1. For example, ARV: C 137: 244v (9 January 1495)—"contra lo dit loch e o universitat aljama e singulars moros vehins"; or ARV: C 138: 24v (26 January 1496)—"contra universitatem et aljamam sarracenorum loci de Chiva." [BACK]

2. See the comments of Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 103-106; and concerning the limitations on aljama autonomy in fiscal and judicial affairs, see chap. 4 and chap. 5, respectively. [BACK]

3. ACA: C 3545: 17v-20v (18 July 1479) and C 3522: 65v-66r (11 October 1479) concern the appointment of the qadi * and scribe of Tortosa by the qadi general. See chap. 5 on the qadi general's judicial functions. [BACK]

4. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 47-48. [BACK]

5. See n. 3. [BACK]

6. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," pp. 58-59, 68-69; ARV: C 131: 61v-62r (18 April 1483): an appeal of the qadi general's decision is given to Ali Cunes, the lieutenant qadi , for consideration. [BACK]

7. ARV: B 1157: 696r (1484). [BACK]

8. ARV: C 423: 97v-98r and ARV: B 1157: 307r-v (both dated 22 December 1481). [BACK]

9. Regarding the qadi general's role in determining the Crown's share of Muslim inheritances, see chap. 4, and as arbiter between feuding families, chap. 6. [BACK]

10. The registers ARV: MR 93-110 record the bailiff general's payment of a

salary to the qadi * general. ARV: B 1157: 637v-639r (25 May 1484)—the qadi general is paid for having received the confession of a Muslim criminal; ARV: B 1222: II 54r (24 May 1497)—Azmet Chiqala owes 42s to the qadi general "de salari de la judicatura de la herencia de sa muller." [BACK]

11. ACA: C 3545: 17v-20v; and ACA: C 3635: 34v-35r (15 October 1479). [BACK]

12. ARV: B 1157: 696r-698v (1484); and B 1157: 724v-726r (30 August 1484) is a confirmation of Ali's appointment. [BACK]

13. ARV: B 1433: 160r (2 October 1501)—Ali Bellvis appears as qadi ; Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 61-62; and Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 48, concerning the Bellvis family in the fourteenth century. [BACK]

14. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 77-79. The registers ARV: MR 3052-3062 record the payment of a salary to the qadi of Játiva; see chap. 5 for the various juridical activities of the qadi . [BACK]

15. See Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 231-233, for the thirteenth century; and for the fifteenth century, Augustín Nieto Fernández, "La morería de Orihuela en el siglo XV," in Primer Congreso de Historia del País Valenciano (Valencia, 1980), 2: 765; Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," p. 176, for the new aljama of Monforte (1459); and ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496), concerning the new aljama of Alcoy (created in 1468). See Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 79-87, for fourteenth-century abuses. [BACK]

16. ARV: C 310: 26v-28r (January 1496). [BACK]

17. The royal orders creating aljamas in Monforte and Alcoy (see. n. 15) give the bailiff general "beyond the Jijona River" and the local bailiff, respectively, the prerogative of appointing the local qadi . The aljama of Borja (Aragon) seems to have been the one exception in that it could elect its qadi —ACA: C 3656: 174v-175v (20 April 1505). [BACK]

18. This may be inferred from the fact that when Fernando created the aljama of Castellón he did not provide for the appointment of a qadi —ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480). [BACK]

19. Vicente Pons Alós, El Fondo Crespí de Valldaura en el Archivo Condal de Orgaz (1249-1548) (Valencia, 1982), pp. 219-221, 226, document nos. 281, 284, 288, and 305. [BACK]

20. ARV: C 423: 86r-87v (14 March 1481), C 424: 8r-10r (7 April 1485), and 84r-85r (30 July 1494) are all appointments of the sub- qadi s * of Játiva. [BACK]

21. Aureum opus , 81r. [BACK]

22. ARV: C 139: 95v-97r (9 July 1495)—Elda; ARV: B 1158: 159v-164r (23 January 1486)—Gandía; ARV: B 1431: 384r (14 June 1493)—Alcocer; ARV: C 129: 98v-99v (6 July 1481)—Apse; and ARV: B 1431: 384v (29 October 1492)—Paterna. [BACK]

23. On the faqih s * , see chaps. 5 and 6. [BACK]

24. ACA: C 3568: 40v-42r (15 April 1493). [BACK]

25. ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v (9 May 1493) notes that the salary of the faqih of Castellón de la Plana derives from the rents of the properties of the local mosque; see also chap. 6. [BACK]

26. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," does not ascribe any importance to the faqih s; however, from his appendix of documents—for example, document no. 68, p. 285—it is apparent that many Aragonese aljamas in fact

had faqih s * . On the scholarly connections between Valencian Mudejars and Almería and Tunis, see chap. 6 and table 19. [BACK]

27. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 88-89, corrects the views of Francisco A. Roca Traver, "Un siglo de vida mudéjar en la Valencia medieval (1238-1338)," Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón V (1952): 13-14, and Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 155-157, who were led to believe that the amin * was the real power in the aljama. [BACK]

28. For example, the appointment of Çahat Paziar as amin of Alcira, ARV: C 309: 171r-172v (11 September 1493). [BACK]

29. Some examples are ARV: C 134: 141r-v (11 April 1488)—the amin of Bétera leaves the seigneury and takes the account books with him; and ARV: C 158: 32r-33r (5 July 1502)—the amin s of Albaida are involved in rent collection. [BACK]

30. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 221-376, for the Arabic documentation; ARV: B 1156: 804r (1 July 1480)—the bailiff general contacts the amin of the Foya de Buñol regarding a new royal vassal who wishes to settle accounts; ARV: C 154: 132r-v (13 June 1498)—the amin of Chova is involved in settling accounts with a former vassal; and ARV: C 140: 80r-v (28 September 1499)—action is to be taken against the amin s and elders of the aljamas of Segorbe and the Vall de Almonezir regarding pensions owed by them. [BACK]

