT) system, 78 , 80
SATKA (surveillance, acquisition, tracking, and kill assessment)
See Detection and discrimination
SBAMs
See Space-based anti-missile systems
SBI (space-based interceptor)
See Destructive devices
SBKKV (space-based kinetic kill vehicle)
See Destructive devices: space-based interceptor
Scaleboard (missile), 241
Scheer, Hermann, 224
Schell, Jonathan, 343 , 385 n.11
Schlesinger, James, 119
Schmidt, Helmut, 224
Schmuckle, Gerd, 224
Schneider, William, 381 n.25
Schriever, Bernard, 77
Sciaroni, Bretton, 187
Scowcroft, Brent, 138 , 155 , 322 , 334
Scowcroft Commission, 1 , 18 , 25 , 322
Scud (missile), 241
SDIO
See Strategic Defense Initiative Organization
Semi-automatic ground environment (SAGE), 54 , 55
Sentinel ABM system, 124 , 199
Shevardnaze, Eduard, 206 , 210
Short-range attack missile (SRAM), 2 , 101
Schultz, George P.: adoption of ABM Treaty reinterpretation opposed by, 43 , 187 , 188 -89, 210 , 375 n.69
draft of SDI announcement criticized by, 19
Keyworth berated by, 18
not consulted in advance on SDI decision, 16
opposed by Weinberger and White House forces for favoring détente with U.S.S.R., 178
SDI advocated in Europe by, 233
views on outcome of Reykjavík meeting (1986), 206 , 328
Simon, Paul, 288
Sims, William J., III, 196
SLBMs
See Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
Smith, Gerard C., 43 , 183 -84, 188 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 319
Sofaer, Abraham D., 43 , 187 , 188 , 189 -96, 210 , 287 -88
Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 26
Soviet Union: aircraft deployed by, 240
National Air Defense Forces of, 101
response of to SDI, 45 -47, 133 , 198 , 211 -13
Rocket Forces of, 239
strategic defense programs of, 30 , 49 -54, 65 -73, 74 -75, 146 -49
strategic doctrines adopted by, 141 , 147 -49, 239 -42
tactical missiles deployed by, 240 -42
SP-100, 114
Space-based anti-missile systems (SBAMs), 42
Space-based interceptor (SBI)
See Destructive devices
Space-based kinetic kill vehicle (SBKKV)
See Destructive devices: space-based interceptor
Space Detection and Tracking Systems (SPADATS), 58 -59
Space exploration, U.S.-Soviet Union civil cooperation in, 82 -83, 167 , 337
Space Surveillance and Tracking System (SSTS)
See Detection and discrimination
Spartan (interceptor), 61 , 89
Sputnik , 77
SRAM
See Short-range attack missile
SS-4 (missile), 241
SS-5, 241
SS-12, 241
SS-18, 122
SS-20, 218
SS-21, 230
SS-23, 241
SSTS (Space Surveillance and Tracking System)
See Detection and discrimination
Stalin, Joseph, 66
Standing Consultative Commission, U.S.-Soviet Union, 180 -81, 346
"Star Wars," as synonym for SDI, 1 , 29 -30, 101 , 338
START
See Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
Stealth bomber
See B-2 bomber
Stoltenberg, Gerhard, 223
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1969-79): Salt I accords (1972), 8 , 26 , 154 , 170 , 172 , 334 , 341
Salt II accords (1979), 8 , 26 , 154 -55, 170 , 173 , 175 , 321 -22, 334 , 342
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START), 26 , 171 , 176 , 210 , 225 , 290
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): architectures proposed for, 92 -104, 118 -24
battle management issues raised by, 104 -6
compared with earlier efforts to design strategic defenses, 48 -49
compared with Manhattan and Apollo projects, 86
conformity of with ABM Treaty, 41 -44, 176 -216 passim
confusion over focus of, 38 -44
congressional reaction to, 281 -89, 326 -27
criticism of "schedule-driven" pursuit of, 283
debate among scientists over, 110 -15
decision to initiate, 3 -30 passim
economic issues connected with, 32 , 293 -318, 329
implications for Western alliance of, 163 -65
public attitudes toward in U.S., 261 -63, 361 n.66
public attitudes toward in Western Europe, 231 -32
Soviet attitudes toward, 28 -29, 45 -47
technologies under investigation in, 87 -92
See also Architectures envisioned in SDI
Strategic Defense Initiative Institute
See Strategic Defense Initiative Organization
Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO), 35 , 108 -9, 113 -14, 119 , 130 , 237
