INDEX
A
Boldface page numbers refer to illustrations following the pages mentioned.
A&P, 126
Abrams, Charles, 51
Aerospace components, 121
health care, 252 , 260 , 261 , 263 -265;
Agriculture, see Farming
Aircraft production, 127 -128, 135
Air Force, U.S., 128
Air transportation, 63 , 115 , 270 ;
Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad, 68
Allentown, Pa., 88
Altadena, Calif., 38
American Association for Labor Legislation, 227 -228
American Bible Society, 162
American Electric, 144
American Federation of Labor, 228
American Hospital Association, 228
American Medical Association, 214 , 228 -229, 250
"American system," interchangeable parts, 66
American Telephone and Telegraph, 126
American Tobacco Company, 97
Anglicans, 160
Appalachia, 90 , 148 , 180 , 271
Asia, immigration from, 182 , 183
Associations (organizations), 192 -194
Astor, Henry, 75
Astor, John Jacob, 78
Atchison, Kan., 20
highways, fig,40
Automobiles, 62 , 86 , 87 , 114 , 115 , 153 , 201 ;
effects of, 117 -118;
job opportunities and, 118 -120, 142 -143, 271 ;
labor in manufacturing, 116 ;
parking spaces, 207 ;
speed limits, 41 ;
in urban environment, 207 , 208 ; see also Traffic
B
Baltimore, 68 , 71 , 72 , 90 , 122 , 127 ;
housing and highway construction, 48 -49;
population growth, 70 ;
row houses, 201 ;
St. Mary's Seminary, 163 ;
Urban Design Concept Team, 48 ;
water supply, 25 ;
zoning, 29
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 95
Bank of America, 126
Barrett, Walter, 77n.
Bassett, Edward M., 30 -31
Bath, Me., 222
Bauer, Catherine, 240
Bay Shore, N.Y., 122
Beecher, Rev. Lyman, 162
Berkshire Hills, 159
Bessemer steel process, 86
Beverly Hills, Calif., 136 , 138
Binghamton, N.Y., 68
Birmingham, Ala., 120
Birth rate: decline of, 158 ;
rural and urban, 158
Black capitalism, 182
Black ghettos, 172 , 173 , 177 -179, 244 ;
slums distinguished from, 181 -182
Black nationalism, 190
Black Protestants, 155 , 160 , 161 , 173 , 178 , 179 , 184 , 190 , 193 , 194
in Baltimore, 48 ;
in Chicago, 32 , 100 , 172 , 173 ;
civil-rights movement, 190 , 196 ;
death rate, 199 ;
discrimination against, 179 , 181 , 190 , 191 , 196 , 268 ;
elite, 178 -179;
Harlem Renaissance, 173 , 179 ;
health care, 198 , 247 , 252 , 258 -261;
housing, 222,234 , 236 , 237 , 239 , 240 , 243 , 244 , 269 ;
in labor force, 172 , 181 -182;
in Los Angeles, 143 , 145 , 146 ;
migration, 172 -173, 180 -182;
organizations, 179 ;
protest groups, 231 ;
segregation, see Segregation
Bloomington, Minn., 122
Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 248 -252, 265
Bohemian immigrants, 167
Borchert, John R., 60n.
Boston, 10 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 90 , 122 , 148 ;
Beacon Hill, 83 ;
Catholics, 165 ;
in 1855, 76
hospitals, 213 ;
industries. 118 ;
interstate highways, fig,45 , 118 ;
land use, court decisions on, 22 -23;
in megalopolis, 123 ;
population growth, 70 ;
Quincy Market, 23 ;
South End, 42 ;
water supply, 25 ;
Bronx, N.Y., 205
Brooklyn, N.Y., 205
Buchanan v. Warley,32
Buffalo, N.Y., 58 , 88 , 89 , 91
Building:
contractors in. 74 ;
inventions in, 66 -67
Burbank, Calif., 144
Bureaucracy, 128 -131, 273 -274;
in medicine, 252 -253
Bureau of Public Roads, 38 , 42
Burrell, Dr. F. A., 82
C
Cable cars, 38
Cairo, Ill., 20
California, 121 ;
health-care plans, 254 -256;
manufacturing belt, 122 , 123 ;
megalopolis, 123 , see also Los Angeles;
migration to, 123 , 134 -136, 180 ;
property taxes, 245 ;
Eoning, 28 -29
California Institute of Technology, 148
Cambridge, Mass., 50
Canada, immigration from, 183
Canal boats, 76
Cape Kennedy, Fla., 51
Capital flow, 169
Capitalism:
black, 182 ;
rewards of, 154
Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), 162
Catholics, 155 -157, 161 -166, 173 , 184 , 186 -194;
church building, 163 -164, 175 ;
conservatism, 187 -188;
English, 162 -164;
fund raising, 163 -164;
German, 159 -160, 162 -166, 175 ;
hospitals, 213 ;
Irish, 157 , 160 -164, 166 , 175 , 186 ;
Liberalization, 175 ;
marriage with Protestants, 192 ;
nationalism, 186 -187;
Papacy and American Church, 187 ;
parochial schools, 165 -166, 175 , 187 , 188 ;
Protestants versus, 161 -163, 191 -192;
in social reform, 175 -176
Catonsville, Md., 122
Central Pacific Railroad, 68 -69
Chandler, Alfred, 112
Charleston, S.C., 113
Chemistry: health and, 215 , 219 ;
industrial, 86
Chester, Pa., 88
Chevrolet cars, 127
Chicago, 58 , 64 , 71 , 72 , 89 , 91 , 100,113 , 122 , 134 -136, 145 , 148 , 167 ;