31. ARV: C 304: 74r-75v (6 July 1480)—appointment of the amin of Alcira; ARV: C 309: 300r-301r (9 January 1496)—appointment of the amin of Játiva; ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480)—the aljama of Castellón de Játiva may elect its amin ; and ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r—the aljama of Alcoy may elect its amin . [BACK]

32. The amin s of Alcira were appointed for life, while those of Castellón de la Plana rarely served for more than a year at a time. The aljama of Valencia was unusual is not having an amin , for the post had been abolished in 1337 by royal decree; see Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 88-89. [BACK]

33. ARV: C 151: 41r-v (22 September 1496). [BACK]

34. ARV: C 129: 119r-v (2 August 1481); and ARV: C 148: 142v-143v (25 January 1493)—the amin and adelantats of Matet resist execution on aljama property. [BACK]

35. ARV: C 134: 141r-v (11 April 1488). [BACK]

36. ARV: C 130: 15r-16r (9 June 1481). [BACK]

37. At least this was the case in the aljama of Castellón de la Plana; see further discussion of the struggle for aljama office in Castellón in this chapter and in chap. 6. [BACK]

38. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r—"juratos sive rectores et administratores et alios officiales ad regimen dicte aljame necessarios." [BACK]

39. ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v—the aljama of Castellón de la Plana has two adelantats , as does that of Valencia (Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58). ACA: C 3665: 18v-20r (23 November 1486)—Fernando confirms the privilege of the aljama of Játiva to elect its four adelantats . [BACK]

40. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58; and ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v. [BACK]

41. ACA: C 3567: 98r (20 April 1494)—election via insaculación in the aljama of Zaragoza; and ACA: C 3571: 204r (12 February 1496)—the same for

the aljama of Huesca. However, the aljama of Zaragoza was forced to complain when the archbishop insisted on placing in the sacks the names of candidates who were not residents of the morería —ACA: C 3571: 162v-163r (18 August 1494). [BACK]

42. See chap. 1 n. 131. The aljama of Tortosa also complained about the local alcayd (Christian official) hindering its elections—ACA: C 3521: 51r-v (13 September 1479). [BACK]

43. Some examples are ARV: C 141: 122v-123r (31 January 1500)—the adelantats of the aljama of Valencia lease the carnicería to a Christian butcher; ARV: C 148: 132v-134r (11 January 1493)—Muslim jurates represent Benaguacil in a litigation; and for the importance of community defense on seigneurial lands, see chap. 6. [BACK]

44. ARV: B 1158: 159v-164r (23 January 1486)—the qadi * , amin * , and adelantats of the aljama of Gandía swear fealty to their new lord; ARV: B 1160: 477r (8 June 1492)—the qadi * , sub- qadi * , and adelantats of the aljama of Játiva recognize the newly appointed bailiff; and ARV: C 130: 15r-16r (9 June 1481)—the amin and adelantats of Gaibiel are seen as responsible for the departure of Muslim vassals from the seigneury. [BACK]

45. See chap. 6 for a discussion of violent conflict in the aljama of Castellón de la Plana over the posts of adelantat . [BACK]

46. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 73. [BACK]

47. ACA: C 3571: 204r (12 February 1496)—Fernando commands that the aljama of Huesca should not force Junez Burro to hold office if elected. On the financial difficulties of Aragonese aljamas, see chap. 4. [BACK]

48. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58; and ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v concerning the councillors of the aljama of Castellón de la Plana. See Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 159-160, regarding the function of aljama councillors in Aragon. [BACK]

49. ARV: C 140: 159v-160r (11 April 1500); and ARV: C 139: 174r-175r (9 January 1496). [BACK]

50. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 235-236; Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," p. 177; and Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 87-88. ARV: B 1160: 851v-853v (2 June 1494)—the appointment of the çalmedina of the aljama of Játiva, which unfortunately reveals little about his function. [BACK]

51. ARV: B 1157: 556r-557r (6 February 1484). [BACK]

52. ARV: C 306: 126v-128v (22 December 1484) and ARV: B 1157: 556r-557r for Játiva; and Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," pp. 58-59. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," p. 160, for the clavari in Aragonese aljamas. [BACK]

53. Barceló Torres, Minorías , 55. [BACK]

54. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 43-49, 104; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 57. [BACK]

55. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Ralaciones," p. 114, on the Bellvis' commercial activities in the early fifteenth century; Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , p. 344; and on Bellvis commerce during Fernando's reign, see discussion of Mudejar commercial activity in this chapter. [BACK]

56. ARV: B 1433: 160r (2 October 1501)—Çahat Bellvis is one of the ade -

lantats , while Ali Bellvis is qadi * . [BACK]

57. ARV: B 1159: 248r (1 October 1489). [BACK]

58. ARV: C 707: 815r-817r (17 April 1480). [BACK]

59. See chap. 1 n. 74, where members of the faqih 's * family move from Almería and resettle in Valencia. [BACK]

60. ARV: MR 99: 174r (1489). [BACK]

61. ARV: B 1159: 248r [BACK]

62. ARV: C 131: 61v-62r (18 April 1483); ARV: C 310: 26v-28r (9 January 1496); and ARV: MR 3052-3062. [BACK]

63. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r (7 April 1485). [BACK]

64. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r and 84r-85r (30 July 1494). [BACK]

65. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r. [BACK]

66. ARV: MR 3052: 6r (1478); and MR 3053: 6v (1490). Axer also rented the debea (pasture ?) in 1490 for 200s—MR 3053: 6r. [BACK]

