1. Denis Diderot, Le Neveu de Rameau, in Oeuvres, ed. André Billy (Paris: Pléiade, 1951), p. 395. For help with the translation of all passages drawn from this work, the author consulted Denis Diderot, Rameau’s Nephew, trans. Jacques Barzun (Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964). [BACK]

2. Denis Diderot, Correspondance, ed. Georges Roth, 16 vols. (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1958), vol. 3, pp. 115–17, 357; vol. 4, p. 204; Madame de Vandeul [née Marie-Angélique Diderot, daughter of Denis Diderot], “Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la vie et des ouvrages de Diderot,” in Denis Diderot, Mémoires, correspondance et ouvrages inédits de Diderot, 4 vols. (Paris: Paulin, 1830), vol. 1, p. 21. [BACK]

3. George Walker, “The Café de la Régence,” Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country 22, no. 132 (December 1840): 670–71. Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, Lettres persanes, in Oeuvres complètes, ed. Daniel Oster (Paris: Seuil, 1964), p. 80. Voltaire’s correspondence contains many references to his playing chess, mostly at Ferney. Ralph K. Hagedorn, Benjamin Franklin and Chess in Early America: A Review of the Literature (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1958), p. 39. On the crowds who went to see Rousseau at the Café de la Régence: Louis Petit de Bachaumont, Mémoires secrets pour servir à l’histoire de la république des lettres en France depuis 1762 jusqu’à nos jours, 36 vols. (London: Adamson, 1777–89), vol. 5, pp. 133–34, 136; Jacques-Louis Ménétra, Journal of My Life, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, ed. Daniel Roche (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 182–83 n. 228. [BACK]

4. Chevalier de Jaucourt, “Échecs,” in Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts, et des métiers, ed. Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 35 vols. (Stuttgart: Frommann, 1966–67; reprint of 1st ed., 1751–80), vol. 5, pp. 247–48. [BACK]

5. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Die Philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, ed. C. J. Gerhardt, 7 vols. (Hildesheim: Olms, 1960), vol. 3, p. 304. [BACK]

6. [François-]A[ndré] D[anican] Philidor, Analyse du jeu des échecs, new ed. (London: n.p., 1777), unpaginated pref. [BACK]

7. Diderot, Correspondance, vol. 4, p. 205. [BACK]

8. Benjamin Franklin, “The Morals of Chess,” in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Albert H. Smyth, 10 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1905–7), vol. 7, pp. 357–62. [BACK]

9. Jacques Barzun, trans., pref. to Diderot, Rameau’s Nephew, p. 3; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, “Götz von Berlichingen” (1772–1773), in Der Junge Goethe, ed. Hanna Fischer-Lamberg, 6 vols. (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1963–74), vol. 3, p. 211. [BACK]

10. [Sébastien-Roch Nicolas] Chamfort, Maximes et pensées, caractères et anecdotes (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), p. 148. [BACK]

11. Jean-Benjamin de Laborde, “Philidor,” in Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne, 4 vols. (New York: AMS, 1978; reprint of 1st ed., Paris, 1780), vol. 3, pp. 461–62; Richard Twiss, Chess, 2 vols. (London: Robinson, 1787–89), vol. 1, pp. 149–50; Ernst Ludwig Gerber, “Philidor (André Danican),” in Historisch-biographisches Lexicon der Tonkünstler (Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1966; reprint of 1st ed., Leipzig, 1790–92), 2 parts, pt. 2, cols. 126–27; J Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” incorporating the fragment “Biographie de Philidor par son fils aîné,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1 (January 1847): 3; F[rançois]-J[oseph] Fétis, “Philidor (François-André Danican),” in Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, 2d ed., 8 vols. (Paris: Firmin Didot, 1870–75), vol. 7, p. 28; Julian Rushton, “Philidor,” in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 20 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1980), vol. 14, p. 625. [BACK]

12. Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, pp. 4–5; Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 150–51. The chess master’s name is variously spelled Kermur, Kermeur, or Kermuy; his title, Légal, Legall, or Legalle. [BACK]

13. Diderot, Neveu de Rameau, in Oeuvres, pp. 395, 398; David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, The Oxford Companion to Chess (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 181–82; Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 150–51, 165; Diderot, Correspondance, vol. 15, p. 294. [BACK]

14. Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 154–55. [BACK]