blacks, 32 . 100 , 172 , 173 ;
cable cars, 38;
Columbian Exposition (1893), 35 ;
Cook County Hospital, 259 ;
downtown district, 110 ;
elevated railways, 38,108 , 109 ;
Fire (1871), 107 -108, 202 -203;
Gold Coast, 111 -112;
health services for poor, 259 , 261 -262;
highways, 107 ;
history (1870-1920), 100 -112;
housing, 100,107 -109, 137 , 201 , 205 , 222;
industrial and transportation structure, 101 -102, fig. 103 , 104 -105;
industrial metropolis, 62 , 87 , 92 , 98 , 100, 100 -
Chicago (cont'd)
112 ;
labor, 110 ;
meat processing, 96 , 104 -105;
in megalopolis, 123 ;
migrants from Appalachia, 180 ;
Mile Square Clinic, 261 ;
parks, 108 ;
railroads, 42 , 100,101 , 104 -107;
sector-and-ring pattern, 101 -102, fig. 103 , fig. 106 , 107 -109;
slums, 108 -109;
stockyards, 104 -105;
suburban community planning, 209 ;
Chicago school of social science, 100
Chicanos, see Mexican-Americans
Child rearing, 194 -195
Children:
discipline and punishment, 194 -195;
health care, 220 -221
China, People's Republic of, 125
Chinese:
exclusion of, 182 ;
zoning against, 28 -29
Christian Science, 229
Christian socialism, 175
Cicero, Ill., Western Electric Works, 100, 106
Cincinnati v. Vester, 23n.
Cities:
goals of, 5 -7, 195 -197, 274 ;
growth of, 57 -59, fig.61 , table 70 , 121 -122;
history: (1820-70), 64 -84, 157 -166, (1870-1920), 85 -112, 166 -179, (1920-), 113 -149, 180 -197,
industrial satellites, 105 ;
interactions, national, and industry, 57 -59;
manufacturing belts, 88 , 90 , 91 , 121 -123;
in metropolitan districts, 88 , 122 ;
migration to, from rural areas, 76 -77, 121 , 156 , 166 -167, 180 ;
population, table 70 ;
public services, 25 -26, 34 -35;
size of, rank order, 71n.,121 -122, 122n;
small, industries in, 88 , 90 , 92 ;
structure of, 57
City Beautiful movement, 35 , 272
City planning: land management and, 18 , 270 ;
metropolitan agencies, 44 ;
zoning and, 36
Civil-rights movement, 190
Civil War, hospitals, 213
Class distinctions, 78 , 79 , 99 , 155 -157;
in health care, 199 -200;
of workers, 76 , 77 , 79 ; see also Middle class
Class war, 81
blacks, 172 ;
housing, 222;
in megalopolis, 123
Clinics, 220 -222, 256 , 261 -262
Columbus, Ohio, 88
Committee on the Cost of Medical Care, 247 -248, 255
Communication, mass, 115
Communism, fear of, 171
Communities, planned, 209 -211
Community Renewal Projects, 244
Competition, open, as goal, 5 -6, 274
Congregationalists, 160
Connecticut, 8 , 43 , 121 , 160
Consolidated Edison, 126
Constitution of the United States, 21 -22;
Fifth Amendment, 21 -22;
Fourteenth Amendment, 21 , 23 n.
Consumer movements, 274
Contractors in business, 73 -74
Cooper, Peter, 75 , 78 , 79n.,83
Copper mining, 159
Cornish immigrants, 159
Corporate society, 130 -133
Corporations, 92 , 94 -95, 114 , 123 -128, 131 -133;
decentralization, 126 -127;
divisional structure, 123 -125;
industrial management, 96 -97, 99 -100;
railroad management, 95 -96;
regulation of, 131 -133;
research and development, 115 , 147 -148;
size of, 125 -126
County roads, 37
Crest toothpaste, 128
Curley, James Michael, 6
D
Daley, Richard, 6
Baylor University Hospital, 249
children, rural and urban, 158 ;
by race and class, 199
of corporations, 126 -127
De Lancey family, 17
Delaware River, 82
Denver, Colo., 87
Department of Commerce, 31
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 265
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 51 , 239 , 244 -245
Department of Transportation, 51
Depression, Great (1929), 35 , 117 , 138 , 224 , 231 ;
FHA program in, 232 -233;
health insurance and, 249 -251;
immigration and, 182 -183
Depressions:
1854-55, 77 ;
1921, agricultural, 180
Des Plaines River, 209
Detroit, 44 , 58 , 91 , 105 , 122 , 130 , 148 , 163 , 167 ;
blacks, 172 ;
in megalopolis, 123 ;
Poles, 32
Diseases:
bacteriology and, 215 ;
contagious, 212 ;
epidemics, 202 -203, 212 , 214 ;
major causes of death, 214 ;
poverty and, 259 ;
preventable, 260
Dispensaries, 213 , 214 , 220 -222
Divorce, 193
Doctors, 215 -216;
black, 259 ;
in Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 249 -250;
in dispensaries and clinics, 213 , 221 -222;
and medical insurance, private, 248 ;
in Medicare and Medicaid, 264 -265;
patient relationships, 252 , 253
Doraville, Ga., 127
Douglas Aircraft, 144
Draft Riots (New York, 1863), 79 -81, 219
Drugs, inspection of, 219
Du Pont industries, 124
E
East Liberty, Pa., 105
East River, 82