67. ARV: C 423: 86r-87r (14 March 1481). [BACK]

68. ARV: C 131: 61v-62r. Also, ARV: B 1157: 636r-637v (26 May 1484)—Yuçeff Alçamba and Çahat travel together to the southern part of the kingdom for "affairs." [BACK]

69. ARV: C 310: 26v-28r; and ARV: C 707: 848r-v (11 May 1480) for Çahat's commerce with Almería. [BACK]

70. ARV: B 1160: 477r (8 June 1492). [BACK]

71. ARV: B 1158: 60v-61r (29 July 1485). [BACK]

72. ARV: MR 3053-3062 (1490-1502); and see chap. 4, table 11 for lessees of the soap factory ( çabonería ). [BACK]

73. ARV: MR 3055: 5r (1495). [BACK]

74. ARV: MR 3056-3062 (1496-1502); and see chap. 4, table 11 for the lessees of the ovens and the butcher shop. Another Játiva family that combined civil service with investment in Crown utilities were the Tagaris. In 1490 Mahomat was the aljama's çalmedina , in which office his relative Abdalla followed him in 1494-1495 and in 1498-1502 (ARV: MR 3053-3062). Mahomat, who as çalmedina had supervised the morería 's market, went on to lease the market in 1495-1498 for rents as high as 2,000s (ARV: MR 3055-3058). Abdalla, although lacking the financial wherewithal of Mahomat, had enough money to rent the morería 's baths in 1500 and 1501 for 920s and 800s (ARV: MR 3060-3061). See also chap. 4, tables 8, 9, and 11. [BACK]

75. ARV: C 304: 74r-75r (6 July 1480); ARV: C 309: 171r-172v (11 September 1493). [BACK]

76. Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , pp. 86-87. [BACK]

77. ARV: MR 942-959 (1479-1502); and chap. 4, table 5. [BACK]

78. ARV: B 1156: 595v-596r (18 September 1479). [BACK]

79. For example, ARV: MR 945: 16r (1489)—Çahat farms the tithes of the districts of Alquerencia and St. Bernat for 2880s and 1820s, respectively. [BACK]

80. ARV: C 309: 171r-172v. [BACK]

81. ARV: B 1160: 244v-245r (17 June 1491). [BACK]

82. ARV: MR 958: 1v (1501); and MR 959: Iv (1502). [BACK]

83. The amin s * of Castellón's aljama were Ubequer Faraig (1483, 1493, 1495), Yuçeff Bocayo (1489), Yuçeff Polina (1492, 1496), Juçeff Calio (1482), and his

son (?) Jabar (1497), Eça Mascor (1499), Fando (1500), Çahat Bendariff (1501), and Ozmen Rubeyt (1502, 1503)—ARV: MR 2469-2490. [BACK]

84. Thomas F. Glick, Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), pp. 61-64; and ARV: B 1159: 48r (19 May 1488) concerns Azmet Bocayo, traginer (carter). [BACK]

85. ARV: MR 2478: 6r (1490)—Sat Bocayo purchases four fanecates from Pere Moncet; MR 2479: 4r (1491)—6s are paid by Sat for rent on six fanecates of land, four of which ''solia esser vinya"; and MR 2483: 7r (1495)—10s lluisme is collected from Azmet Bocayo for the sale of land to another Muslim for 100s. [BACK]

86. See chap. 6 for a discussion of the Bocayos' political role in Castellón. [BACK]

87. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 61-62; and Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , p. 89. [BACK]

88. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 57. [BACK]

89. ARV: B 1431: 542v-550v (5 November 1493)—especially the testimonies of Abraym Alfat, the amin * of Alberique (544r-546r); Mahomat Lopo of La Foyeta (546v-548r); Mahomat ben Lup of Alberique (548v-549r); and Azmet Toraybi of Resalany (549r-550r). [BACK]

90. ARV: G (Gobernación) 2396: 269r-v, 284r-285r (24 April 1493). [BACK]

91. ARV: B 1431: 278v-280r (6 February 1493)—the testimonies of Alfaqui Alasdrach of Buñol and Ali Alcayet of Chiva. [BACK]

92. ARV: C 138: 72v-73v (1 December 1496)—Areñol; ARV: C 140: 82v-83v (13 September 1499)—Bechf; and ARV: B 325: 58r-v (26 January 1495). Other examples are ARV: C 154: 66r-67r (7 February 1498), regarding a Mudejar arrendador of the rents of the Vall de Alcalá and the Vall de Gallinera; and ARV: C 156: 85r-86r (17 November 1501), concerning Ali Çequien, "arrendador dels drets e rendes pertanyents al receptor del antich patrimoni [i.e., Benaguacil, Paterna, and La Pobla]." [BACK]

93. Thomas F. Glick, "The Ethnic Systems of Premodern Spain," Comparative Studies in Sociology 1 (1978): 157-171, views the system of ethnic stratification in late medieval Aragon as a paternalistic one, in which a horizontal bar between the higher ethnic group, the Christians, and the lower ethnic group, the Muslims, precludes the upward social mobility of the latter. Also, see Boswell's qualifications of Glick's conclusions in Royal Treasure , pp. 22-23. [BACK]

94. See chap. 6 for a detailed treatment of Mudejar social structures and feuding. [BACK]

95. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 401-413, regarding the elite of wealth and the coordinating elite of religious erudites in Almohad and postconquest Valencia; and Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages , (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 130-142, on the role of the ^c ulama * '. [BACK]

