1. Rousseau, Confessions, in Oeuvres complètes, vol. 1, pp. 288, 3, 14. [BACK]

2. The source of the quotations: Rousseau, “Mon portrait,” in Oeuvres complètes, vol. 1, pp. 1120, 1129. For the dates of composition of Rousseau’s works: Gagnebin and Raymond, “Notes et variantes,” and “Chronologie,” in ibid., vol. 1, pp. 1839–44 and cx–cxvii, respectively. [BACK]

3. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, in Oeuvres complètes, vol. 3, p. 219. [BACK]

4. Blaise Pascal, Pensées, in Oeuvres complètes, ed. Jacques Chevalier (Paris: Pléiade, 1954), pt. 1 (“L’Homme sans Dieu”), chap. 2 (“Misère de l’homme”), sec. 4 (“L’Amour-propre”); François de La Rochefoucauld, Maximes, in Oeuvres complètes, ed. L. Martin-Chauffier (Paris: Pléiade, 1950), maxime 563. On “amour de soi”: Émile Littré, Dictionnaire de la langue français, 4 vols. (Paris: Hachette, 1863–72), vol. 1, p. 134. See also Anthony Levi, French Mor-alists: The Theory of the Passions, 1585–1649 (Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon, 1964), pp. 226–27. [BACK]

5. Rousseau, Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques, in Oeuvres complètes, vol. 1, passim, esp. pp. 668–77, and above all pp. 701, 733. [BACK]

6. “J’ai pris en mépris mon siècle et mes contemporains”; Rousseau, “Quatre lettres à Malesherbes,” in Oeuvres complètes, vol. 1, p. 1135. [BACK]

7. The distinction was not invented by Rousseau; he was preceded in employing it by Vauvenargues, who himself acknowledged having had predecessors in employing it. However, Rousseau may have independently reinvented it. Luc de Clapiers de Vauvenargues, Introduction à la connaissance de l’esprit humain, in Oeuvres complètes, ed. Henry Bonnier, 2 vols. (Paris: Hachette, 1968), vol. 1, pp. 227–28 (in section 24, entitled “De l’amour-propre et de l’amour de nous-mêmes”). [BACK]

8. Rousseau, Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques, in Oeuvres complètes, vol. 1, p. 671. [BACK]

9. Lynn Hunt, in The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), chaps. 1, 2, argues that the psychological overthrow of the king began decades before his actual overthrow, just as the present study argues that the psychological replacement of the king (or lord) with the self began decades before his actual replacement with democratic self-government. [BACK]

10. Corbin, Foul and the Fragrant, p. 81. [BACK]

11. John O. Lyons, The Invention of the Self: The Hinge of Consciousness in the Eighteenth Century (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1978), pp. 11–12. [BACK]

12. Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, trans. P. Carus and Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950; first German ed., 1783), p. 8. [BACK]

13. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Norman Kemp Smith (London: Macmillan, 1963; first German ed., 1781), p. 22. Smith’s translation of Anschauung as “intuition” has been changed to “perception.” [BACK]

14. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Briefwechsel, ed. Hans Schulz, 2 vols. (Hildesheim: Olms, 1967; reprint of Leipzig ed., 1930), vol. 1, p. 449. For the citation of this passage and discussion of Fichte’s metaphysics: George Armstrong Kelly, Idealism, Politics, and History: Sources of Hegelian Thought (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1969), pp. 201–8; John E. Toews, Hegelianism (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 35–37. [BACK]

15. The source of Abrams’s quotation: Meyer H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 29. The source of Frye’s quotations: Northrop Frye, “The Drunken Boat: The Revolutionary Element in Romanticism,” in Romanticism Reconsidered, ed. Northrop Frye (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), pp. 5, 16. On “the circuitous journey”: M[eyer] H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature (New York: Norton, 1971), passim. [BACK]

16. Charles Baudelaire, “Salon de 1846,” in Oeuvres complètes, p. 879 (“Qu’est-ce que le romantisme” is the title of section 2 of “Salon de 1846”); idem, “Mon coeur mis à nu,” in Oeuvres complètes, p. 1296; Alfred de Vigny, Le Journal d’un poète, in Oeuvres complètes, ed. F. Baldensperger, 2 vols. (Paris: Pléiade, 1948–50), vol. 2, p. 904; Champfleury [pseud. of Jules-François-Félix Husson], Souvenirs des Funambules (Geneva: Slatkine, 1971; reprint of Paris ed., 1859), p. 73. Goethe had already associated Romanticism with sickness; Eckermann, Gespräche mit Goethe, 2 April 1829. [BACK]

17. Roger Chartier, Dominique Julia, and Marie-Madeleine Compère, L’Éducation en France du XVI^e au XVIII^e siècle (Paris: Société d’Édition d’Enseignement Supérieur, 1976), pp. 143–44. [BACK]

18. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process, trans. Edmund Jephcott, 2 vols. (New York: Pantheon, 1978–82; first published in Basel, 1939), vol. 1, The History of Manners, chap. 2, sec. 6 (“On Blowing One’s Nose”), sec. 7 (“On Spitting”); vol. 2, Power and Civility, pt. 2, sec. 1 (“The Social Constraint toward Self-Constraint”). [BACK]

19. Ibid., vol. 1, History of Manners, chap. 2, sec. 8 (“On Behavior in the Bedroom”); Chartier, Julia, and Compère, L’Éducation en France, p. 144; Jean-Louis Flandrin, Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality in Early Modern France, trans. Richard Southern (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 98–102; Daniel Roche, The People of Paris: An Essay in Popular Culture in the Eighteenth Century, trans. Marie Evans and Gwynne Lewis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 115–20. The translation made by Evans and Lewis of the Mercier passage cited by Roche has been altered slightly, upon consultation of this original: [Louis-Sébastien Mercier], Tableau de Paris, 2 vols. (Hambourg/Neuchâtel: Vichaux/Fauche, 1781), vol. 1, p. 49. [BACK]

20. Mona Ozouf, “L’Image de la ville chez Claude-Nicolas Ledoux,” Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations 21, no. 6 (November–December 1966): 1276–80. [BACK]

22. The source of the quotations: Chamfort, Maximes et pensées, p. 110; Mercier, Tableau de Paris, 1781 ed., vol. 2, p. 25; Benjamin Constant, Adolphe (Paris: Garnier, 1968; first published 1816), chap. 6, p. 92.

On the flourishing of pornography: Jean Marie Goulemot, “Les Pratiques littéraires ou la publicité du privé,” in Histoire de la vie privée, vol. 3, pp. 402–4; Lynn Hunt, “Introduction: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500–1800,” in The Invention of Pornography, ed. Lynn Hunt (New York: Zone Books, 1993), pp. 21–24; Robert Darnton, “Sex for Thought,” New York Review of Books 41, no. 21 (22 December 1994): 65–74. The very word pornographe, the French word from which the English word “pornographer” and all of its relatives derive, was coined in 1769 by Restif de la Bretonne.

On the soaring illegitimate-birth rate: Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 80–83 [BACK]

23. “Ôtez l’amour-propre de l’amour, il en reste trop peu de chose,” is another famous aphorism of Chamfort; Chamfort, Maximes et pensées, p. 110. [BACK]

24. “Amour-propre,” in Trésor de la langue française, vol. 2, p. 853. [BACK]

25. Jules Romain, “Mais qui était-il?” in Napoléon, ed. not credited (Paris: Hachette, 1961), pp. 288, 290. [BACK]

26. Balzac, Illusions perdues, in Comédie humaine, vol. 4, pp. 517 (first quotation), 588 (second quotation), 637 (Ladvocat’s advertising). On Ladvocat: L. Louvet, “Ladvocat,” in Nouvelle biographie générale, vol. 28, cols. 650–52. [BACK]

27. Gautier, Histoire de l’art dramatique, vol. 5, p. 212; Simpson and Weiner, eds., Oxford English Dictionary, vol. 12, p. 759; Robert and Rey, Grand Robert, vol. 7, p. 895. [BACK]

28. Samuel Johnson, “The Idler” no. 40, in “The Idler” and “The Adventurer,” ed. W. J. Bate, J. M. Bullitt, and L. F. Powell (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963), pp. 124–28; “The Idler” no. 40 was first published in the Universal Chronicle, or Weekly Gazette of 20 January 1759. [BACK]

29. See chapter 6 above, p. 232. [BACK]

30. Hatin, Bibliographie historique et critique, pp. lx–lxii, lxxviii, 3–12, 17–19, 76–78. [BACK]

31. The quotation of the third notice is cited in Twiss, Miscellanies, vol. 2, p. 109, where it simply says that this notice was carried in “the newspapers.” The quotations of the first two notices are taken directly from the Times (Lon-don) of the dates indicated. [BACK]

32. See chapter 1 above, p. 28. [BACK]

33. Day, Paganini of Genoa, p. 127, and illustration between pp. 250 and 251; Pulver, Paganini, the Romantic Virtuoso, pp. 127, 206. [BACK]

34. Dezsö Legàny, ed., Franz Liszt: Unbekannte Presse und Briefe aus Wien, 1822–1886 (Vienna: Böhlaus, 1984), illustration between pp. 128 and 129. [BACK]

35. “Liszt’s Recitals,” Times (London), 2 July 1840, p. 6. [BACK]