East St. Louis, Ill., 148 ;
riot (1917), 173
Education:
classes and religious groups, opinions of, 193 -195;
Jewish interest in, 177 ;
of native Americans and children of immigrants, 170 ;
public schools, 165 -166;
parochial schools, 165 -166, 175 , 187 , 188
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 43
Elderly, see Aged, the
Electricity, public utilities, 25 , 34
Elevated railways, 25 -26, 35 , 38, 76 ,108
Elizabeth, N.J., 88
El Paso, Tex., 88
Emergency Fleet Corporation, 223
Emmitsburg, Md., St. Joseph's Parish School, 165
Employers' liability insurance, 226 -227
Employment: full, 197 , 271 , 273 ;
in metropolitan area, 118 -120
England:
birth rate, 158 ;
Catholics, 162 -164;
immigration restrictions, 183 ;
labor organizations, traditions, 159 ;
land laws, 15 -16;
New England town planning influenced by, 7 -10;
public housing, 223
English immigrants, 76 , 77 , 157 -159, 167 , 169
Erie, Pa., 88
Erie Railroad, 95
Ethnic groups, 156 ;
prejudice against, 171 -172;
Europe:
birth rates, 158 , 167 , 169 ;
capital flow, 169 ;
immigration, see Immigration;
public housing, 27 , 223 , 239 , 246 ;
revolutions of 1848, 81
F
Factories, 98 ;
Chicago, 104 -105;
mechanized production, 62 , 66 , 67 , 86 , 170 ;
small, in New York, 81 -82
Fall River, Mass., 88
Familialism (family loyalty), 190 -193
Family planning, 193 -194
Farming:
depression after 1921, 180 ;
golden age of, 166 ;
immigration and, 157 -158;
land policy and, 18 -20;
New Deal measures, 180 ;
technological change, 60 , 65 , 67 , 69 , 121 ;
tenancy, 19 -20
Farm Loan Act (1916), 224
Federal Aid Highway Act (1956), 43 ;
amended (1962), 45
Federal Aid Roads Act (1916), 37 , 38
Federal highway system, see Interstate highway system
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) loan program, 232 -236, 240 , 249 , 252
Federal land policy, 18 -21;
court interpretations of, 22 -23;
surveys, grid system, 21
Fifth Avenue Association, 29 -30
Fire insurance, 234
First National City Bank, 126
Florida, 166
Flour-milling machinery, 65 -67
Folk planning, New England, 7 -14
Fontana, Calif., 142
Food-processing industry, 96 -97;
technology in, 65 -66
Food products, inspection, 219
Ford Model T, 124
Ford Motor Company, 126 , 135 ;
Los Angeles assembly plant, 134 ;
River Rouge plant, 105
Fortune, 125
Fox, William, Studio, 134
Framingham, Mass., 122
France, birth rate, 158
Fraternal organizations, 159 , 175
Freedom in cities, 113 -115, 119
French Canadians, 183
French immigrants, 77
Full employment, 197 , 271 , 273
Futurama, New York World's Fair (1939), 42
G
Gans, Herbert J., 211
Garbage collection, 25
Garden Grove, Calif., 122
Garfield, Dr. Sidney, 255
Gary, Elbert H., 105
Gary, Ind., 105
Gas:
pipelines, 120 ;
Geddes, Norman Bel, 42
Geddes, Patrick, 60n.
General Electric Company, 97 , 126
General Mills, 132
General Motors Corporation, 124 -126, 274
German-American politicians, 175 -176
German immigrants, 76 , 77 , 157 -160, 167 , 169 , 183 ;
Catholics, 159 -160, 162 -166, 175
German Jews, 176
Germany:
employers' liability insurance, 227 ;
health insurance, 228 ;
industries, mechanization, 170 ;
political prisoners, 183 ;
public housing, 27
Ghettos:
black, see Black ghettos;
Gibbons, James, Cardinal, 175
Golf clubs, 209
Gompers, Samuel, 228
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, 135
Grand Coulee Dam, 255
Great Britain, see England
Great Society, 259 -261, 265 , 275
Greeley, Horace, Tribune,81
Greenbelt, Md., 51
Greenbelt towns, 225
Grid patterns:
Chicago railroads and highways, 105 -107;
town planning, 21
Griscom, John H., 214
Gulf Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 172
H
Hamtramck, Mich., 205
Harrington, Michael, The Other America,155n.
Hartford, Conn., 72
Haussmann, Baron Georges, 108
Hawaii, 255
Health, 198 -200, 211 -222, 230 , 246 -266;
housing related to, 198 -200, 219 , 236 , 246 -247, 260
Health codes, 26
Health insurance, 222 , 225 -229, 247 -256;
Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 248 -252; 265 ;
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, 254 -257, 261 ;
Medicare and Medicaid, 261 , 263 -265;
private (commercial), 247 -248, 251 -253;
San Joaquin Foundation for Medical Care, 254 -255
Health services, 220 -222, 256 -266;
charity and public welfare, 260 ;
clinics, 220 -222, 256 , 261 -262;
dispensaries, 213 , 214 , 220 -222;
Veterans Administration, 260 -261
Henry, Jules, Culture Against Man,155n.
