Index

A

Absorption, in the body, 67 , 72 .

See also Identification

Acting. See Acting, theories of; Automatism; Expression; Gesture; Identification; Mimicry; Performance

Acting, theories of, 75 ;

analogous emotion, use of, 84 -85, 93 ;

and automatisms, 77 , 80 ;

and multiple levels of consciousness, 85 ;

and physiology, 7 , 78 , 85 , 96 , 213 n. 15;

self-dramatization or self-effacement, 75 -80, 83 , 88 -89, 179 .

See also Expression; Identification

Adorno, Theodor, 141 -42, 156

African Americans:

and cakewalk, 43 -44;

"signifying," 45 -46

Agnew, Jean-Christophe, 225 n. 12

Amanuensis. See Mediums and mediumship; Writing

Archer, William, 77 -80, 85 , 88 , 96

Armstrong, Nancy, 35

Arrah-na-Pogue , 40 , 202 n. 43

Arrah-no-Poke , 40 , 202 n. 43

Astor Place riot, 29

Atlantic Monthly , 69 , 76

Auber, Daniel François, 40

Audience reception. See Spectatorship

Auerbach, Nina, 9

Automatism, 7 , 91 , 125 , 134 , 162 -63, 175 ;

in acting, 75 , 77 , 80 , 82 , 85 , 88 ;

and expression of emotion, 97 -98, 105 , 121 ;

in writing, 126 .

See also Expression; Mediums and mediumship; Physiology, mental; Unconscious cerebration

B

Baender, Paul, 56

Baker, Houston A., Jr., 204 n. 58

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 153 , 225 n. 10

Barnum, P. T., 13 -14, 181

Barthes, Roland, 217 n. 28, 225 n. 13

Baudrillard, Jean, 156 , 225 n. 13, 226 n. 15

Beard, George M., 219 n. 9

Beecher, Henry Ward, 28

Bell, Michael Davitt, 139 , 194 n. 4

Bella Union Melodeon, 32 , 51

Bennett, Tony, 206 n. 4, 207 n. 6

Berkhofer, Robert F., Jr., 196 n. 21

Berthoff, Warner, 1 , 23

Bhabha, Homi, 203 n. 51

Birch, Billy, 46 , 59

Bird, Robert Montgomery, 29

Blackness, uncertain boundaries of, 3 , 93 .

See also Minstrelsy; Race; Racism

Blair, Walter, 201 n. 43, 206 n. 1

Body:

absorption in, 67 , 72 ;

economy of energy in, 128 ;

as means of emotional expression, 50 -51, 78 -79, 88 , 96 -98, 113 , 174 -75, 178 ;

and mind, 10 , 182 , 184 , 186 ;

self-betrayal through, 112 -13;

and signs of identity, 81 -83, 101 -2, 104 -5, 109 -10;

and voice, 115 -18, 217 n. 28;

and writing, 115 -16, 128 .

See also Expression

Bohemia:

and burlesque, 202 n. 43;

fascination with outsiders and racial others, 23 -24, 41 -42, 53 -54;

and Adah Isaacs Menken, 49 ;

middle class affronted by, 42 ;

and middle-class identity formation, 53 -54;

as negotiation of middle-class ambivalences, 24 , 32 -34, 41

Booth, Edwin, 147

Booth, Junius Brutus, 41

The Bottle ; or, The Drunkard's Doom , 36

Boucicault, Dion, 40 , 77 , 94 , 202 n. 43

Bowery Theater, 29

Bowlby, Rachel, 139

Branch, Edgar M., 1 , 4 , 62 , 202 n. 43

Brantlinger, Patrick, 227 n. 21

Bree, Tommy, 37

British South Africa Company, 145

Brooks, Peter, 9 , 108 , 171 -72

Brougham, John, 60 , 61

Brown, Gillian, 197 n. 2

Brown, Jacob Randall, 122 -23, 219 n. 9

Browne, Charles Farrar. See Ward, Artemus

Burlesque, theatrical, 4 , 39 -40, 163 -64, 201 n. 43;

destruction of illusion and meaning, 44 , 51 ;

and insider joking, 38 ;

of journalism, 38 ;

marketplace irreverence, 163 -64;

of Adah Isaacs Menken, 51 -52;

neutralized, 154 , 163 -64;

of opera (Il Trovatore ), 36 ;

of sentimental emotion and domestic subjectivity, 39 -40;

of Shakespeare, 17 -18;

tactics, 31 , 40 ;