36. Sand, “Lettres d’un voyageur. VII.,” La Revue des deux mondes, 4th ser., 8, pp. 440–41. [BACK]

37. Belloni was Liszt’s business manager from February 1841 until the end of the pianist’s touring in September 1847; Walker, Franz Liszt, vol. 1, pp. 365, 439. The source of Mendelssohn’s quotation: Felix Mendelssohn, Letters of Felix Mendelssohn to Ignaz and Charlotte Moscheles, trans. and ed. Felix Moscheles (Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1970; reprint of 1st ed., London, 1888), p. 204; on this incident see also Robert Schumann, Music and Musicians, trans. F. R. Ritter, 2 vols. (London: Reeves, [1877]; first German ed., 1854), vol. 1, p. 149. For the Heine quotation, see chapter 4 in this volume, p. 153. [BACK]

38. Gautier makes this explicit when he gives examples of puffs; Gautier, Histoire de l’art dramatique, vol. 5, pp. 212–13. [BACK]

39. Vidocq, À M. le Président, pp. 7–11, where the first prospectus and the compte rendu are both reproduced. [BACK]

40. The letterhead of the Bureau de Renseignements and the heading of the Bureau’s first prospectus are reproduced in Vidocq, Procès de Vidocq, plates between pp. 48 and 49. The posters headed “LIBERTÉ!” and “RÉSURRECTION!” are reproduced in ibid., plates between pp. 72 and 73. On the judges’ scolding of Vidocq for his use of the word breveté: ibid., p. 117. [BACK]

41. Robert-Houdin, Confidences et révélations, p. 313. [BACK]

42. An extract of the challenge was also published in “Mélanges et correspondance,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 4 (June 1836): 147–48. [BACK]

43. “Défi à pion et deux traits,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 8 (October 1836): 292. It is not clear how often Deschapelles advertised this challenge, but he mentioned it again to a German player in a letter of 1844, when he claimed it had stood for “a half-century”; Berlin Schachzeitung 3, no. 7 (July 1848): 268–75. [BACK]

44. Robert-Houdin, Confidences et révélations, pp. 370–71, 393–94. [BACK]

45. On the revival of dueling during the Age of Revolution: J[ohn] G[ideon] Millingen, The History of Duelling, 2 vols. (London: Bentley, 1841), vol. 1, pp. 174, 188–89, 207, 228–69; vol. 2, pp. 84–91; Robert Baldick, The Duel: A History of Duelling (New York: Potter, 1965), pp. 42, 89–93, 96, 116, 134–36, 200; V. G. Kiernan, The Duel in European History: Honour and the Reign of Aristocracy (Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 187–88, 199. Robert A. Nye, in Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 132, agrees that there was a revival of dueling during the Age of Revolution, but cites evidence to the effect that in France, in contrast to the rest of Western Europe, there was even more dueling in the second half of the nineteenth century than in the first half (pp. 135–37, 185). For the social class explanation: ibid., p. 145. For the pervasive militarism explanation: Kiernan, Duel in European History, pp. 194–95. [BACK]

46. Baldick, Duel, pp. 161–62. [BACK]

47. Decremps, Magie blanche dévoilée, vol. 2, Supplément à la magie blanche dévoilée, chap. 4, sec. 7. [BACK]

48. Stendhal, Souvenirs d’égotisme, in Oeuvres intimes, ed. Henri Martineau (Paris: Pléiade, 1955), pp. 1428–29 (first quotation), 1394 (second quotation). On the Age of Egotism: Vier, Comtesse d’Agoult et son temps, vol. 2, p. 53; Outram, Georges Cuvier, p. 184. [BACK]

49. Robert and Rey, Grand Robert, vol. 3, pp. 822 (definitions of égoïsme), 824 (definition of égotisme); Jaucourt, “Égoïsme,” in Encyclopédie, vol. 5, p. 431; Stendhal, Souvenirs d’égotisme, in Oeuvres intimes, p. 1448. [BACK]

50. Letter of Stendhal quoted in Henri Martineau, intro. to Stendhal, Vie de Henry Brulard, ed. Henri Martineau (Paris: Garnier, 1961), p. ii; Rousseau, Confessions, in Oeuvres complètes, vol. 1, pp. 516–17. [BACK]

51. Stendhal, Vie de Napoléon, written from 1817 to 1818, was first published in 1929; idem, Mémoires sur Napoléon, written from 1836 to 1837, was first published in 1876; both are unfinished. See Victor del Litto, pref. to Stendhal, Napoléon, ed. Victor del Litto (Lausanne: Éditions Rencontre, 1961), p. 19. [BACK]