Hepatitis, 259
Highways, 63 ;
county, 37 ;
federal funds used in cities, 38 ;
freight traffic, 117 -118;
interstate, see Interstate highway system;
limited-access, 42 -43;
space requirements, 41 ;
speed limits, 41 ;
state, 37 -38;
turnpikes, 42 -43;
and urban design, 119
Highway Trust Funds, 270
Hill-Burton program, 252 , 258
Holiness church, 185
Hollywood, Fla., 122
Holyoke, Mass., 222
Home Loan Bank Act (1932), 233
Homeowners, protest groups, 231
Home Owners Loan Corporation, 224
Homestead Act (1862), 19
Homestead strike, 99
Hospitals, 216 -217, 252 , 256 ;
blacks and poor in, 258 -259;
Blue Cross and Blue Shield in, 249 -250;
early nineteenth century, 213 ;
government building programs, 252 ;
and medical insurance, private, 248 ;
outpatient departments, 220 -221, 257 ;
in workmen's compensation, 227
Housing, 198 -211, 219 -220, 222 , 222 -225, 230 -246, 269 -270;
Chicago, 100,107 -109, 137 , 201 , 222 ;
court decisions on, 23 -25;
FHA loan system, 232 -236, 240 , 249 , 252 ;
health related to, 198 -200, 219 , 236 , 246 -247, 260 ;
land practices and, 206 -208;
Los Angeles, 134,136 -137, 145 -146;
mortgages and, 224 ;
prefabricated, 222;
public, see Public housing;
reform movements, 219 -220;
single-family, preference for, 136 -137;
social mobility and, 208 ;
standards after 1880, 201 ;
tenement-house regulation, 219
Housing laws:
(1949), 239 ;
(1968), 239
Housing shortage, 224 ;
highway construction and, 48 -51;
World War I, 222 -223
Houston, Tex., 88 , 121 , 126 , 240 ;
Manned Spacecraft Center, 148
HUD, see Department of Housing and Urban Development
Hughes, Bishop John, 166
Huntington Beach, Calif., 138
I
railroads, 68 ;
toll roads (turnpikes), 42
Illinois and Michigan Canal, 101 , 102
Illinois Central Railroad, 20 , 172
Immigration, 76 -77, 157 -158, 167 , table 168 , 169 -171, 176 -177;
children of immigrants, 170 ;
labor and, 76 -77, 110 , 158 -159, 169 -172;
laws restricting, 171 -172, 183 ;
Independence, Mo., 122
Indiana, 158
Indianapolis, 72 ;
zoning, 29
Indians, American, 177
Industrial metropolis, see Metropolis, industrial
Industrial satellite cities, 105
Industries: cities and, 58 -59, 62 -63, 71 -74, 87 -88, 92 ;
corporate management, 96 -97, 99 -100;
diversification, 87 -88;
employees per establishment, 92 , table 93 ;
mechanization, 62 , 66 , 67 , 86 , 170 ;
migration from cities, 118 ;
railroads and, 89 -91;
in small cities, 88 , 90 , 92 ;
technological innovations, 65 -67, 85 -86
Infants:
health care, 219 -221
Insurance:
employers' liability, 226 -227;
fire, 234 ;
health, see Health insurance;
unemployment, 227 ;
workmen's compensation, 226 -227
Interchangeable parts, 66
International Business Machines, 126
International Paper Co. v. United States,23n.
Interstate Commerce Commission, 131
Interstate highway system, 37 -52, 270 , 271 ;
Atlanta, fig. 40 ;
Boston, fig. 45 ;
Chicago, 107 ;
city problems, 44 -50;
creation of, 43 ;
financing, 42 -43;
freight traffic, 117 -118;
Los Angeles, see Los Angeles;
planning, 44 -47;
relocation of displaced people, 49 -50;
turnpikes, 42 -43;
wheel pattern for cities, 39 , fig. 40 , 47 , 102
Inventions:
1870-1920, 85 -86;
institutionalization of, 86 , 115
Irish-American politicians, 175 -176
Irish immigrants, 76 , 77 , 157 -159, 167 , 169 , 182 -184;
Catholics, 157 , 160 -164, 166 , 175 , 186
Irvine, Calif., 146
Israel, 189 -190
Italian-Americans, 186
Italian immigrants, 156 , 167 , 172 , 182 , 183 ;
Catholics, 163 ;
segregation, 32 ;
slums, 181 -182
Italy, political prisoners, 183
J
Jacksonian democracy, 79
Jacobi, Dr. Abraham, 220
Janesville, Wis., 127
Japan, 125
Japanese: exclusion of, 182 ;
interned in World War II, 134
Jazz, 179
Jehovah's Witnesses, 185
Jersey City, N.J., 87
Jews, 155 , 156 , 173 , 184 , 189 -190, 192 -194;
as immigrants, 176 -177;
as political prisoners, 183 ;
in social reform, 176 -177, 179 , 264 ;
zoning against, 32
Job opportunities:
automobiles and, 118 -120, 142 -143, 271 ;
blacks restricted, 181 -182;
for children of immigrants, 170
Joliet, Ill., 122
Judaism, 189 -190
K
Kaiser, Edgar, 255
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, 254 -257, 261
Kansas, 20
Kansas City, 68 , 72 , 89 , 122 ;
Country Club District, 210 , 222
Kennedy administration, 234
Kenrick, Bishop Francis, 166
Kentish tenure of land, 16
Kerner Commission, 145
Kettering, Ohio, 122
Knights of Columbus, 175
Korean war, 125
L
Labor:
blacks in labor force, 172 ; 181 -182;
in Chicago, 110 ;
class distinctions in, 76 , 77 , 79 ;