96. That the newly converted Muslims fled from the urban areas is indicated in Tomas V. Peris Albentosa, "La estructura de la propiedad agricola en la morería de Alzira (1508-1579), " Quëstions Valencianes 1 (1979): 54-55; and Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , p. 37, regarding Játiva. See Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , pp. 15-45 and 79-95, for sixteenth-century economic conditions, and pp. 58-69, for relations between Moriscos and their lords; also Eugenio Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio en el País Valenciano (1570-1620) (Valencia, 1977), pp. 88-134, regarding the response of the seigneurs to their

worsening financial situation; and James Casey, The Kingdom of Valencia in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1979), p. 33, for the importance of Morisco muleteers. Although Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," pp. 300-303, see great difficulties burdening Valencian farmers in the late fifteenth century, I would nonetheless argue that the economic position of the Mudejars in the fifteenth century was better than that of the Moriscos in the sixteenth century, and that some Mudejars formed part of the "capa de grans emfiteutes enriquits" and "llauradors benestants" they describe. [BACK]

97. ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (December 1486). [BACK]

98. ACA: C 3610: 191v (7 May 1493). [BACK]

99. ARV: C 156: 111r-112r (15 December 1501). [BACK]

100. For example, ARV: B 1159: 99r-v (5 July 1488); and ARV: C 137: 144r-145v (2 August 1494). [BACK]

101. Registers ARV: B 1156-1162. ARV: B 1160: 249v-250v (24 June 1491)—Abrahim Alahuy, a shoemaker, complains when his maidservant Fotayma runs off with another Muslim. [BACK]

102. See chaps. 5 and 6 for more details on Muslim prostitutes. [BACK]

103. See ARV: MR 89-110, for the licenses issued to Mudejar mendicants; and ARV: B 1431: 344r-375r (29 October 1492)—the case of Abdalla Alfaqui, in which Muslim witnesses discuss begging "per amor de Deu." [BACK]

104. See chap. 5 for the judicial enslavement of Mudejars. [BACK]

105. ARV: B 1162: 331v, 333r (1 August 1502), and 349r (15 October 1502). [BACK]

106. Robert I. Burns, "Muslim-Christian Conflict and Contact: Mudejar Methodology," in Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia: Societies in Symbiosis (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 39-49. [BACK]

107. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 41-42. [BACK]

108. Antoni Furió, Camperols del País Valencià: Sueca, una comunitat rural a la tardor de l'Edat Mitjana (Valencia, 1982), pp. 106-119; and Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , pp. 76-77. [BACK]

109. For example, ARV: MR 959: 6r (1502). The Crown collects 8s for lluisme from Pere Soriano, who sold a "troç de terra ... tengut sots directa senyoria del Senyor Rey" to Mahomat Nuçayre for 80s. [BACK]

110. ARV: B 1161: 101v-102r (4 August 1495). [BACK]

111. Peris Albentosa. "Propiedad agricola," pp. 89-91. [BACK]

112. ARV: B 1162: 365v (14 November 1502). [BACK]

113. For example, ARV: B 1161: 92r-v (1 July 1495). [BACK]

114. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 76-85; and Concepción Domingo Pérez, "La agricultura de Castellón de la Plana, 1468," Saitabi 27 (1977): 223-233. [BACK]

115. ARV: B 325: 10r-12v (9 April 1494). [BACK]

116. ARV: C 151: 74r-v (7 January 1497). Hamet Perromalo also leased one of the town's ovens for 115s-ARV: MR 4028: 1r-v (1496). [BACK]

117. For example, ARV: C 131: 61v-62r, where Azmet Xarica is the vassal of Ausias Rotla, a canon of Játiva. [BACK]

118. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 81. Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," p. 297, point out the existence of a significant amount of allodial land in the districts of royal towns and cities. [BACK]

119. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 91-92. [BACK]

120. ARV: B 1160: 443r-v (18 May 1492). [BACK]

121. See chap. 1 n. 35. [BACK]

122. ARV: G 2356: Manus 25: 33r (1480). [BACK]

123. ARV: G 2359: Manus 15: 33r-v (1481). [BACK]

124. Burns, "Mudejar methodology," p. 49; Glick, Irrigation , pp. 231-232; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 80-81. [BACK]

125. See nn. 110, 112. [BACK]

126. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 262-263, document nos. 76-77, concerning the payment of the sequiatge ; and ACA: C 3650: 220v-221r (26 October 1493) for the irrigation communities near Orihuela. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol, Les aljames sarraïnes de la governació d'Oriola (Barcelona, 1988), pp. 95-99, discusses Mudejar irrigation agriculture in the southern region of the kingdom. [BACK]

127. ARV: B 1156: 882v-883r (18 November 1480)—Játiva; and ARV: C 148: 131v-132v (9 January 1493)—Gandía. [BACK]

128. ARV: B 1161: 336r-v (7 December 1496). ACA: C 3655: 88r-v (13 October 1501) mentions Muslims with lands in Alcira's "orta del cent" in the context of irrigation matters. [BACK]

129. ARV: C 148: 167v-169r (24 April 1493)—Torres; Torres; and ARV: B 1157: 734v-735r (13 October 1484)—Alcocer. [BACK]

130. ARV: C 148: 213v (4 September 1493). [BACK]

131. ARV: G 2356: Manus 26: 46r-v (13 September 1480). Other examples of seigneurial lands where irrigation agriculture was practiced are ARV: C 148: 190r-191r (9 July 1493)—Benaguacil, Pedralba, Ribarroja; ARV: C 135: 183v-184v (29 March 1490)—Alberique and Alcocer; ARV: C 310: 149r-150r (17 October 1497)—Callosa; and ARV: B 325: 495r-496r (16 May 1501)—Valldigna. [BACK]

132. Glick, Irrigation , pp. 26-27. [BACK]

133. Furió, Camperols , pp. 74-83; Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 76-85; Domingo Pérez, "Agricultura," pp. 226-231; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 83-84. See also my doctoral dissertation, "Between Convivencia and Crusade," pp. 266-268, for a table listing crops raised by Mudejars on royal and seigneurial lands. [BACK]

134. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 58-75. [BACK]

135. ARV: C 139: 193v-194v (4 February 1496), and ARV: C 151: 75r-v (7 January 1497)—Corbera; ARV: B 1159: 3r (March 1488)—Alberique; and ARV: B 1158: 75v-76v (2 September 1485)—Turís. [BACK]

136. See table 2, this chapter. [BACK]

137. See chap. 1 for a discussion of the difficulties caused by the seigneurs in this regard. [BACK]

138. Some examples are ARV: C 317: 26v (13 November 1492), concerning Muslim vassals of Jérica with "heretats" in Fuentes; and ARV: B 1161: 578v-579r (18 February 1499)—a Muslim vassal of Castellón de la Plana with land in Mascarell "seria anat a la dita baronia per coltivar les terres que alli te com a terratinent ... pagant los drets que com a terratinents se deven pagar." [BACK]

139. ARV: C 317: 26v—"peyta"; and ARV: B 1156: 806r-807r (7 July

1480)—"delmes," i. e., tithes. [BACK]

140. ARV: C 306: 69r-70r (11 May 1484). [BACK]

141. ACA: C 3647: 98r-99r (21 July 1490). In what seems to have been a more unusual arrangement, Mudejar tenants in the district of the town of Segorbe paid murs e valls , as well as the peyta —ARV: G 2359: Manus 15: 25r-v (1481). [BACK]

142. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 181-199. [BACK]

143. ARV: G 2355: Manus 14: 15r-v (1480). [BACK]

144. ARV: B 1161: 336r-v (7 December 1496), and 435v-436r (8 August 1497). Other examples of purchases are ARV: B 1157: 344v-345v (27 November 1482); ARV: G 2351: Manus 11: 27r-v (21 May 1479); ARV G 2359: Manus 15: 33r-v (1481); ARV: G 2372: 446r-447v (1484). Antoni Furió, "El País Valencià de l'Edat Mitjana a la Modernitat (segles XIII-XVI)," in Història de l'Economia Valenciana (Valencia, 1983), p. 52, notes "l'aparició d'unes capes d'emfiteutes enriquits (a les terres de senyoriu) o de camperols lliures (a les terres i hortes reial), que basaren el creixement agricola dels camps explotats." [BACK]

145. For example, ARV: MR 943: 7v (1481). Ayet Naçayr and Mahomat Bençarco pay 12s and 6s, respectively, for the rent of "terra derrenclida." [BACK]

146. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 84. [BACK]

147. See chap. 4 for a discussion of the finances of the seigneurs and their aljamas. [BACK]

148. See the discussion of Mudejar commercial activity in this chapter. Ferrer i Mallol, Les aljames , pp. 108-109, asserts that in the gubernatorial district of Oriheula during the fourteenth century Mudejar farmers were producing sufficient surplus to allow for the sale of produce in Alicante and in Castile. [BACK]

149. See n. 115. [BACK]

150. Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , p. 299; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 83. [BACK]

151. ARV: C 310: 85r (8 July 1496)—"quosdam sarracenos arantes seu alias laborantes in quodam agro Abraham Juçefi." Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," pp. 301-302, note that many Christians worked as day laborers on the lands of wealthier farmers in order to supplement the produce from their own family parcels. [BACK]

152. García Cárcel, Germanías , p. 190. [BACK]

153. Ricardo García Cárcel, "La ganadería valenciana en el siglo XVI," Saitabi 27 (1977): 97-100; Glick, Irrigation , p. 26. [BACK]

154. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," pp. 80-97; but see Barceló Torres's correction of García's computations— Minorias , p. 78. [BACK]

155. ARV: G 2357: Manus 37 (2d): 32v-33r (27 May 1480). ACA: C 3649: 77v-78r (29 February 1492) mentions Muslims of Alcira taking their flocks up to the mountains. Also, see Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 80. [BACK]

156. ARV: C 151: 174v-175r (18 May 1497); and ARV: B 1156: 628v-629r (18 October 1479)—the complaint of a Christian of Alcira that local Muslims were grazing their livestock in his oak grove. [BACK]

157. ARV: G 2351: Manus 13: 4r-5r (4 June 1479); and ARV: B 1157: 30v (11 April 1481)—the lord of Chella complains when the peatger of Enguera collects the peatge from his Muslim vassals grazing their animals in the district of Enguera. [BACK]

158. ARV: C 131: 25v (23 December 1482); and C 134: 139r-140r (9 April 1488), regarding the same case. Other examples are ARV: C 151: 150v-151r (18 April 1497)—Muslims of Petrés owe 120 pounds to a Christian of Puzol for sheep purchased; and C 156: 146r-v (26 January 1502)—Muslims of Benifayó and Santa Coloma buy "bestiar" from a Christian of Salzadella. [BACK]

159. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," p. 96, concerning Mahomat Alazrach; ARV: B 1160: 361v-362r (5 December 1491) for Çahat Ageg; and B 1160: 780r-781r (4 December 1493) concerns a Muslim of Castellón de Játiva, formerly of Benimuslem, who owns at least 100 sheep. Çahat Tabernaxi of Mascarell—ARV: C 148: 169v-170r (18 May 1493)—and Mahomat Tuniçi of Mislata—ARV: B 1220: II 19v (23 October 1486)—purchased 300 and 100 head of sheep, respectively, each one probably augmenting his already sizable flock. ARV: B 1223: III 37r-40r (1502)—Muslims of Alcira buy 97 goats from a Christian of Teulada and subsequently sell some of the goats to other Muslims of Alcira. [BACK]