52. The source of Napoleon’s quotation: Gaspard Gourgaud, Journal de Sainte-Hélène, in Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène, par les quatre évangélistes Las Cases, Montholon, Gourgaud, Bertrand, ed. Jean Tulard (Paris: Laffont, 1981), p. 527. On the myth of Napoleon: Tulard, Mythe de Napoléon, chap. 3, “La Création du mythe”; idem, Napoléon, ou Le mythe du sauveur, pt. 4, chap. 10, “La Légende”; idem, ed., Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène, pref. [BACK]

53. Alfred de Musset, La Confession d’un enfant du siècle (Paris: Gallimard, 1973), pp. 20–21. [BACK]

54. Louis-Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, ed. R. W. Phipps, trans. uncredited, 4 vols. (New York: Scribner, 1891), vol. 2, p. 102; Méneval, Mémoires, vol. 1, p. vi; Fain, Mémoires, pref. (the quotation is on pp. xv–xvi). [BACK]

55. Jean Tulard, Bibliographie critique des mémoires sur le Consulat et l’Empire (Paris: Droz, 1971), pref.; Charles Louandre, “Statistique littéraire: De la production intellectuelle en France depuis quinze ans,” La Revue des deux mondes, new ser., 17th year, 20 (1847, tome 4): 434–35; Frédéric Masson, pref. to Roustam [Raza], Souvenirs de Roustam, mamelouck de Napoléon I^er (Paris: Ollendorf, [1911]). [BACK]

56. The source of the quotation of the “literary historian”: Braudy, Frenzy of Renown, p. 379. The source of the quotation of the “French literary critic”: Henri Peyre, What Is Romanticism? trans. Roda Roberts (Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1977), p. 112. The source of the “just as herds” quotation: Louandre, “Statistique littéraire,” Revue des deux mondes, new ser., 17th year, 20, p. 435. [BACK]

57. Richard Twiss, “Anecdotes of Mr. Philidor, Communicated by Himself,” in Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 149–71. [BACK]

58. Carême, “Souvenirs écrits par lui-même,” in Classiques de la table, 1844 ed., pp. 453–64. An essay by the marquis de Cussy in the same book contains quotations from Carême’s manuscript not found in the above fragment; Cussy, “L’Art culinaire,” in Classiques de la table, 1844 ed., pp. 247–88. [BACK]

59. See chapter 3, note 38 in this volume. [BACK]

60. There are at least four extant letters of 1842 from Liszt to d’Agoult discussing plans for the article. For a while Liszt wanted it to appear under the name of his business manager, Belloni. Liszt and d’Agoult, Correspondance, vol. 2, pp. 233, 237, 238; letter of Liszt quoted in Haraszti, “Franz Liszt: Author Despite Himself,” Musical Quarterly 33, no. 4, pp. 498–99. In a letter of 1839 Liszt tells of his intention to have Joseph d’Ortigue, who was responsible for an 1835 biographical sketch of him that was printed in the Gazette musicale de Paris, “remake my biography”; Liszt and d’Agoult, Correspondance, vol. 1, p. 296; Haraszti, “Franz Liszt: Author Despite Himself,” Musical Quarterly 33, no. 4, p. 498. [BACK]

61. Savant, Vie fabuleuse et authentique, p. 299, suggests that the teinturiers of Vidocq’s Mémoires made him appear more of an egomaniac than he really was. However, many of Vidocq’s contemporaries did find him an egomaniac. Guyon, in Biographie des commissaires de police, p. 230, writes of Vidocq that “souvent il a l’air impudent et porte effrontément ses regards sur tous ceux qu’il rencontre, comme s’il avait le signalement du genre humain.” Gisquet, in Mémoires de M. Gisquet, vol. 2, p. 104, writes that Vidocq was “un peu tormenté du besoin de faire parler de lui.” [BACK]

62. Carême, “Souvenirs écrits par lui-même,” in Classiques de la table, 1844 ed., p. 455; Vidocq, Mémoires, pp. 379, 383; Paganini, “Paganini als Knabe und Jüngling,” in Schottky, Paganinis Leben und Treiben, pp. 255–56; Duverger, “Franz Liszt,” in Biographe universel, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 122 (see also p. 154). [BACK]

63. Carême, “Souvenirs écrits par lui-même,” in Classiques de la table, 1844 ed., p. 453. [BACK]

64. Paganini, “Paganini als Knabe und Jüngling,” in Schottky, Paganinis Leben und Treiben, pp. 256–57. [BACK]

65. Vidocq, Mémoires, p. 356. [BACK]

66. Duverger, “Franz Liszt,” in Biographe universel, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 140–41. [BACK]

67. Hillairet, Dictionnaire historique, vol. 1, p. 93 (rue Antoine-Carême); vol. 2, p. 208 (rue Paganini); vol. 2, p. 266 (rue Philidor); vol. 2, p. 353 (rue Robert-Houdin); vol. 2, p. 600 (rue Vaucanson); suppl., p. 62 (place Franz-Liszt). [BACK]