as working-class entertainment, 40

Burton, William, 60 -62, 70

C

Cable, George Washington, 74

Cardwell, Guy, 1 , 203 n. 50

Carnival, 144 , 146 -47, 152 -54, 163 -66

Carpenter, William, 124 -27, 184 -85

Chambers Street Theatre, 61 , 201 n. 43

Chapman, Caroline, 51

Character. See Self, conceptions of

Charcot, Jean-Martin, 187 , 215 n. 4, 220 n. 16, 229 n. 13, 231 n. 30

Christian Science, 185 -87

Clairvoyance. See Mediums and mediumship; Telegraphy, mental

Clarke, John, 207 n. 4

Clemens, Jane Lampton, 27

Clemens, John Marshall, 15

Clemens, Olivia Susan (Susy), 185

Clemens, Orion, 17 , 21

Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. See Twain, Mark

Clément, Catherine, 229 n. 13

Commodification:

corrosive effect of on theater, 141 , 143 , 156 ;

fetishization, 146 , 156 , 160 , 226 n. 15;

neutralization of subversion in humor, 141 -43, 149 , 155 , 163 , 169 ;

and obliteration of meaning, 10 , 143 , 160 -61;

and representation, 19 -20, 169 ;

and theatricality, 143 , 156 , 161 .

See also Fetishization; Market

Contrast, The , 30

Copjec, Joan, 220 n. 16

Coquelin, Constant Benoit, 77 , 85 , 94

Cox, James M., 1 , 4 , 62 , 64 , 162 , 180

Crabtree, Lotta, 41

Crary, Jonathan, 222 n. 28

Creativity:

and gender, 120 , 127 , 139 , 224 n. 38;

as material process, 124 -25;

and the unconscious, 124 , 127 , 180

Crockett, Davy, 31 , 41

Crown Diamonds, The , 40

Cultural divisions, 3 , 24 , 54 , 73 ;

and class tensions, 15 -16, 31 , 35 , 57 ;

containment of, 5 -6, 57 -58, 65 , 73 , 206 n. 4;

between (and over) entertainments, 5 -6, 11 , 14 -18, 28 -30, 56 -57, 60 -61, 63 -65;

and bohemianism, 24 , 26 , 32 , 41 ;

highbrow and lowbrow, 5 -6, 11 , 14 -18, 21 , 26 , 28 -30, 53 , 69 , 147 -48;

local and mass, 5 , 37 -39;

masculine and feminine, 35 , 39 , 41 , 48 , 68 , 139 , 176 ;

over masculinities, 24 -25, 31 ;

in the theater, 5 -6.

See also Bohemia; Burlesque; Carnival; Deadpan style;\ Masculinity; Mediation of sociocultural conflict; Middle classes; Race; Racism; Taste, hierarchies of;\ Theater; Working classes

Cummings, Sherwood, 229 n. 18

D

Darnton, Robert, 230 n. 20

Darwin, Charles, 78 , 88 -89, 97 , 105 -6, 108 , 114 , 174

Davis, Susan G., 197 n. 37

Deadpan style, 55 -73;

as mediator of social and cultural conflict, 6 , 56 -58, 61 , 63 -64;

and stage Yankee, 59 , 63 ;

transformation of, 6 , 56 -57

Debord, Guy, 156

Denning, Michael, 208 n. 6

De Quille, Dan (William Wright), 122 -23, 125 , 127 -28, 139 , 187 -88

DeVoto, Bernard, 1 , 202 n. 43

Diamond, Elin, 220 n. 16

Dickens, Charles, 74

Diderot, Denis, 77 -78, 85

Dizikes, John, 34

Doesticks, Q. K. Philander (Mortimer N. Thomson), 140

Dombey and Son , 61

Don Cesar de Bazan , 30

Doten, Alf, 34

Douglas, Ann, 37 , 223 n. 35, 226 n. 21

E

East Lynne , 36

Eddy, Mary Baker, 185 -87, 231 n. 26

Evasion, 143 , 227 n. 22;

spectacle of exposure as, 156 , 166 -68

Expression, 8 ;

by analogy, 82 , 84 -86, 93 , 95 ;

bodily signs or mechanisms of, 88 , 91 , 96 -98, 117 , 174 -75, 178 ;

emotional, theories of, 75 , 77 -78, 84 -85, 88 -89, 97 , 106 ;

facial, 110 -11;

and femininity, 50 -51, 114 , 133 , 174 -75;

generation of, 88 -89, 214 n. 24, 224 n. 25;

through gesture, 105 -10;

mediumless, 183 , 190 ;

mistaken, 93 ;

self-exposure or psychological revelation, 55 -57, 60 , 67 -68, 72 ;

unconscious automatism or involun-

tary reflex and, 79 , 80 -84, 88 , 91 , 96 -98, 105 -6, 117 , 120 -21, 132 , 174 -75.