160. ARV: B 1431: 387v-388r (8 July 1493)—the testimony of Ali Barrazi. [BACK]

161. ARV: B 1431: 388r—Ali testifies that he sold some of Abrahim Xativi's goats. [BACK]

162. ARV: B 1432: 192v (27 October 1484)—Mahomat allegedly borrowed 33 pounds from the bailiff of Alcira in order to buy the sheep and goats from the Muslim of Cortes; 201r (15 April .1486)—Bernat Aymerich testifies that Mahomat bought sheep from Vizcaya when he was alcayt of Masalaves; and 203r-v (18 April)—the testimony of Bernat Cathala. ARV: C 151: 174v-175r (18 May 1497)—a Muslim of Albatera sells sheep to a Muslim of Callosa and a Christian of Orihuela. [BACK]

163. ARV: B 323: 410r (30 September 1480)—Alasquer, and 411r (same date)—Masalalí; other instances involve Muslims from Paterna (B 323: 365v [22 June 1480]), Ribarroja (B 323: 434r [2 May 1481]), and the Vall de Uxó (B 323: 480r [4 September 1481]). [BACK]

164. ARV: G 2372: 400r-405r (23 February 1484)—the testimonies of Joan Annayar (404r-v), Amet Chompar (404v), and Ali Pagonti, the amin * (405r), all residents of Chelva, concerning the Çelims' delivery of the wool and some cheese to Albert's agent. [BACK]

165. ARV: B 324: 50r-v (22 June 1489); and ARV: G 2358: Manus 43: 18r (1480)—a Muslim of the Foya de Buñol is robbed while bringing hides and other goods to Valencia. [BACK]

166. Some examples are ARV: B 1220: III 31v (7 March 1486)—Ali Alazdrach of Beniopa confesses to owing to Johan Ferrer, a farmer of Rafol de Valldigna, 52s for the rent of a mule; B 1220: III 40r (6 April 1486)—Çaat Abducamet of Játiva owes 60s to Johan Allepus, merchant of Valencia, for the price of an ass; B 1220: V 30r (6 November 1486)—Mahomat Miller of Picasent owes 125s to Johan Gombau of Valencia for the price of a mule; B 1220: VI 13r (14 February 1487)—Mahomat Martorell of Játiva owes 70s to Çahat Durdura of Játiva for the price of a horse. [BACK]

167. ARV: B 324: 366r-368v (14 June 1492)—Castellnou; and 370r-379v (16 June)—Liria. ARV: B 1223: III unnumbered folios between 22v and 23r (4 February 1502)—the complaint of a Muslim of Eslida who rented a donkey to a Christian squire who then sold it to someone else. [BACK]

168. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 186-199; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 88. [BACK]

169. ARV: B 1158: 75v-76v (2 September 1485)—a Muslim of Alcira is to be allowed to go to Turís to get his beehives and other property; B 1157: 487r-v (4 September 1483)—Muslims of the Vall de Uxó rent beehives from the Crown in Burriana; ARV: B 1220: IV 39r (26 June 1486)—Ali Vizquey, a shoemaker, owes 6s 7d to the merchant Jacme Pironat for the rent of an apiary; B 1222: I 19r, 20v-24v (26 September 1496)—"Capal moro" brings honey into the capital; and for the activities of Çahat Flori, a confectioner of Játiva, see n. 215 below. [BACK]

170. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," pp. 98-100. [BACK]

172. ARV: G 2356: Manus 25: 33r-v (1480); and Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 77, mentions the sixteenth-century prohibitions. [BACK]

173. For example, ARV: C 305: 140v-141r (23 May 1482). A Muslim smith, a new vassal in Crevillente, is pardoned from prosecution for a crime at the request of his new lord (the implication being that the lord valued his skills as a smith). [BACK]

174. ARV: C 126: 53v (8 October 1479). [BACK]

175. ARV: C 308: 172r (15 March 1490). [BACK]

176. ARV: C 310: 116v-119v (30 January 1497)—the ordinances of the cordmakers' guild (see chap. 2 for the text of the prohibition); Broman, Contra moros i jueus , p. 111, and Piles, Apuntes , p. 95, for the carpenters' guild; and Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 112, for the makers of swords, cuirasses, and so on. [BACK]

177. Cited in Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , pp. 110-111. [BACK]

178. ARV: G 2392: 87r (1491)—the shoemakers' guild of Valencia prohibits laboring on feast days and Sundays; and ACA: C 3655: 168v-172v (28 March 1503)—the shoemakers' guild of Calatayud makes a similar ruling. [BACK]

179. ACA: C 3635: 85r-89r (13 October 1479). The confraternity of tailors and shoemakers of Lérida (Catalonia) similarly ruled that every tailor and shoemaker, "Christian, Jew, or Moor," had to be examined by a master before practicing these crafts—ACA: C 3550: 97v-98v (14 February 1488). [BACK]

180. ARV: B 1431: 333v-335r (24 January 1493). Ali, the slave of Vicent Calamocha, a carpenter of Valencia, testifies regarding how he was approached by Azmet Çahat of Tunis (accused of facilitating the escape of runaway slaves) while he was working on the house of Domingo Vines. [BACK]

181. Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 109; and regarding the shoemakers' guild, see below, nn. 183, 185-186. [BACK]

182. Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 109. [BACK]

183. ARV: B 1222: III 14r-15r (5 December 1497). [BACK]

184. ARV: B 1431: 531v-536r (20 May 1495)—the testimonies of Johan Bramon, boilermaker, Anthoni Comos, boilermaker, Baltasar Collado, cutler, and Christofol de Monserrat, boilermaker (all regarding Muça Almedina, ac-

cused of having stolen various things from the fonduk); and B 1431: 192r-v (19 January 1492)—the confession of Caçim Abdalla, accused of theft. [BACK]