creation of, 263 -66
grants to university research by, 272
Office of Civil Applications of, 314 -15
principles for treaty compliance of experiments adopted by, 202 -5
proposal of Strategic Defense Initiative Institution by, 264
reaction to APS report of, 110
reorientation of SDI program by, 286 , 326
Strategic defenses, competition in prior to SDI, 48 -83 passim
Strategic Missile Evaluation Committee, 77
Strauss, Franz-Josef, 224
Strode, Rebecca V., 370 n.17
SU-17 Fitter D/H (aircraft), 240
SU-24 Fencer (aircraft), 240
Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), 2 , 166 , 173 , 180 , 313
Sullivan, David S., 187
Surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), 2 , 10 , 55
Soviet deployment of, 68 -71, 244 -45, 307
Syria and SDI, 230
Szanton, Peter, 299
T
Tactical ballistic missiles (TBMs), 218 , 240 , 241 -42
Talbott, Strobe, 359 n.19, 371 n.34
Talon Gold laser project, 201 -2
Taylor, Maxwell, 57
Taylor, Robert, 106
Taylor, Trevor, 219
TBMs
See Tactical ballistic missiles
Teller, Edward: "brilliant pebbles" proposal of, 125 -26
crash program to develop H-bomb supported by, 357 n.3
criticized by Woodruff for overoptimistic report on X-ray laser, 271
disclaims major influence on Reagan's decision to call for SDI, 360 n.29
claims laser weapons useful against intermediate nuclear weapons, 233
open letter of to Bethe, 275
strategic defenses advocated by, 11 -14, 15 , 16 , 19 , 29 , 133 , 209 , 267 -68, 351
Testing of defensive ABM systems, 106 -7
and conformity of SDI experiments with ABM Treaty, 185 -89, 198 -205
as defined by ABM Treaty, 181 , 182 -85
Thatcher, Margaret, 43 , 219 , 221 , 229 , 283
Thomas, Edwin W., 14
Thompson, E. P., 220 -21, 381 -82 n.28
Thor-Jupiter controversy, 258 , 379 n.5
Thurmond, Strom, 114
Toftoy, H. N., 57
Trident II D-5 missile, 2 , 172
cost of acquisition by Great Britain, 219 , 227
Truman, Harry S., 4 , 6 , 84 , 145 , 256
Trusov, Konstantin A., 194
Tsongas, Paul, 82
U
U-2 incident, 77
Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), 108 , 269 -71, 349
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
See Soviet Union
United States Air Force (USAF), 101
Utgoff, Victor A., 304 -8, 312 , 313
V
Van Cleave, William, 19
Velikhov, Yevgeni, 364 n.94
Very High Speed Integrated Circuitry (VHSIC), 91 , 317
VHSIC
See Very High Speed Integrated Circuitry
Vinson, Carl, 57
Vogel, Hans-Jochen, 224
Voigt, Karsten, 224
von Hassel, Kai-Uwe, 219 , 224
von Neumann, John, 77
W
Wallop, Malcolm A., 11 , 19 , 282 , 283 , 287
Walzer, Michael, 370 -71 n.21
War Powers Act (1973), 288
Washington Naval Disarmament Agreement (1922), 144
Watkins, James D., 20 , 21 , 24 , 27
Weapons research and acquisition: cold war and, 254
cost-benefit analysis used in, 255
influence of "iron triangle" on, 257 -59
interest of SDI contractors in, 275 -81
reliance of U.S. on contracting for, 255
scandals connected with, 257
Weinberger, Caspar W.: and concern over Soviet space-based defenses, 30 , 210 , 212 , 362 n.68, 370 n.11
European cooperation in SDI urged by, 232 , 233 , 236 -37
High Frontier proposal judged premature by, 260
Nitze criteria altered by, 157 -58
Nitze's proposal for cooperative transition opposed by, 157 , 327
not consulted in advance by Reagan on SDI, 16 -18
role in Reagan review of ABM Treaty reinterpretation, 375 n.69
support for early deployment of strategic defenses by, 117 , 179 , 344
support for SDI by, 34 , 178 , 264
on U.S. preparedness to win nuclear war, 322
view of outcome of Reykjavík meeting (1986), 210
Weisband, Edward, 288
West European Union, 220
White House Science Council, 17 , 260
Wieseltier, Leon, 143
Wills, Garry, 38
Wood, Lowell L., Jr., 11 , 85 , 110 -15, 125 -26, 271 , 274
Woodruff, Roy D., 271
Worden, Simon P., 265
Wörner, Manfred, 223 , 243 -44, 246
X
X-ray laser
See Destructive devices; Lasers
Y
Yonas, Gerold, 282
York, Herbert F., 57 , 62 , 108 , 379 n.5
Yost, David S., 369 -70 n.5
Z
Zimmerman, Peter, 375 n.72
Zumwalt, Elmo R., Jr., 193
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