See also Body; Gesture; Representation

Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The , 78 , 88 , 89 , 97 , 105 -6, 108 , 114

F

Fatout, Paul, 65

Femininity:

and creation, literary, 118 , 139 ;

and creative body, 99 , 190 ;

culture, "feminization" of, 26 ;

and domesticity, middle-class, 35 ;

and emotion, 36 , 49 -50;

and expression, 50 -51, 114 , 133 , 174 -75;

masculinity, combined with, 176 ;

and masculinity, definition of, 48 -49;

and mass culture, 36 -37;

and mediumship, 8 , 120 , 133 -34, 138 -40, 188 -89;

norms and their violation, 52 -53;

and passivity, 8 , 99 , 120 , 128 , 133 ;

and performance, 49 -53;

and privacy, 110 , 133 -34, 177 -78;

and realism, 128 ;

and secrecy, 177 -78;

and self-exposure (unwitting), 110 -12;

and sincerity, 3 , 49 , 110 , 133 , 177

Fetishization:

of commodities, 156 , 159 -60, 168 ;

of "effects," 156 , 159 , 161 -62, 168 ;

and referents, obliteration of, 141 , 160 -61;

of signs, 156 , 161 -62, 226 n. 15;

in spectacles, 145 -46.

See also Commodification; Spectacle

Finger Prints , 102

Fisher, Philip, 141

Fishkin, Shelley Fisher, 204 n. 57

Forrest, Edwin, 29 -30, 39 , 41 , 75 , 152 , 212 n. 4

Foster, Hal, 226 n. 15

Foucault, Michel, 215 n. 4

Franks, Fred, 59

Fried, Michael, 62

G

Galton, Francis, 102 , 115

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 45

Geertz, Clifford, 20

Gerber, John C., 1

Gesture:

expression through, 107 -9;

as indexical sign, 105 ;

language of, 107 -8, 112 ;

and reflex or habit, 105 -6;

revelation of identity by, 104 -5;

writing as, 115 , 117 .

See also Body; Expression

Gibson, William M., 230 n. 19, 231 n. 30

Gilbert, Sandra M., 138 -39

Gillman, Susan, 4 , 90 , 102 , 126 , 187

Gladiator, The , 29

Goldstein, Jan, 221 n. 20

Goodman, Joe, 50 -51

Gribben, Alan, 8

Grimsted, David, 227 n. 5

Gubar, Susan, 138 -39

Gurney, Edmund, 185

H

Habegger, Alfred, 134

Habermas, Jürgen, 228 n. 12

Hall, Stuart, 206 n. 4; 207 n. 5

Halm, Friedrich, 39 , 201 n. 41

Halttunen, Karen, 89 , 208 n. 7; 209 n. 15

Hannibal Journal , 15 , 17 , 21

Harper's Monthly , 77

Harper's Weekly , 77

Harry Hill's Saloon, 33

Harte, Bret, 46 -47, 201 n. 43

Hartford Courant , 55

"Heathen Chinee." See "Plain Language from Truthful James"

Heenan, John C. (Benicia Boy), 49

Henry V (king of England), 144 -45

Higham, John, 197 n. 3

Hodge, Francis, 226 n. 18

Holland, Josiah G., 63 -64

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 125 , 127

Horkheimer, Max, 141 -42

Horwitz, Howard, 215 n. 3

Howells, William Dean, 2 , 10 , 41 , 68 , 71 , 114 , 134 , 148 , 150 , 170 ;

Colonel Sellers as a Scientist , 129 ;

reviews Colonel Sellers , 69 , 76 -78

Huggins, Nathan, 43

Hutton, Laurence, 61 , 67

Huyssen, Andreas, 201 n. 37

Hysteria, 126 , 178 ;

of male writers, 128 , 221 n. 20;

and realism, 220 n. 16.

See also Physiology, mental

I

Identification:

across gender, race, class, species, 6 -8, 81 , 94 ;

actors with roles, 61 , 67 -68, 70 -71, 74 -79, 90 ;

and lecturing, 74 ;

limits of, 80 , 94 ;

or mimicry, in acting, 77 -84;

self-deception in, 79 -80, 87 -88;

and unconscious expression, 84 , 91 .

See also Acting, theories of

Identity:

bodily revelation of, 81 -83, 100 -102, 104 -5, 109 -10;

as commodity, 159 -60;

exposure (unconscious) of, 91 , 100 -101, 109 -10;

and gender, 110 ;

uncertainties of, 92 -93, 95 , 152 .