employees per manufacturing establishment, 92 , table 93 ;
English traditions in, 159 ;
exploitation of, 77 -78, 99 , 177 ;
immigration and, 76 -77, 110 , 158 -159, 169 -172, 183 -184;
Mexican-Americans, 183 -184;
recruitment by contractors, 73 -74, 172 ;
reform movements, 78 -79, 175 ;
transportation and, 119 -120, 142 -143, 271 ;
urban problems and, 230 -231;
working conditions, modern, 129 -130, 272 -273; see also Job opportunities
Labor unions, 62 , 78 , 128 -129, 131 -132, 159 , 171 , 274 ;
health insurance and, 222 , 228 , 251 , 256 , 257 ;
housing programs and, 238 , 240
La Mirada, Calif., 144
Land:
divisions, federal survey system, 21 ;
government as buyer and seller, 270 ;
highways influencing use of, 119 ;
housing related to, 206 -208;
property rights in Constitution, 21 -22;
as social resource, 18 ;
speculation in, 19 -20;
urban, 18 , 25 , 27 , 62 , 119 , 202 , 205 -207, 270
Land allocation: government policy, 18 -21;
in New England towns, 8 -11
Land law, 15 -18;
in cities, 23 -28;
court interpretations, 22 -23;
landlords and, 26 -27;
seventeenth-century, 15 -17
Landlords in slums, 26 -27, 220
Landownership:
in cities, 25 -27;
in colonial period, 16 -17;
Kentish system, 16 ;
law and, 15 -18
Lawrence, Mass., 92
Lead mines, 159
Leeds, Mo., 127
Leo XIII, Pope, 175
Levittown, N.J., 211
Liebow, Elliott, Tally's Corner,155n.
Linden, N.J., General Motors plant, 76
Litton Industries, 126
Livery stable, 76
Livonia, Mich., 122
Llewellyn Park, N.J., 209
Local property tax, 237 , 241 , 245 , 275
Lockheed Aircraft, 144
Lomasney, Martin, 176
London, housing projects, 48
Long Beach, Calif., 134, 135 , 136 , 144 , 147
Long Island, houses, 38
Los Angeles, 38,44 , 64 , 122 , 126 -127, 134,134 -149, 246 ;
air pollution, 144 ;
automobile ownership, 142 -143;
automobile traffic, 38, 134 ,137 -138, fig. 139 , fig. 140 , 141 -142;
bus transportation, 143 -144, 271 ;
Civic Center, 134;
courtyards, housing design, 134, 136 ;
federal funds used, 147 -149;
Freeway, 138 , fig. 139 , fig. 140 , 141 , 146 ;
highways, 107 , 118 , 134,138 , fig. 139 , fig. 140 , 141 , 270 ;
housing, 134,136 -137, 145 -146, 240 ;
industrial areas, 134;
industries moved from city, 118 ;
land use, 144 -146;
manufacturing and service industries, personnel, 132 -133;
Mexican-Americans, 134, 142 , 143 , 145 , 146 ;
Midwestern migration to,
Los Angeles (cont'd )
180 ;
motion-picture industry, 134, 134 , 135 ;
population, 134 ;
regional planning, 147 ;
segregation, 144 -145;
slums, 134;
street railways, 134,137 -138;
zoning, 29
Louisville, Ky., 23 -24
Louisville Lands case, 23 -24
Lynd, Robert S., and Helen M. Lynd, Middletown, 167
M
McCormick, Cyrus H., 102
Manufacturing, 71 -72, 85 -87;
cities, belts of, 88 , 90 , 91 , 121 -123;
employees per establishment, 92 , table 93 ;
Marquand, John P., Point of No Return,155n.
Masons (Freemasons), 159
land allocation, colonial, 8 -9;
public housing, 223 ;
toll roads (turnpikes), 43
Mass communications, 115
Mass media, 153
Means test for health services, 217 , 221
Measles, 259
Mechanization of industry, 62 , 66 , 67 , 86 , 170
Medical care, see Health insurance;
Health services
Medicine:
bureaucracy in, 252 -253;
discoveries in, 215 ;
early nineteenth century, 212;
research programs, 252 -253;
Megalopolis, 63 -64, 123 , 183 ;
Los Angeles as example, 134, 134 -149;
Merritt Parkway, 42
Mesa, Ariz., 122
Metropolis, industrial, 62 , 85 , 98 -100, 121 -122;
Chicago as example, 100, 100 -112;
cities, classification, 87 -88, 121 -122;
1920, list, 87n.;
1970, list, 122n.
Mexican-Americans (Chicanos), 177 , 183 -184;
in labor force, 183 -184;
in Los Angeles, 134,142 , 143 , 145 , 146
Miami, Fla., 122
Middle class:
Catholicism, 187 -189;
health care, 259 ;
hospitals and, 213 , 216 , 217 ;
housing, 108 -109, 205 , 233 , 235 -236, 243 ;
Judaism, 190 ;
in protest groups, 231 ;
religion, 174 , 175 , 184 -185, 188 -190, 194 ;
in suburbs, 185 -186;
traffic reform and, 271 -272;
Midwest:
migration from, 180 ;
settlement of, 158
Military economy, 121
Military-industrial complex, 133
Military supplies, 125 , 127 , 135
Milk, pasteurization, 218 -219
Milk station for children, 220
Mills, C. Wright, 133
barge traffic, 120
Model Cities programs, 257 , 261 -263
Modesto, Calif., zoning, 28 -29
Molly Maguires, 159
Montgomery Ward, 60 , 102 , 127
Mortgages, 224 ; see also Federal Housing Administration
Motion-picture industry, 134, 134 , 135
Mount Clemens, Mich., 222
Mumford, Lewis:
The Culture of Cities,4 , 60 n.;
Technics and Civilization,60n.