15. Ibid., pp. 155, 157, 163. The title of the first edition of Philidor’s book was Analyze des échecs (London: n.p., 1749); most of the many subsequent French editions bear the title Analyse du jeu des échecs, which will be used here in reference to any and all editions in order to avoid confusion. A bibliography of the hundred-plus editions of this book may be found in Charles Michael Carroll, “François-André Danican Philidor: His Life and Dramatic Art” (Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, 1960), pp. 433–41. Philidor himself pointed out many of his innovations in the preface to the first edition of his book, which also contains the famous phrase quoted here. Discussions of the originality of the Analyse may be found in Jean Biou, “La Révolution philidorienne,” in Le Jeu au XVIII^e siècle: Colloque d’Aix-en-Provence (Aix-en-Provence: EDISUD, 1976), pp. 61–68; H. J. R. Murray, A History of Chess (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913), pp. 866–67; Richard Eales, Chess: The History of a Game (New York: Facts on File, 1985), pp. 114–15. [BACK]

16. Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 157–58; Gerber, “Philidor,” Historisch-biographisches Lexicon der Tonkünstler, pt. 2, col. 127; Leonhard Euler and Christian Goldbach, Briefwechsel, 1729–1764, ed. Juskevic and Winter (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1965), pp. 336–37. [BACK]

17. Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, pp. 14, 7 (quotation); Laborde, “Philidor,” in Essai sur la musique, vol. 3, p. 462; Gerber, “Philidor,” Historisch-biographisches Lexicon der Tonkünstler, pt. 2, col. 127; George Allen, The Life of Philidor: Musician and Chess-Player (New York: Da Capo, 1971; reprint of 1st ed., Philadelphia, 1863), p. 21. [BACK]

18. Quoted in Twiss, Chess, vol. 2, pp. 215–16. [BACK]

19. Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 165–66. [BACK]

20. Ibid., p. 165. [BACK]

21. Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 120–26, 154–204, 301; Rushton, “Philidor,” in New Grove Dictionary, vol. 14, p. 628. Donald Jay Grout, in A Short History of Opera (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965), p. 491, says that they were produced in America as well. [BACK]

22. Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, pp. 9, 14; Michel Brenet, Les Concerts en France sous l’ancien régime (New York: Da Capo, 1970; reprint of 1st ed., Paris, 1900), pp. 241, 272, 294; Fétis, “Philidor,” in Biographie universelle des musiciens, vol. 7, p. 31; Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 134–35. [BACK]

23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Les Confessions, in Oeuvres complètes, ed. Bernard Gagnebin and Marcel Raymond, 4 vols. (Paris: Pléiade, 1959–69), vol. 1, pp. 333–34; Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 98–101; Henry Raynor, A Social History of Music, from the Middle Ages to Beethoven (New York: Taplinger, 1978), pp. 234–35. [BACK]

24. Raynor, Social History of Music, p. 236; Grout, Short History of Opera, pp. 254–59; Maurice Cranston, Jean-Jacques: The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1754 (New York: Norton, 1982), pp. 262–88. [BACK]

25. Diderot, Correspondance, vol. 11, p. 38; Charles Burney, quoted in Frances Burney, The Early Diary of Frances Burney, 1768–1778, ed. Annie Raine Ellis, 2 vols. (London: Bell, 1907), vol. 1, p. 123; Mercure de France, January 1766, p. 212, quoted in Brenet, Concerts en France, p. 283; Raynor, Social History of Music, p. 240; Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 116–17, 124; Rushton, “Philidor,” in New Grove Dictionary, vol. 14, p. 629. [BACK]

26. Fétis, “Philidor,” in Biographie universelle des musiciens, vol. 7, p. 30. [BACK]

27. Rousseau, Confessions, in Oeuvres complètes, vol. 1, p. 288. [BACK]

28. Diderot, Neveu de Rameau, in Oeuvres, pp. 397–98. [BACK]

29. Donal O’Gorman, Diderot the Satirist: “Le Neveu de Rameau” and Related Works: An Analysis (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1971), pt. 3, chap. 7, “The Caricature of Jean-Jacques Rousseau,” and pp. 214–15; Arthur M. Wilson, Diderot (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 420. The two philosophes met in the Café de la Régence in 1742; Diderot, Correspondance, vol. 1, p. 27. Diderot later wrote that Rousseau “always beat me at chess”; Denis Diderot, “Salon de 1767,” in Oeuvres complètes, ed. J. Assézat and M. Tourneux, 20 vols. (Paris: Garnier, 1875–77), vol. 11, p. 127. [BACK]

30. Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 160–64; Burney, Early Diary of Frances Burney, vol. 1, p. 123, including footnotes; “Autographes de Philidor,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 4 (April 1847): 172–78; Allen, Life of Philidor, pp. 69–81; Murray, History of Chess, p. 863; Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 230–31, 265–66. [BACK]

31. Brenet, Concerts en France, p. 343 n. 1; Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 231–47; Charles Michael Carroll, “A Classical Setting for a Classical Poem: Philidor’s Carmen Sæculare, ” in Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, ed. Ronald C. Rosbottom (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1977), vol. 6, pp. 97–111; Rushton, “Philidor,” in New Grove Dictionary, vol. 14, pp. 628–29. [BACK]

32. Bachaumont, Mémoires secrets, vol. 15, pp. 16–17, 25–27, 28–30. [BACK]

33. Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 248–64. [BACK]

34. Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, p. 166; [Luc-Vincent] Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, 2 vols. (Paris: Hardouin and Gattey, 1787), vol. 1, pp. 279–80; Robert M. Isherwood, Farce and Fantasy: Popular Entertainment in Eighteenth-Century Paris (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 237. [BACK]

35. The example given is from Biou, “La Révolution philidorienne,” in Jeu au XVIII^e siècle, p. 66. It also appears in Reuben Fine, The World’s Great Chess Games, from Morphy to Fischer and Karpov (New York: McKay, 1976), p. 4. [BACK]

36. Carroll, “Philidor,” passim, e.g., p. 90; Rushton, “Philidor,” in New Grove Dictionary, vol. 14, p. 628; Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, p. 15. [BACK]

37. [André-Ernest-Modeste] Grétry, Mémoires, ou Essais sur la musique, 3 vols. (Paris: Verdiere, 1812), vol. 3, pp. 253–54. [BACK]

38. Ludwig Bachmann, Aus vergangenen Zeiten: Bilder aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte des praktischen Schachspiels, 2 vols. (Berlin: Kagan, [1920–22]), vol. 1, fasc. 5, p. 95; Adrianus Dingeman de Groot, Thought and Choice in Chess, trans. uncredited (The Hague: Mouton, 1978), pp. 361–70. [BACK]

39. The source of the quotation, from an unidentified contemporary newspaper: Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, p. 153. See also Diderot, Correspondance, vol. 15, pp. 293–95; Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 152–54, 167–70; vol. 2, p. 217; Richard Twiss, Miscellanies, 2 vols. (London: Egerton, 1805), vol. 2, pp. 105–8; “Chess,” London Chronicle, 28 May 1787, p. 507; Morning World, 28 May 1787, quoted in Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, p. 167; “Autographes de Philidor,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 4, p. 176; Allen, Life of Philidor, p. 79; Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 266–75. [BACK]

40. “Autographes de Philidor,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 4, p. 176; Charles Tomlinson, ed., The Chess-Player’s Annual for the Year 1856 (London: Hall, Virtue, 1856), p. 160; Allen, Life of Philidor, pp. 76 n, 77 n. [BACK]

41. Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, pp. 164–65; Pierre-Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant, editor of Le Palamède, footnote to Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, p. 15 n. [BACK]

42. Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, pp. 10–11; Allen, Life of Philidor, pp. 58–59. [BACK]

43. Al. Choron and F. Fayolle, “Philidor (André),” in Dictionnaire historique des musiciens, artistes, et amateurs, 2 vols. (Paris: Valade, 1810–11), vol. 2, p. 142. [BACK]

44. Allen, Life of Philidor, pp. 75–77, 53–57; Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, pp. 10–15. [BACK]

45. “Autographes de Philidor,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 4, pp. 174–78. For the translation of the first quotation: Allen, Life of Philidor, p. 81. [BACK]

47. Unpublished letter of Philidor, 10 February 1784, quoted in Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 277–78. [BACK]

48. Walker, “Café de la Régence,” Fraser’s Magazine 22, no. 132, pp. 670–71; Jean Gay, Bibliographie anecdotique du jeu des échecs (Paris: Gay, 1864), p. 124; Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, pp. 8, 12; Twiss, Miscellanies, vol. 2, pp. 110–12; obituary of Philidor in the Times (London), 2 September 1795, p. 3; “Autographes de Philidor,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 4, p. 175; Allen, Life of Philidor, pp. 92–101; Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 283–89. [BACK]