See also Body; Self, conceptions of

Imperialism, 145 -46

Ingersoll, Robert, 116

Ingomar the Barbarian , 39

Irving, Sir Henry, 10 , 77 -78, 213 n. 12

Irving, Washington, 55

J

James, Henry, 77 , 134

James, William, 106 , 214 n. 24

Jameson, Fredric, 226 n. 15

Jameson, Leander Starr, 145

Janet, Pierre, 187 , 231 n. 30

Jefferson, Joseph, III, 6 , 55 , 66 -69, 73 , 75 -76

Joan of Arc, 172 , 174

K

Keeler, Ralph, 41

Kett, Joseph, 89 , 209 n. 15, 230 n. 21

Krauss, Rosalind, 215 n. 6

L

Laurie, Bruce, 199 n. 20

Lavater, Johann Caspar, 104

Laycock, Thomas, 125 , 184

Lears, Jackson, 174

Lectures to Young Men , 28

Lecturing, 14 , 55 , 63 -66, 74 , 115 -16

Levine, Lawrence W., 5 , 17 , 202 n. 43, 206 n. 3

Lind, Jenny, 13

Longman's Magazine , 77

Lord Dundreary , 56 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 76

Lott, Eric, 43

Lovell, Terry, 139

Lukács, Georg, 156 , 160

M

Macdonald, Dwight, 1 , 150

Macready, William Charles, 29 , 88

Magnetism, animal. See Mesmerism

Mardi Gras, 143 -44;

degeneration of, 146 -47.

See also Carnival

Market:

dissimulation in, 134 , 142 ;

effect on signification, 155 , 162 , 169 ;

exchange value, fluidity of, 158 -59;

and humor, 142 , 163 -64;

marketplace joking, 163 -64;

and theater, 141 -42, 161 , 225 n. 12;

and theatricality, 35 -36, 143 .

See also Commodification; Fetishization

Marsh, George, 61

Martin, Jay, 223 n. 31

Masculinity:

bachelor subculture, 23 -25, 27 , 29 -30, 34 , 38 , 59 ;

and burlesque, 41 ;

contesting forms of, 18 -19, 24 -25, 29 -32, 50 ;

and creativity, 128 , 139 , 188 , 224 n. 38;

"crisis" of, 25 -26, 140 ;

and dissimulation in public, 110 -12, 134 ;

femininity, combined with, 176 ;

homosociality, 32 -33, 39 , 52 -53;

and the marketplace, 20 ;

and mediumship, 8 , 127 -28, 134 , 138 , 140 ;

middle-class versions, 18 , 25 -26;

and performance, 5 , 23 -25;

and sexuality, 19 -20;

and status rituals, 5 , 20 , 24 , 28 , 34 -35, 57 , 60 ;

and whiteness, 5 ;

working-class styles, 3 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 35

Masks or Faces? A Study in the Psychology of Acting , 77 -80, 85 , 88 , 96

Mass culture:

audiences, 164 -66, 226 n. 21;

as feminine, 36 -37;

and sentimentalism, 40 ;

and subcultures, 37 -38;

theatricalized, 141 -42;

and theme of cultural decay, 10 , 146 , 149

Massett, Stephen, 59

Materialization. See Mediums and mediumship; Representation

Matthews, Brander, 70 , 71

Mayo, Frank, 41

Mazeppa ; or, the Wild Horse of Tartary , 49 , 51 , 53

McArthur, Benjamin, 213 n. 13

McConachie, Bruce A., 207 n. 4

McCullough, John, 41

Mechanism in Thought and Morals , 125 , 230 n. 23

Mediation of sociocultural conflict, 206 n. 4;

in Colonel Sellers , 71 ;

in deadpan style, 6 , 56 -58, 61 , 63 -65;

in "Historical Exhibition—A No. 1 Ruse," 12 , 18 , 20 ;

in Huckleberry Finn , 72 -73;

in Joan of Arc and transvestism, 10 , 176 -77;

in The Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts , 171 , 190 -91;

in performance, 5 -6, 54 ;

in Twain's lecturing, 64 ;

in Twain's writings generally, 20 -22, 24 , 26 , 54 .

See also Cultural divisions

Mediums and mediumship, 7 , 119 -40, 144 , 175 , 189 ;

and automatism, 124 -25, 134 , 175 ;

expressing the divine, 175 , 178 -79;

and gender, 8 , 120 , 127 -28, 133 -34, 138 -40, 188 -89;

materialist explanation, 185 ;

materialization, 124 , 129 -30;

and performance, 119 -20, 138 , 173 , 181 ;

physical, 119 -21, 131 -32;

psychological explanation, 187 , 231 n. 30;

public performance, as legitimation of, 132 -35, 171 , 175 -77;

and representation, 120 , 134 , 179 -80;

and telephone and phonograph, 130 -31, 137 ;

and writing, 120 , 133 -40, 179 -80, 187 .

See also Telegraphy, mental

Meisel, Martin, 9

Melodrama, 108 , 176 , 179 ;

as clarity of meaning, 172 -73;

as spectacularization of virtue, 171 -73

Menken, Adah Isaacs, 49 -53, 228 n. 8

Mesmer, Franz, 121

Mesmerism, 119 , 122 , 183 -86, 230 n. 20

Michaels, Walter Benn, 162 , 214 n. 25

Middle classes:

antitheatricality, 29 ;

anxiety about unleashed masculinity, 28 -29, 58 -59;

and bohemia, 24 , 32 -34, 41 -42, 53 -54;

masculinity, 18 , 25 -26;

and middle-class versions of self, 58 , 61 , 89 , 209 n. 15;

outsiders, images of, 31 , 57 ;

spectatorship, 30 ;

values and consolidation of self-consciousness, 25 , 73 .