Murphy, Charles F., 176
N
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 179
National Association of Manufacturers, 228
National Banking Act (1864), 59
National Catholic Welfare Council, 187
National Council of Churches of Christ in America, 174
Nazarene church, 185
Negroes, see Blacks
Neighborhoods, 153 -157, 192 -193, 195 , 208 , 275 -276;
community planning, 210 -211
Neighbors: religious attitudes toward, 192 ;
visiting, 191
New Deal, 275 ;
farming legislation, 180 ;
public housing projects, 23 , 222,224 , 225 , 233 , 234 , 238 ;
slum clearance, 47
New England:
French Canadians, 183 ;
housing styles, 201 ;
immigrants in, 158 -159;
land allocation, traditional, 8 -11;
land law, 15 ;
railroads, 68 ;
religion, traditional, 8 -10, 12 -13;
town and township planning, 7 -14;
westward movement from, 158
New Orleans, 70 , 72 , 121 , 162 , 164
New York (City), 64 , 71 , 90 , 113 , 122 , 135 , 136 , 145 , 148 , 159 ;
Catholics, 164 ;
Central Park, 108 ;
commerce and industry, history, 71 -75;
dispensaries, 213 ;
Draft Riots (1863), 79 -81, 219 ;
East River Drive, 41n.;
1820-70, 70 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 76 ,81 -83;
elevated railway, 76;
factories, small, 81 -82;
fashionable neighborhoods, 83 ;
garment district, 29 -30;
Grand Central Station, 38, 76 ;
horsecars, 38;
Hospital Insurance Plan, 256 ;
hospitals, 213 ;
housing, 38, 76 ,201 , 205 , 240 ;
immigrants in, 76 -77;
industrial metropolis, 62 , 87 , 92 ;
megalopolis, 123 ;
as port, 82 ;
Puerto Ricans, 184 ;
riots (1834-71), 79 -81;
skyscrapers, 29 -30;
wages in manufacturing, 120 ;
water supply, 25 ;
zoning, 29 -32
hospitals, 256 ;
toll roads (turnpikes), 43
New York City Housing Authority v. Muller,24
New York Regional Plan Association, 44
New York World's Fair (1939), General Motors Futurama, 42
New York Zoning Law (1916), 29 , 31
Norfolk, Va., 164
North Tarrytown, N.Y., 127
Northwest Ordinances (1784-87), 17 , 21 , 22
Norwalk, Conn., 122
Nursing homes, 263 -265
O
Oakland, Calif., 92
Oak Lawn, Ill., 122
Oak Ridge, Tenn., 51
Odd Fellows, 159
Office of Economic Opportunity, 147 , 257 , 261 , 265
Ohio River, 120
Oil: Los Angeles fields, 134, 134 , 135 ;
pipelines, 120
Old age, see Aged, the
Olmsted, Frederick Law, Ir., 223 -225
Orange, Calif., 122
Organizations (associations), 192 -194
Overland Park, Mo., 122
P
Panic of 1837, 77
Paris:
boulevards, 108 ;
Commune (1871), 81
Parks:
Chicago, 108 ;
highway locations and, 46
Parochial schools, 165 -166, 175 , 187 , 188
Pasadena, Calif., 138
Pasteurization of milk, 218 -219
Penn family, 17
Pennsylvania:
land use, 23 ;
mines, 159 ;
westward movement from, 158
Pennsylvania Railroad, 68 , 95
Pennsylvania Turnpike, 42
Peoria, Ill., 90
Pepperell family, 17
Perry, Clarence, 210
Pesthouses, 214
Philadelphia, 68 , 71 , 74 , 82 , 90 , 122 , 159 , 161 ;
Baldwin's locomotive works, 84 ;
blacks, 172 ;
Catholics, 164 ;
Chestnut Street, 83 ;
Fairmount Parkway, 35 ;
hospitals, 213 ;
industrial metropolis, 87 ;
population, 70 ;
public housing, 240 ;
row houses, 201 ;
water supply, 25 -27;
yellow fever epidemic (1793), 25
Phyfe, Duncan, furniture shop, 76
Pietists, 160
Piscataway, N.J., 122
Pittsburgh, 58 , 64 , 68 , 72 , 88 , 91 , 100,105 , 167 , 176 ;
in megalopolis, 123 ;
size, relative, 121 -122, 134 ;
survey (1907-08), 98 -100
Poliomyelitis, 252
Polish-Americans, 186
Polish immigrants, 32 , 167 , 182
Pomeroy, Samuel C., 20
Portland, Me., 72
Portland, Ore., 87
Poverty, 230 -231;
death rate and, 199 ;
health and, 198 , 212 , 213 , 217 , 220 -222, 247 , 252 , 257 -262, 264 -266;
housing and, 202 , 205 , 220 , 236 -244, 269
Pre-Emption Act (1841), 18 -19
Presbyterians, 160
Procter and Gamble, 128
Prohibition, 191
Protestants, 155 -157, 160 -163, 173 , 184 -186, 190 -194;
black, 155 , 160 , 161 , 173 , 178 , 179 , 184 , 190 , 193 , 194 ;
Catholics versus, 161 -163, 191 -192;