49. Diderot, Correspondance, vol. 10, p. 158; vol. 11, pp. 37–39; vol. 15, pp. 293–95, 312. For help with the translation: Carroll, “Philidor,” pp. 270–71. [BACK]

50. “Chess Match at Mr. Parsloe’s, St. James’s-street,” Sporting Magazine 2, no. 1 (April 1793): 8; “Chess Club at Mr. Parsloe’s, St. James’s street,” Sporting Magazine 3, no. 5 (February 1794): 282. [BACK]

51. Philippe Stamma, Essai sur le jeu des échecs (The Hague: Van Dole, 1741; first published in Paris, 1737), p. 150; Gioachino Greco, Le Jeu des eschets (Paris: Pepingué, 1669), dedication page; Joseph Bertin, The Noble Game of Chess (London: Author, 1735), p. iii. [BACK]

52. There are two principal biographical sketches of Deschapelles: [Pierre-Charles Fournier de] Saint-Amant, “Deschapelles,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 11 (November 1847): 500–515; [George Walker], “Deschapelles, the Chess-King,” Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country 19, no. 111 (March 1839): 310–19. Two others contain some additional information: Anon., “Deschapelles,” in Biographie universelle et portative des contemporains, ed. A[lphonse] Rabbe, Vieilh de Boisjolin, and Sainte-Preuve, 5 vols. (Paris: Editors, 1836), vol. 5, pp. 149–50; Anon., “Deschapelles,” Cahiers de l’échiquier français, no. 21 (1st trimester 1930): 132–42. Unless otherwise noted, all information on Deschapelles in this section, including quotations, derives from the articles by Saint-Amant and Walker. [BACK]

53. [Joseph] M[éry], “Napoléon, amateur d’échecs,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 1 ([15 March] 1836): 12–13; Walker, “Café de la Régence,” Fraser’s Magazine 22, no. 132, pp. 671–73. [BACK]

54. Bachaumont, Mémoires secrets, vol. 22, pp. 305–6; Twiss, Chess, vol. 1, p. 166; [Verdoni, Léger, Carlier, and Bernard], Traité théorique et pratique du jeu des échecs par une société d’amateurs (Paris: Stoupe, 1775). [BACK]

55. [A.-L.-H. Lebreton] Deschapelles, “Supplément au bulletin de la bataille d’Iéna,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 1 ([15 March] 1836): 23–25; letter of Deschapelles published in Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 8 (15 October 1836): 292. [BACK]

56. Walker, “Café de la Régence,” Fraser’s Magazine 22, no. 132, p. 682; George Walker, “The Battles of M’Donnell and de La Bourdonnais,” in Chess and Chess-Players (London: Skeet, 1850), p. 367. [BACK]

57. Anon., “Deschapelles,” Cahiers de l’échiquier français, no. 21, p. 135. [BACK]

58. Editor(s) of Le Palamède, “Défi entre M. Deschapelles et M. Lewis,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 9 (15 November 1836): 318–22. [BACK]

59. Saint-Amant, “Deschapelles,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 11, pp. 500–515; Walker, “Deschapelles, the Chess-King,” Fraser’s Magazine 19, no. 111, pp. 310–19; Joseph Gisquet, Mémoires de M. Gisquet, 3 vols. (Paris: Marchand, 1840), vol. 2, pp. 240–41. [BACK]

60. Frank E. Manuel, The Prophets of Paris: Turgot, Condorcet, Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Comte (New York: Harper, 1965). [BACK]

61. “Club des Panoramas,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 3 ([15 May] 1836): 108; Walker, “Deschapelles, the Chess-King,” Fraser’s Magazine 19, no. 111, pp. 312–13. On the invention of “pawns”: Lardin, “Philidor peint par lui-même,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 1, p. 5 n. 1. [BACK]

62. Saint-Amant, “Deschapelles,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 11, pp. 500–515; Walker, “Deschapelles, the Chess-King,” Fraser’s Magazine 19, no. 111, pp. 310–19; Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 4 (1836): 147–48; no. 5, pp. 186–91; no. 6, pp. 208–16; no. 7, pp. 256–58; no. 8, pp. 292–94. [BACK]

63. “Chronique,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 2, no. 12 (15 November 1842): 233. [BACK]

64. Quoted in William Hartston, The Kings of Chess: A History of Chess Traced through the Lives of Its Greatest Players (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 25. [BACK]