See also Theater, middle-class

Milner, Henry M., 49

Mimicry, 43 , 47 , 74 , 181 , 203 n. 51;

or identification in acting, 77 -84.

See also Acting, theories of; Identification

Mind, 171 , 185 -86;

and body, 10 , 182 , 184 , 186 ;

as machine, 182 , 184 .

See also Monism

Minstrelsy, 37 , 42 -46;

and AfricanAmerican "signifying," 43 , 45 -46;

and cakewalks, 43 , 203 n. 49;

Chinese caricature in, 46 ;

complexities of, 42 ;

degeneration of, 149 ;

middle-class sensibilities, affront to, 44 ;

and mimicry, 203 n. 51;

variety of white responses to, 43 -44;

and white male identity, 48 ;

and working-class burlesque, 44 .

See also Race; Racism

Modleski, Tania, 201 n. 37

Monism, 10 , 182 , 186 , 189 -91;

as mediation of oppositions in performance, 171 , 190 -91.

See also Mind

Moody, Richard, 59

Moore, R. Lawrence, 230 n. 22

Morrison, Toni, 205 n. 65

Myers, F. W. H., 185

N

Nation , 68

Newell, Robert H. (Orpheus C. Kerr), 49

New York Educational Alliance, Children's Theatre of, 148

New York Times , 70

Nineteenth Century , 77

Northall, William K., 28 -29

North American Review , 77

O

O'Neil, Billy, 59 , 60

Opera, 36

Orvell, Miles, 214 n. 1

Ostendorf, Berndt, 43

Othello , 29

Our American Cousin , 69

Owens, John E., 56 , 69

P

Paradox of Acting, The , 77 -78, 85

Peirce, Charles S., 99

Peiss, Kathy, 198 n. 10

People's Lawyer, The , 69

Performance, 1 -4;

and femininity, 49 -53;

legitimated by private sphere, 133 -35, 177 , 228 n. 12;

masculinity (white), as means to define, 5 , 23 -25, 35 ;

of mesmerists and mediums, 119 -20, 138 ;

nontheatrical, 173 , 175 ;

and politics and power, 141 -42, 155 -57;

popular traditions of, 4 , 23 , 28 , 42 ;

in public, 141 , 171 ;

realism and theatricality in, 1 -3, 11 , 23 ;

relation to culture and society, 3 -4, 171 ;

status rituals of, 20 , 28 , 34 -35, 57 , 60 ;

as transaction, 157 .

See also Acting, theories of; Minstrelsy; Representation; Theater; Writing

Perry, Agnes, 41

Phantasms of the Living , 185

Phrenology, 100 , 104 , 184 ;

and legibility of strangers, 216 n. 7

Physics:

correlation of forces, 123 -24, 129 ;

electricity, 124 ;

thermodynamics, 123 , 129

Physiognomy, 104

Physiology:

and emotional expression, 88 , 97 -98, 106 ;

and perception and representation, 222 n. 28.

See also Physiology, mental

Physiology, mental:

and hysteria, 126 ;

materialist science, 121 , 124 -26;

and mediumship, 121 , 124 -25, 185 ;

somnambulism and dreaming, 182 ;

and spirit, 184 ;

and theories of acting, 7 , 78 , 85 , 96 , 213 n. 15;

unconscious cerebration, 125 -28, 184 -85.

See also Automatism; Telegraphy, mental

"Plain Language from Truthful James," 46 -47

Poe, Edgar Allan, 107

Poovey, Mary, 223 n. 32

Pope, Charles, 41

Power:

disguised as mediumship, 158 , 189 ;

as effect of theater, 142 , 151 ;

and misrepresentation, 9 , 141 , 156 -57;

and performance, 141 -42, 155 -57;

spectacles of, 142 , 144 -45, 150 -51, 158 , 166 , 173 -74;

theatrical legitimation of, 173 -74

Pride, Sam, 37

Privacy. See Femininity: and privacy; Theatricality: and public-private opposition

Psychophysiology. See Physiology, mental

Public realm, 228 n. 12:

and masculinity, 110 -12, 134 ;

performance in, 133 , 141 , 171 , 175 -76;

publicprivate opposition, 142 -43, 155 ;

Public realm (continued )

sincerity in, 10 , 177 .