English and Irish, 159 ;
evangelical movements, 160 , 185 ;
social gospel, 173 -175, 179 , 184
Protest groups, 231 , 273 -275
Providence, R.I., 72 , 90 , 92
Prudential Life Insurance Company, 126
Public health, see Health
Public Health Service, 247
Public housing, 222,222 -225, 232 -246, 269 -270;
court decisions on, 23 -25;
in Europe, 27 , 223 , 239 , 246 ;
FHA loan system, 232 -236, 240 , 249 , 252 ;
highway building and, 47 -48, 51 ;
Los Angeles, 145 -146;
New Deal projects, 23 , 222,224 , 225 , 233 , 234 , 238 ;
segregation in, 24 , 234 , 237 , 240 ;
World War.I, 51 , 222,222 -225, 239 ;
Public utilities, 25 -26, 34 -35
Public works, private corporations in, 22 -23
Public Works Administration, 23 , 238
Pullman, George, 105
Puritans: folk planning, 8 -10;
land allocation, 8 -9
Q
R
Racial identification, 156
Racial prejudice, 154 , 181 , 183 , 191 , 196 , 258 -259, 268 , 275
Racial segregation, see Segregation
Racine, Wis., 92
Railroads, 34 , 41 -42, 62 , 68 -69, 131 , 158 , 159 , 166 , 169 ;
blighted in cities, 42 ;
in Chicago, 42100 , 101 , 104 -107;
corporate management, 95 -96;
1870-1920, 88 -91;
freight, 120 -121;
labor, 99 ;
land speculation and, 20 ;
modern use, coalition for, 272 ;
rate structure, 90 -91;
refrigerator cars, 96 ;
urban transportation, 144
RAND, 148
Reading, Pa., 72
Real estate sales and zoning, 32 -33
Redondo Beach, Calif., 138
Refrigeration, 65 -66;
railroad cars, 96
Religion, 156 , 159 -166, 184 -194;
Christian beliefs, basic, 192 ;
class distinctions, 185 , 192 -195, see also Middle class;
in New England, early, 8 -10, 12 -13;
segregation and, 32 , 33 ; see also Catholics; Jews; Protestants
Relocation, highway construction and, 49 -50
Rheumatic fever, 259
Rhode Island, 8
Richardson, Tex., 122
Richmond, Va., 88
Rifles, interchangeable parts, 66
Riots:
anti-Catholic, 162 ;
Chicago, against blacks (1919), 100, 173 ;
Draft, New York (1863), 79 -81, 219 ;
East St. Louis, against blacks (1917), 173 ;
Mexican-American, 145 ;
in nineteenth century, 79 -81;
in 1960s, 261 ;
River Rouge, Mich., Ford plant, 105
Riverside, Ill., 209
Roads, see Highways;
Interstate highway system
Rural areas, migration from, to cities, 76 -77, 121 , 156 , 166 -167, 180
Rural Free Delivery, 60
Russell Sage Foundation, 210
Russian immigrants, 167
Russian Jews, 176
S
Sacramento, Calif., 88
St. Joseph, Mo., 97
St. Louis, 44 , 68 , 71 , 82 , 88 , 97 , 121 , 127 , 135 , 163 ;
Market Street development, 35 ;
population, 70
St. Vincent de Paul, Society of, 175
San Antonio, Tex., 121
San Diego, Calif., 123
San Fernando Valley, Calif., 138 , 142 , 143
San Francisco:
Chinese, zoning against, 28 ;
in 1850-51, 76;
Golden Gate Bridge, 42 ;
highway construction opposed, 50 ;
in megalopolis, 123
San Gabriel Valley, Calif., 138
San Joaquin County Foundation for Medical Care, 254 -255
Santa Monica, Calif., 136 , 144
Scandinavian immigrants, 167
Schenectady, N.Y., 91
Science, 115 -116;
in medicine, 215
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, 160
Scottish immigrants, 158 -159
Scranton, Pa., 72
Sears, Roebuck, 60 , 104 , 124 , 126 , 127
Seattle, Wash., 121
Sector-and-ring pattern, 101 -102, fig. 103 , fig. 106 , 107 -109
Segregation, 268 ;
of ethnic groups, 32 , 33 , 111 ;
health and, 258 -259;
in Los Angeles, 144 -145;
in megalopolis, 64 ;
in Pittsburgh survey, 99 ;
in public housing, 24 , 234 , 237 , 240 ;
of religious groups, 32 , 33 ;
sector-and-ring pattern, 101 -102, fig. 103 , fig. 106 , 107 -109;
in suburbs, 18 , 31 -33, 209 , 210 ;
transportation related to, 120 ;
zoning and, 18 , 28 -29, 31 -33
Sellers family, 75
Sergent-Fletcher, 144
Service economy, 121
Seton, Sister Elizabeth, 165
Settlement houses, 174 , 179 , 185 -186
Sewerage systems, 25 -26, 202 -204
Sewing machines, 66
Shattuck, Lemuel, 214
Shelley v. Kraemer,32n.
Siemens-Martin steelmaking, 86
Silver Spring, Md., 122
Sinclair, Upton, 77n.