185. ARV: B 1222: III 14r. [BACK]

186. ARV: B 1222: III 14v-15v. It is apparent from the feuding between Mudejar artisans, including shoemakers, that they regarded their economic competitors with deadly seriousness; see chap. 6 for a detailed discussion of this problem. [BACK]

187. Seen. 178. [BACK]

188. ARV: B 1433: 422r-v (16 July 1503)—the testimony of Joan de Gandía; and 424v-425v (24 July)—the testimony of Miquel de Boro. [BACK]

189. The sources in question are the registers ARV: B 323 (1479-1484), 324 (1489-1492), and 325 (1494-1500), entitled Executions ; and ARV: B 1220 (1485-1487), 1222 (1496-1500), and 1223 (1501-1502), entitled Manaments y Empares . On the importance of credit for medieval industry, see, for example, Sylvia Thrupp, "Medieval Industry, 1000-1500," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe : The Middle Ages , Carlo M. Cipolla, ed. (Glasgow, 1981), pp. 244-249; and Maryanne Kowaleski, "Local Markets and Merchants in Late Fourteenth-Century Exeter," (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1982), pp. 176-178; or on the role of credit in the marketplace in general, Kathryn L. Reyerson, Business, Banking and Finance in Medieval Montpellier (Toronto, 1985), pp. 40-60. [BACK]

190. ARV: B 323: 327r (22 November 1489). [BACK]

191. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223. Kowaleski, "Markets and Merchants," pp. 176-178, points out the importance of regular commercial dealings and credit arrangements for supporting social and personal relationships between the parties involved. [BACK]

192. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223. [BACK]

193. ARV: MR 3052-3062; and see chap. 4, table 10, for the revenues received by the Crown from the leasing of the tannery ( adobería ). [BACK]

194. ARV: B 1156: 836v-837v (8 August 1480)—Yuçeff Abducarim stands as surety; B 1157: 69v-70r (7 July 1481)—Abducarim and Pedro Navarro stand as surety; B 1157: 163r-v (25 January 1482)—Abducarim and Andreu Mestre stand as surety; and B 1158: 525r-v (18 January 1488)—Abducarim and Mestre again. [BACK]

195. ARV: B 1158: 333r-v (22 December 1486). [BACK]

196. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223. [BACK]

197. ARV: B 325: 471r (22 October 1499), 515r-v (16 January 1500)—Pérez and the Garbis buy hemp; and B 325: 570r-v (13 October 1500)—the loan. Sometimes the espardenyers bypassed the cordmakers and purchased hemp directly from the producers. ARV: B 1223: III 13r-v (8 January 1502), and 16r (18 January)—Çahat and Suhey Cotera purchase large quantities of hemp from Christian farmers. [BACK]

198. ARV: B 1431: 529r-v (20 May 1495)—the testimony of Suleymen Alguarbi. [BACK]

199. ARV: B 323: 446r (6 June 1481)—Abrahim Xeyt, dyer of Valencia; B 324: 217r (25 February 1491)—Çahat and Ali Baelel, dyers of Valldigna; B 325: 37r (10 August 1494)—Abducalem Margarit, dyer of Alcira; and ARV:

B 1162: 185v-186v (15 March 1501)—Acent, dyer of Valldigna. [BACK]

200. ARV: MR 3052-3062, and chap. 4, table 9, for the dyeworks of Játiva ( tintorería ); and MR 4016-4034, and chap. 4, table 7, for the dyeworks of Murviedro. [BACK]

201. ACA: C 3636: 54r-v (2 January 1481)—Muslims of Gandía owe money to a merchant of Valencia for dyes purchased; ARV: B 323: 446r (6 June 1481)—Abrahim Xeyt, dyer, buys cloth from a Christian wool-dresser; ARV: B 1222: II 46v-47r (5 May 1497)—a Muslim dyer of Valldigna buys cloth from a merchant; and B 1222: VII 23r (1 June 1500)—Galip Cindi of the Vall de Almonezir owes 7 pounds to the merchant Johan Abello for alum purchased. [BACK]

202. ARV: B 324: 39r (20 May 1489)—Maymo Embravi, tailor of Cuart in the Vall de Sego; B 324: 61r-v (27 July 1489)—Maymo Bençebit, tailor of Manises; ARV: B 1159: 375r-v (14 September 1490)—Azmet Artanet, tailor of Valldigna; and ARV: G 2412: 161r-v (1501), concerning Azmet Lopo. [BACK]

203. Some examples of other linen drapers and weavers in Valencia are ARV: B 323: 609r (19 April 1482)—Yuçeff Turis, lençer , and B 324: 14r-v (17 February 1489)—Mahomat Coret, texidor de lli ; and ARV: B 1222: IV 43r (16 May 1498) for Abdalla's purchase of flax. [BACK]

204. ARV: B 325: 172r (14 December 1495)—Abdalla owes 63s to a notary for linen purchased; ARV: B 1222: I 38r (27 October 1496)—Abdalla owes 18s to a carpenter for "hun drap de lenç"; B 1222: II 70v (11 July 1497)—Abdalla owes 24s to a monk of Valldigna for "cert lenç"; II 103v-104r (9 October 1497)—Abdalla owes 22 pounds 5s 6d to Pere Luca, a tailor, "de preu de cert lenç"; and B 1222: VII 41r (30 July 1500)—Abdalla owes 25s 3d to Vicent Borrel, a feltmaker, for linen purchased. [BACK]

205. ARV: B 325: 14r-v (27 February 1494)—Abdalla owes 77 pounds to Pere Aymar, a wool-dresser ( perayre ), for cloth purchased; ARV: B 1222: V 34v (20 March 1499)—Abdalla owes 6 pounds 10s to the Venetian merchant Luis Mascelli for "una peca de olanda," twenty-eight alnes (one alne = approximately one meter) in length; B 1222: VI 37r (14 October 1499)—Abdalla owes 7 pounds to the Florentine merchant Eran Girart "de certa teleria." [BACK]