See also Symbols, public

Q

Quimby, Phineas Parkhurst, 186

R

Race:

and conceptions of self, 89 -93;

Twain's use of, 26 , 43 -48;

uncertainties of racial identity, 92 -93, 95 ;

white constructions of, 205 n. 65;

and white masculinity, 25

Racism, 43 -48, 203 n. 50

Raymond, John T., 6 , 56 , 69 -71, 76 -78, 212 nn. 8, 9

Realism, 214 n. 1:

and acting, 75 -76, 86 ;

and class and taste, 14 , 15 , 18 , 21 ;

and cultural authority, 148 -49;

and expression of experience, 86 ;

and gender, 128 , 140 ;

and hysteria, 220 n. 16;

and indexical signs, 115 , 118 ;

and mediumship, 136 -38, 179 -80;

and performance, 1 -3, 12 , 74 -75, 95 , 97 ;

technologies of, 130 -31;

and theatricality, 1 -3, 11 , 23 ;

and unconscious cerebration, 127 .

See also Expression; Representation

Redpath, James, 63 , 65

Representation:

actor's capacities for, 75 -80, 83 , 88 -89;

through analogous emotional expression, 82 , 84 -86, 93 , 95 ;

and the body, 96 -97, 104 , 178 ;

culture and society, relation to, 3 , 14 , 191 ;

and femininity, 99 ;

indexical signs and physical transmission, 8 , 96 -104, 106 , 108 , 114 -15, 121 -24, 128 -33, 178 -79, 182 -83, 188 , 222 n. 27;

as legitimation of authority, 155 -57, 173 -74;

materialization, 124 , 130 , 179 ;

mediumless, 183 , 185 -86, 188 , 190 ;

mediums of, 119 -21, 129 , 134 ;

of other classes, genders, and races, 6 -8, 75 ;

in performance, 1 -2, 9 ;

power and misrepresentation, 9 , 141 , 156 -57;

"realizations" of ideas, 76 -79, 124 , 179 , 190 ;

and social order, 150 -51, 154 -55;

technologies of, 130 -31;

translation of ideas into words, 122 -24, 127 , 179 , 183 , 219 n. 10;

uncertainties of, 95 , 99 -100, 141 .

See also Expression; Realism

R. G. Marsh's Juvenile Comedians, 61

Rhoades, Charley, 37

Rhodes, Cecil, 145

Rice, Clement T. (the Unreliable), 32 , 60

Rice, Dan, 17 -18

Rip Van Winkle , 55 , 67 -69, 73 , 76

Roach, Joseph R., 213 n. 15, 214 n. 20

Robinson, Forrest G., 4 , 199 n. 17, 227 n. 22

Roediger, David R., 43

Rogers, Franklin, 4 , 201 n. 43

Rogin, Michael, 43 , 102 , 145

Role-playing:

self-deception in, 80 , 87 ;

by Twain's characters, 79 -88, 192

Rosenzweig, Roy, 198 n. 12

Rourke, Constance, 1 , 59 , 63 , 202 n. 43

Royle, Nicholas, 130

Ryan, Mary P., 35 , 198 n. 10

S

San Francisco Alta California , 33

San Francisco Californian , 42

San Francisco Dramatic Chronicle , 8 , 42

San Francisco Golden Era , 42

San Francisco Minstrels, 46 , 59

San Francisco Morning Call , 8 , 42

Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures , 185 -86

Scott, Sir Walter, 147

Scribner's Monthly , 63

Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 201 n. 42

Sekula, Allan, 216 n. 7

Self, conceptions of, 7 -8;

and autosuggestion, 86 -89, 91 -92;

fragmented, 86 , 184 -85;

history of middle-class versions, 58 , 61 , 89 , 209 n. 15;

and identification, 80 ;

and masculinities (class-associated), 31 ;

multiple levels of consciousness, 85 -86, 93 ;

psychic economy, 128 , 186 -89;

and race, 89 -93;

stable and malleable, 86 -90, 92 -93;

and theories of acting, 7 , 75 -80, 83 , 89 ;

and the unconscious, 7 ;

unified and continuous vs. caricature in deadpan style, 57 , 58 , 61 , 65 -66

Seltzer, Mark, 215 n. 1, 222 n. 27, 224 n. 38

Setchell, Dan, 59 , 61

Sewell, David R., 102

Shakespeare, William, 147 ;

burlesque of, 17 -18;

Julius Caesar , 30

Showalter, Elaine, 26 , 139

Shulman, Robert, 225 n. 14

Sloane, David E. E., 201 n. 43

Smith, Henry Nash, 1 , 225 n. 11

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 27 , 31

Society for Psychical Research, 126 , 185 , 187

Solon Shingle , 56 , 69

Songs in Many Keys , 125

Sothern, E. A., 6 , 56 , 66 -67, 69 , 73 , 76

Spectacle:

as commodity, 161 ;

exposure as, 156 , 166 -68;

fetishism in, 145 -46, 161 ;

as legitimation of power, 173 -74;

as show or symbol, 10 , 143 -45, 174 ;

of power and authority, 142 , 144 -45, 150 -51, 158 , 166 , 173 -74;

and social order, 150 -51, 158 .

