1. Dziga Vertov, "We: Variant of a Manifesto," in Kino-Eye: The Writings of Dziga Vertov , ed. Annette Michelson, trans. K. O'Brien (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), 8. (Vertov's essay originally published in 1922.) [BACK]

2. Renato Poggioli, The Theory of the Avant-Garde (New York: Harper & Row, Icon Editions, 1971), 201. [BACK]

3. Germaine Dulac, "The Aesthetics. The Obstacles. Integral Cinegraphie," Framework 19 (1982): 7, 9. (Dulac's essay originally published in 1927.) [BACK]

4. Jean Epstein, quoted in Ian Christie, "French Avant-Garde Film in the Twenties," in Film as Film (London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1979), 38. [BACK]

5. Jean Epstein, "Bonjour Cinéma," Afterimage (London) 10 (1981): 13. (Epstein's essay originally published in 1921.) [BACK]

6. Louis Delluc, quoted in Stuart Liebman, "French Film Theory, 1910-1921," Quarterly Review of Film Studies 4, no. 1 (Winter 1983): 12. [BACK]

7. Germaine Dulac, "The Essence of the Cinema: The Visual Idea," in The Avant-Garde Film: A Reader of Theory and Criticism , ed. P. Adams Sitney (New York: New York University Press, 1978), 39. (Dulac's essay originally published in 1925.) [BACK]

8. Louis Aragon, "Du Décor," qutoed in Liebman, "French Film Theory," 6. (Aragon's essay originally published in 1925.) [BACK]

9. Louis Delluc, quoted in Jacques Brunis, "The Experimental Film in France," in Experiment in Film , ed. Roger Manvell (London: Grey Walls Press, 1949), 70. [BACK]

10. Jonas Mekas, [Interview], Parachute 10 (1978): 24. [BACK]

11. Stan Brakhage, lecture at McGill University, November 1970. [BACK]

12. Ernie Gehr, "Program Notes for a Screening at the Museum of Modern Art," January 1971; revised December 1977, in Sitney, Avant-Garde Film , 247. [BACK]

13. Michael Snow, "An Interview," Form and Structure in Recent Film (Vancouver: Vancouver Art Gallery, 1972), n.p. [BACK]

14. Peter Kubelka, "The Theory of Metrical Film," in Sitney, Avant-Garde Film , 140. [BACK]

15. Slavko Vorkapich, "Motion and the Art of Cinematography," Film Culture 40 (1966): 78. (Vorkapich's essay originally published in 1926.) [BACK]

16. Vertov, "We," Kino-Eye , 8-9. [BACK]

18. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Painting, Photography, Film , trans. Janet Seligman (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), 21. (Originally published in 1925.) [BACK]

19. Gunnar Johansson, "Visual Motion Perception," Scientific American 232, no. 6 (1975): 76. [BACK]

20. Alfred L. Yarbus, Eye Movements and Vision , trans. Basil Haigh (New York: Plenum, 1967), passim. break [BACK]

21. R. L. Gregory, Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing , 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, World University Library, 1973), 92. [BACK]

22. Steven Kovacs, "Man Ray as Filmmaker," Artforum 11 (November 1972): 79. [BACK]

23. Cf. Parker Tyler, "Willard Maas," Film Culture 20 (1959): 53-54: "The film makers learned--with the thrill of discovering new land--that the anatomic parts, thus photographed, held mixed as well as ambiguous identities." [BACK]

24. Guy Davenport, "Two Essays on Brakhage and His Songs," Film Culture 40 (1966): 10. [BACK]

25. James Broughton, "Film as a Way of Seeing," Film Culture 29 (1963): 19. [BACK]

26. George Wald, "Eye and Camera," Scientific American Offprints 46 (1950): 2. All subsequent citations to Wald are to this source. [BACK]

27. Frank S. Werblin, "The Control of Sensitivity in the Retina," Scientific American Offprints 1264 (1973): 11. [BACK]

28. John P. Frisby, Seeing, Illusion, Brain, and Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 132. [BACK]

29. R. M. Boynton, "The Visual System: Environmental Information," in Handbook of Perception , vol. 1, ed. E. C. Carterette and M. P. Friedman (New York: Academic Press, 1974), 290. [BACK]

30. Johansson, "Visual Motion Perception," 76. [BACK]

31. R. L. Gregory, The Intelligent Eye (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970), 24-25. [BACK]

32. David Marr, Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1982), 3. [BACK]

33. Quoted in David Douglas Duncan, "Prismatics: Photo-Data," Prismatics: Exploring a New World (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), n.p. [BACK]

34. Arnold Gesell, Vision: Its Development in Infant and Child (Darien, Conn.: Hafner, 1974), 4. [BACK]