Slaughterhouses, 75
Slavery, 158
Slum clearance, 47 -48, 238 , 241 , 244
black ghettos distinguished from, 181 -182, see also Black ghettos;
Chicago, 108 -109;
health programs, 219 ;
highway building and, 47 -49;
Italian, 181 -182;
Jewish, 177 ;
Los Angeles, 134;
Mexican-American, 184 ;
New York, 82 -83;
Puerto Rican, 184 ;
transportation and, 120
Smallpox vaccination, 212 , 213 , 219
Smog, 144
Social gospel, 173 -175, 179 , 184
Socialism, Christian, 175
Socialized medicine, 222 , 228
Social reform:
Catholics in, 175 -176;
Protestants in, 173 -175, 179 , 184 -185
Social sciences, 116 -117, 155
Social Security, 263
Social work, 174
Soldiers, protest groups, 231
South:
cities, 72 ;
Southeast, westward movement from, 158
Southern Pacific Company, 126
South Gate, Calif., 127
Southwest, 166
Standard Oil Corporation, 97
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 124 , 126
State governments and land use, 22 -23
State highways, 37 -38
Steam engine, 60
strikes, 99 -100
Stevens family, 75
Straus, Nathan, 220
Streetcars, 34 , 38,108 , 109 , 118
Street cleaning, 25
Street railways, 25 , 34 , 38,62 , 134, 137 -138
steel, 99 -100
Students, protest groups, 231 , 273
Suburbs, 243 ;
community planning, 209 -211;
health services, 199 ;
hospitals, 259 ;
housing, 205 ;
middle class in, 185 -186;
religion
Suburbs (cont'd )
segregation in, 18 , 31 -33, 209 , 210 ;
stores, 119 ;
towns in metropolitan districts, 88 , 122 ;
zoning, racial and class, 18 , 31 -33
Sunday hours of stores, 193
Supreme Court, segregation decisions, 32 , 234
Sweden, 264 ;
birth rate, 158 ;
immigrants from, 77 ;
public housing, 27
Swift, Gustavus, 96 -97
Switzerland, immigrants from, 77
Systems Development Corporation, 148
T
Taxes, local property, 237 , 241 , 245 , 275
in city development, 59 -60, 62 -63;
institutionalization of, 86 , 115 ;
in transportation, 59 -60, 62 -63, 67 -69
Telegraph, 68
Television, 115 , 130 , 153 , 196 , 231
Temperance movement, 174
Tenant farmers, 19 -20
Tennessee, 158
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 246 , 269
Tetanus, 215
Textile industries, 66 , 67 , 158 -159
T-groups, 130
Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Systems, 130
Thompsonville, Conn., 159
Toll roads, 42 -43
Torrence, Calif., 144
Town planning, 209 -211;
grid pattern, 21 ;
in public housing, 224 -225; see also City planning
New England, early planning, 7 -14
Townships: federal surveys, grid system, 21 ;
New England, 8 -14
Traffic, 39 ;
in Los Angeles, see Los Angeles;
shopping areas and, 208 ;
Transportation, 270 -272;
modern systems, 115 , 117 -118, 120 -121;
in production and distribution, 126 -127;
technological change, 59 -60, 62 -63, 67 -69
Transportation, urban, 34 -35, 38 , 118 ;
environmental effect, 200 -202;
Los Angeles, 134 , 137 -138, 143 -144;
planning agencies, 44 -45;
segregation and, 120 ; see also Street railways
Trenton, N.J., 90
freight traffic, 117 -118
Truman, Harry S., 250
Tuberculosis, 214 , 215 , 218 , 259 ;
campaigns against, 219 , 252 ;
Tulsa, Okla., 88
Turnpikes, 42 -43
U
Unemployment insurance, 227
Union Pacific Railroad, 68
Unions, see Labor unions
United Airlines, 126
United Auto Workers, 128
U.S. Housing Corporation, 223 -225
United States Steel Corporation, 58 , 97 , 100 ;
Gary plant, 105
United States v. Certain Lands in the City of Louisville,23 -24
University of California, 148
University of Southern California, 148
Urban culture, 153 -157;
disease of, 154 -155
Urban land, see Land
Urban League, 179
Urban planning, see City planning;
Town planning
Urban renewal, 222,232 , 241 -246, 272 ;
court decisions on, 24 ;
local administration, 37 -38
Urban system, 56 -59
Utica, N.Y., 72
V
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 78
Van Nuys, Calif., 127
Vaux, Calvert L., 209
Venereal disease, 259 ;
clinics, 220 -222
Vernon, Calif., 134
Veterans Administration, 235 , 260 -261
Vietnam war, 125
W
Warren, Mich., 122
Washington, D.C., 122 ;
blacks, 172 ;
housing, 240 ;
in megalopolis, 123 ;
zoning, 29
Water supply, 25 -27, 34 , 200 , 202 -205, 218
Welsh immigrants, 158 -159
Western Electric Company, 100, 106
Westinghouse, George, 99 , 105
West Virginia, 159
Westward movement, 157 , 158 , 166
Wheel pattern, urban highways, 39 , fig. 40 , 47 , 102
Whittier, Calif., 138
Whooping cough, 215
Whyte, William H., Jr., The Organization Man,155n.
Willingboro, N.J., 122
Wilmington, Calif., 134
Women:
child rearing, 194 -195;
Women's liberation, 194
Workmen's compensation insurance, 226 -227
Works Progress Administration, 138
housing, 51 , 222,222 -225, 239
Los Angeles in, 134
Y
Youngstown, Ohio, 88
Z
Zoning, 28 -37;
highways and, 47 ;
laws, 29 -31;
segregation and, 18 , 28 -29, 31 -33;
skyscrapers and, 29 -30;
Zorbaugh, Harvey, 111 -112