See also Power; Symbols, public

Spectatorship:

class differences in, 15 , 30 -31;

and male voyeurism, 32 , 52 ;

reception, conventions of, 57 , 207 n. 6;

and unconscious learning, 148 ;

unruly and disciplined ("mass") audiences, 164 -66, 226 n. 21

Spiritualism. See Mediums and mediumship

Stallybrass, Peter, 53

Suggestion:

and healing, 186 -89;

and mediumship, 187 , 231 n. 30;

and the sell 88 -89, 91 -92

Sundquist, Eric J., 203 n. 49

Susman, Warren I., 89 , 209 n. 15

Symbols, public, 141 -45, 150 -51;

atrophy of, 142 , 147 , 149 , 154 , 158 , 168 ;

resecuring of, 173 -74.

See also Spectacle

T

Talma, François Joseph, 77 -78, 84 -85

Taste, hierarchies of 5 , 11 , 14 -17, 21 , 26 , 28 -30, 37 , 44 , 60 , 63 , 64 , 69 , 147 -48;

and divisions in theatrical entertainment, 5 , 11 , 14 -18, 29 -30, 56 -57, 60 -61, 63 -64, 202 n. 43, 206 n. 3.

See also Cultural divisions

Taylor, Tom, 36

Telegraphy, mental, 7 , 122 -24, 134 , 186 -88, 219 n. 10;

internalized model, 128 , 186 -89

Telepathy. See Mediums and mediumship; Telegraphy, mental

Theater:

and the market, 141 -42, 161 ;

and the novel, 9 ;

and power, 142 , 144 -45, 150 -51, 155 -58, 173 -74;

and social order, 150 , 155 .

See also Theater, middle-class;

Theater, popular

Theater, middle-class:

comedians, 66 -71;

distinct from minstrelsy and burlesque, 5 , 17 , 56 ;

highbrow, 147 -48;

and interiority, 6 .

See also Taste, hierarchies of

Theater, popular, 24 , 27 , 34 , 56 -57, 152 ;

comedians, 66 -71;

degeneration of, 147 ;

ethnic caricatures in, 42 , 56 , 59 ;

mesmerists and mediums, 119 -20, 129 ;

model artists, 27 -28, 52 ;

monologuists, 42 , 60 ;

music halls (melodeons), 6 , 32 , 56 , 60 ;

saloon entertainment, 6 , 26 -28, 32 -34;

stage Yankees, 56 , 58 -59, 70 , 226 n. 18;

vaudeville, 147 , 149 .

See also Burlesque; Deadpan style; Melodrama; Minstrelsy; Performance

Theatricality:

and "effects," 65 , 159 , 226 n. 16;

of Edwin Forrest, 75 ;

and market/commodification, 135 -36, 143 , 156 , 161 ;

and public-private opposition, 142 -43, 155 ;

and realism, 1 -3, 11 , 23 ;

of Twain, 1 -3, 23 ;

of Twain's characters, 143 , 159 -60, 181 , 189 , 226 n. 16

Thomason, Jerry Wayne, 212 n. 5

Thomson, Mortimer M. See Doesticks, Q. K. Philander

Thought transference, 122 , 185 . See also Telegraphy, mental

Toodles, The , 61 , 70 , 73

Transvestism, 10 , 113 , 171 , 179 ;

metaphor for sociocultural contradictions, 176 -77

Trovatore, Il , 36

Tuckey, John S., 229 n. 18, 231 n. 30

Twain, Mark:

affinity for rowdy masculinity, 41 ;

as "amanuensis," 7 , 94 , 126 , 180 , 221 n. 18;

and bachelor subculture, 23 -24, 27 , 29 , 34 ;

bohemianism, 24 , 32 , 41 -42;

class affiliations, 31 -32;

as cultural critic, 4 , 9 ;

lecturing, 55 , 63 -66, 74 , 116 ;

and minstrelsy, 42 -46, 64 ;

newspaper feuding, 35 ;

as performer, 4 , 23 ;

playwriting, 8 -9, 76 ;

popularity, 55 ;

as realist, 3 , 96 -100;

theater, attitudes toward, 9 ;

theatergoing, 8 , 34 ;

theater reviewing, 8 , 42 , 59 ;

and theatrical burlesque, 210 n. 43;

theatricality, 1 , 23 , 65 ;

as theorist of representation, 4 , 6 , 74 -75, 96 -104, 114 -15, 117 -18;

transvestism and, 180 ;

use of racial performance and "signifying," 43 -48, 204 n. 57

—Works: "About Play-Acting," 147 ;

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , 6 , 17 , 56 , 71 -73, 75 , 78 , 80 -81, 89 , 101 -2, 108 -11, 117 , 131 -33;