65. There are three principal biographical sketches, and they are quite sketchy, of Labourdonnais: George Walker, “Derniers moments de Labourdonnais,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 1, no. 1 (15 December 1841): 11–14 (trans. of “The Last Moments of Labourdonnais,” which first appeared in Bell’s Life in London and Sporting Chronicle sometime in 1841); [Pierre-Charles Fournier de] Saint-Amant, “Mort de M. de Labourdonnais,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 1, no. 1 (15 December 1841): 15–19; Walker, “Café de la Régence,” Fraser’s Magazine 22, no. 132, pp. 680–82. Three others contain little additional information: [first name unknown] Fayolle, “Labourdonnais (Mahé de),” in Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, 2d ed., ed. Michaud, 45 vols. (Paris: Desplaces, 1843–65), vol. 22, pp. 319–20; O. Koch, “Louis Charles Mahé de la Bourdonnais,” Deutsches Wochenschach und Berliner Schachzeitung 28, no. 1 (7 January 1912): 1–7; Anon., “La Bourdonnais,” Cahiers de l’échiquier français, no. 2 (2d trimester 1925): 35–45. Concerning the question of when Labourdonnais was born, Walker says the inscription on his gravestone reads “mort le 13 décembre 1840, à l’âge de 43 ans,” implying a birth year of 1797, while Saint-Amant says explicitly that he was born in 1795. Unless otherwise noted, all information on Labourdonnais in this section, including quotations of him, derives from the two articles by Walker and the one by Saint-Amant. [BACK]

66. Saint-Amant, “Deschapelles,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 7, no. 11, pp. 504, 509, 510. [BACK]

67. Auguste Mongredien, quoted in G. H. Diggle, “The Labourdonnais-MacDonnell Matches of 1834,” British Chess Magazine 54, no. 7 (July 1934): 281. [BACK]

68. Walker, “Café de la Régence,” pp. 677, 681–82; idem, “Battles of M’Donnell,” in Chess and Chess-Players, p. 372. [BACK]

69. Brad Leithauser, “Computer Chess,” New Yorker 63, no. 3 (9 March 1987): 48. [BACK]

70. Murray, History of Chess, p. 882, including footnotes. [BACK]

71. [Louis-Charles de Labourdonnais], intro. to “Une Partie d’échecs, poème par M. Méry,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 1 ([15 March] 1836): 26; [Pierre-Charles de Saint-Amant], “Labourdonnais et MacDonnell,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 4, no. 6 (June 1844): 265–66; Walker, “Café de la Régence,” Fraser’s Magazine 22, no. 132, p. 681; idem, “Battles of M’Donnell,” in Chess and Chess-Players, pp. 364–84; Diggle, “La Bourdonnais-MacDonnell Matches,” British Chess Magazine 54, no. 7, pp. 277–86. [BACK]

72. Hooper and Whyld, Oxford Companion to Chess, p. 245; B. H. Wood, “Books about Chess,” in The Treasury of Chess Lore, ed. Fred Reinfeld (New York: Dover, 1959), p. 269. [BACK]

73. For three capsule accounts of the history of chess problems: Murray, History of Chess, pp. 870–72; Eales, Chess, pp. 205–7; Hooper and Whyld, Oxford Companion to Chess, pp. 256–59. [BACK]

74. [Joseph] Méry, “Deux parties d’échecs sans voir,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 2, no. 1 (15 March 1837): 5–8; George Walker, “Chess, without the Chess-Board,” Fraser’s Magazine 21, no. 123 (March 1840): 312; Joseph Méry, “Let-tre sur Philidor,” La Régence, 1st ser., 3, no. 5 (May 1851): 129–32. [BACK]

75. For a contemporary engraving of Morphy’s eight-game exhibition: David Lawson, Paul Morphy: The Pride and Sorrow of Chess (New York: McKay, 1976), p. 133; Hartston, Kings of Chess, p. 47. On Paulsen’s fifteen-game exhibition: Anne Sunnucks, ed., The Encyclopedia of Chess (New York: St. Martin’s, 1970), p. 347. On Pillsbury’s twenty-one-game exhibition: Hooper and Whyld, Oxford Companion to Chess, pp. 37, 253. On Koltanovski’s exhibitions: Ridka Belkadi, Les Échecs, de l’initiation…à la maîtrise (N.p.: Société Tunisienne de Diffusion, 1972), p. 279. [BACK]