The Adventures of Thomas Jefferson Shodgrass , 5 , 30 -31;

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , 9 , 79 -80, 89 , 109 -11, 115 , 117 , 127 ;

Ah Sin , 46 -48;

autobiography, 8 , 67 , 94 , 135 , 223 n. 34;

"A Bloody Massacre near Carson," 38 -39;

Burlesque Hamlet , 163 ;

"Burlesque Il Trovatore ," 36 ;

Cap'n Simon Wheeler, the Amateur Detective: A Light Tragedy , 106 -8;

Christian Science , 185 -87;

"Clairvoyant," 119 -22, 128 , 131 ;

Colonel Sellers , 8 , 56 , 69 -71, 76 -78, 129 , 168 ;

Colonel Sellers as a Scientist , 128 -31;

A Connecticut Yankee in King

Twain, Mark: Works (continued )

Arthur's Court , 7 , 75 , 81 -86, 92 -93, 96 , 135 -38, 142 -43, 149 , 155 -68;

"The Facts," 46 ;

The Gilded Age , 56 , 69 , 129 , 168 ;

"Historical Exhibition—A No. 1 Ruse," 11 -22;

"Inexplicable News from San Jose," 60 ;"

'Ingomar' over the Mountains," 39 ;

The Innocents Abroad , 97 -98;

"Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog," 55 -56, 61 -52, 67 ;

Life on the Mississippi , 32 , 98 -99;

"Mental Telegraphy," 122 -23, 125 , 127 ;

The Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts , 10 , 170 , 180 -91;

Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc , 10 , 94 , 170 -80;

"Petrified Man," 38 ;

The Prince and the Pauper , 9 , 80 , 89 , 104 -5, 142 , 149 -55;

Pudd'nhead Wilson , 7 , 75 , 86 -95, 102 -4, 112 -15;

"Queen Victoria's Jubilee," 143 -46;

Roughing It , 32 , 68 ;

"Sarrozay Letter from 'the Unreliable,'" 59 -60;

"Still Further Concerning That Conundrum," 40 ;

"Three Thousand Years among the Microbes," 219 n. 10;

"Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy," 101 ;

Tom Sawyer, Detective , 105 -6, 109 ;

What Is Man? , 184 , 217 n. 15

Two Men of Sandy Bar , 46

Tyler, Royall, 30

U

Unconscious cerebration, 125 -28, 184 . See also Creativity; Physiology, mental

Unconsciousness:

and creativity, 124 , 127 , 180 ;

and expression, as unconscious automatism or involuntary reflex, 79 , 80 -84, 88 , 91 , 96 -98, 105 -6, 117 , 120 -21, 132 , 174 -75;

unconscious cerebration, 121 -28, 184 .

See also Automatism; Physiology, mental

V

Vernacular, 3 , 24

Victoria (queen of England), 144 -45

Virginia City Territorial Enterprise , 32 , 50

Virginia City Union , 60

Vitalism, 121 , 124 , 129 -130, 184 , 187

Voice:

and the body, 115 -18, 217 n. 28;

and deadpan style, 66 ;

and "life," 116

von Hartmann, Eduard, 88

Voyeurism, 32 , 51 -52, 110 ;

and pursuit of truth, 99 , 111 , 177 -78, 215 n. 4, 229 n. 13

W

Ward, Artemus, 59 , 202 n. 43

Warner, Charles Dudley, 115 , 139

Warner, Maria, 174

Webb, Charles Henry, 40 , 59 , 202 n. 43

White, Allen, 53

Whiteness:

meanings of, 42 , 201 n. 43;

tincertain boundaries of, 92 .

See also Race

Wilentz, Sean, 199 n. 20

Williams, Linda, 215 n. 4, 229 n. 13

Williams, Raymond, 206

Working classes:

audiences, 29 ;

Bowery b'hoy subculture, 29 -30;

and decay of craft system, 27 ;

entertainments, 6 , 16 , 40 , 57 , 61 , 201 n. 43;

masculine cultures, 31 ;

masculine performative style, 3 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 35

Worrell sisters, 41

Wright, William. See De Quille, Dan

Writing:

and acting, 86 , 93 -94;

automatic, 94 , 100 , 125 -27, 133 , 221 n. 18;

and the body, 115 -16, 128 ;

and death (of voice), 115 -16;

and gender, 128 , 133 -35, 138 -40;

as gesture, 115 , 117 , 125 ;

and hysteria, 126 -28;

and identification, 94 ;

as indexical/material process, 100 , 114 -15, 125 , 127 ;

as mediumship, 120 , 133 -40, 180 , 187 ;

and performance, 21 , 35 ;

and psychic economy, 127 -28, 186 -88;

as social act, 20 -22,

and transvestism, 180

Z

Zwarg, Christina, 227 n. 6

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