76. “Revue,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 3, no. 12 (15 December 1843): 538–39. [BACK]

77. Murray, History of Chess, p. 885. [BACK]

78. Joseph Méry, “Les Joueurs d’Échecs—Le Chevalier de Barneville,” La Régence, 1st ser., 3, no. 4 (April 1851): 118. The chevalier Brisout de Barneville was born in 1747 and died in 1842; “Nécrologie,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 1, no. 5 (15 April 1842): 234. [BACK]

79. [First name unknown] Saint-Elme Le Duc, letter to the editor, Le Palamède, 2d ser., 4, no. 4 (April 1844): 167–68. [BACK]

80. On the Paris-London correspondence games: “Un Défi par correspondance,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 1, no. 1 ([15 March] 1836): 14–17; “Défi entre le cercle des échecs de Paris et le club de Westminster,” Le Palamède, 1st ser., 2, no. 1 (15 March 1837): 10–16. On the Paris-Budapest correspondence games: “Chronique,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 2, no. 11 (15 October 1842): 183; see also “Chronique” in many subsequent issues of Le Palamède, concluding with “Défi par correspondance, entre Paris et Pesth (Hongrie), commencé en novembre 1842,” Le Palamède, 2d ser., 5, no. 5 (15 May 1845): 202; 6, no. 2 (February 1846): 70–71. [BACK]

81. There are two principal biographical sketches of Saint-Amant: J[ean-Louis] Préti, “A la mémoire de M. de Saint-Amant,” La Stratégie 5, no. 12 (15 December 1872): 353–55; G. H. Diggle, “Pierre Charles Fournié [sic] de Saint-Amant,” British Chess Magazine 53, no. 10 (October 1933): 405–9; no. 11 (November 1933): 449–56. There is also quite a bit of information about him in the columns of Le Palamède, 2d ser. (1841–47), and in George Walker’s chess columns (1835–73) in Bell’s Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, especially the column of 24 November 1872, an obituary of Saint-Amant. [BACK]

82. Since Saint-Amant was the editor of Le Palamède and Staunton the editor of the Chess Player’s Chronicle, innumerable reports, letters, proposals, claims, challenges, charges, and countercharges were published in those two journals concerning the three matches, counting the two that were actually played and the one that was only planned. There was also one pamphlet, published by the English side: [Thomas J. Bryan], Jeu des échecs; historique de la lutte entre l’éditeur du “Palamède” …et l’éditeur du “Chess Player’s Chronicle” (Paris: Tresse, 1845). [BACK]

83. Walker, “Café de la Régence,” Fraser’s Magazine 22, no. 132, p. 675. [BACK]

84. The principal biographical sketch of Alexandre is [Pierre-Charles Four-nier de] Saint-Amant, “Nécrologie: A. Alexandre,” La Régence, 1st ser., 3, no. 1 (January 1851): 3–13. [BACK]

85. There are two principal biographical sketches of Kieseritzky: F[riedrich] Amelung, “Lionel Kieseritzky,” Baltische Schachblätter, no. 2 (1890): 55–87 (including selections from Kieseritzky’s letters); Bachmann, Aus vergangenen Zeiten, vol. 1, fasc. 5, pp. 90–101 (chap. entitled “Lionel Kieseritzky”). There is also quite a bit of information about him in La Régence, 1st ser. (1849–51), edited by Kieseritzky himself. [BACK]

86. The source of the quotation: Rev. W. Wayte, quoted in Diggle, “Pierre Charles Fournié de Saint-Amant,” p. 408. On Kieseritzky’s four-game simultaneous blindfold exhibition: “Mélanges” and “Quatres parties jouées simultanément par M. Kieseritzky, sans voir les échiquiers,” La Régence, 1st ser., 3, no. 5 (May 1851): 135 and 149–54, respectively. On earlier simultaneous blindfold exhibitions given by Kieseritzky and his contemporaries: Henry Cohen, “Un Mot sur les deux parties jouées simultanément à Glasgow, par M. Harrwitz, sans voir l’Échiquier,” La Régence, 1st ser., 1, no. 11 (November 1849): 329–30. [BACK]

87. Quoted in Reinfeld, ed., Treasury of Chess Lore, p. xii. [BACK]

88. Jacques Hillairet, Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris, 2 vols. (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1963), vol. 2, pp. 217, 342, 426–27. [BACK]