206. ARV: B 323: 375r (28 August 1480) for Abdalla's debt to Allepus. Other debts of Abdalla also attest to the large volume of his retail trade: B 324: 197r-v (11 November 1491)—164 pounds owed to the merchants Dionis Miguel and Francesch Miro, and B 324: 205r-v (24 January 1491)—200 pounds owed to the heirs of J. Allepus. [BACK]

207. ARV: B 1158: 357v-358r (6 February 1487)—Abdalla acts as guarantor for Azmet Ubeyt; and ARV: C 707: 909r-v (26 April 1484)—Abdalla acts as guarantor for Yuçeff Albanne of Valencia, who is traveling to Oran with "seda e altres mercaderia valents L lliures." [BACK]

208. ARV: B 325: 332r-v (9 June 1498)—Abdalla owes 6 pounds 10s in pensions from the quantity of money he borrowed from J. Duart (by selling a censal to him). [BACK]

209. ACA: C 3567: 4v (2 May 1488) and C 3571: 34v-35r (5 October 1492) concern the payment of Muslim craftsmen working on the royal aljafería in Zaragoza; C 3571: 219r (8 August 1496) concerns Muslim "maestros" working

on a church in Zaragoza; and C 3571: 11v-12r (13 March 1492)—Muslims of Zaragoza are sent to Granada to work on the Alhambra just after the conquest. [BACK]

210. ARV: B 1431: 544r-v (28 November 1494)—Cuayet Ginnuenhi, mason of Alasquer; ARV: B 1160: 915v-916r (3 October 1494)—a Muslim mason of Manises; ARV: B 323: 351r (23 August 1480)—Azmet de la Almunia, mason of Valencia; B 323: 358r (5 June 1480)—Yuçeff Tutilli, carpenter of Valencia; and see chap. 4, regarding the work of Mudejar artisans on royal utilities. [BACK]

211. ARV: B 323: 464r-v (119 July 1481)—Azmet Caeli, boilermaker ( calderer ) of Valencia; B 323: 723r (24 July 1483)—Mahomat and Ali Longo, smiths ( ferrers ) of Valencia, owe 6 pounds to the smith Bernat de Medina for bellows purchased; ARV: B 1222: IV 10r (24 January 1498)—a Muslim shield-maker ( broquerer ) buys iron needed for making shields ("fulla dels broquers"); and B 1223: I 7v (15 April 1501)—Caet Tatany, a smith of Benaguacil, owes 42s 8d to the merchant Bernat Fillol for "certa ferra" purchased. [BACK]

212. ARV: B 324: 365r (8 June 1492); and see the comments of Thrupp, "Industry," pp. 245-246, concerning the role of merchants in the organization of production. [BACK]

213. Some examples of Mudejar saddlers are ARV: B 1431: 528r (25 May 1495)—Ali Mudarra, a saddler from the Vall de Uxó residing in Valencia; B 1433: 107r-v (13 October 1501)—Çahat and Amet Pachando of Segorbe working as saddlers in Liria; ARV: B 325: 309r (24 January 1498)—Çahat Catala and son Açen, saddlers of Valencia; see chap. 4, tables 3 and 9 regarding the leasing of Crown saddleworks in Alcira and Játiva; and chap. 4, table 9, for the leasing of the Crown soap factory. [BACK]

214. ARV: G 2360: Manus 29: 17r (1481). [BACK]

215. ARV: B 1158: 170v-172r (23 December 1485). The Floris were also involved in commerce: B 1157: 262r-v (20 June 1482)—Mahomat Flori and his servant travel to the Orihuela-Alicante area "ab mercaderies," and Çahat and Yuçeff Flori act as his guarantors. [BACK]

216. ARV: B 1223: III 50v (28 April 1502)—Ali Alfona, "violer" of Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 502r-v (August 1492)—a Mudejar trumpeter ( trompeta ) of Valencia; B 1162: 320r-v (22 June 1502)—Catdon Algodar, "moro jutglar" of Llauri; ARV: MR 3062: 152r (1502)—a Muslim juglar of Játiva; ARV: B 324: 158r-v (7 August 1490)—a Mudejar barber of Picasent; B 1220: I 13v (2 July 1485)—Mahomat Burgi, barber of Petrés; and B 1220: IV 7r (26 April 1486)—"lo alfaqui Xeyt metge de Xativa." [BACK]

217. ACA: C 3640: 77v-78v (26 January 1484). A Mudejar surgeon of Valencia is licensed by the Crown to practice after he cures a Christian nobleman. [BACK]

218. ARV: B 1222: II 75v (28 July 1497)—Mahomat Perpir owes 10s 6d to "mestre Jacme Quexaler per certa cura que ha fet a una moratella de la moreria de Valencia"; B 1222: V 6r (12 January 1499)—Çahat Catala owes 30s to Anthoni Not, surgeon, for "lo curar que ha fet una naffra feta en la ma de Abdolaziz Catala ... cosingerma del dit Çahat Catala"; and B 1223: 4v (31 March 1501)—physicians of the royal hospital of Valencia attend to a Muslim. [BACK]

219. ARV: B 1220: 7r (9 June 1485)—Yuniç Tarongeta, a shoemaker, fixes

"huna caldera chica" for a Christian woman; and B 1222: VII 39r (27 July 1500)—Mahomat Perpir buys from a Christian farmer "certa fulla ... per obs de fer seda." [BACK]

220. ACA: C 3655: 34r-v (5 March 1500); and see chap. 2. [BACK]

221. ARV: G 2352: Manus 23: 4r-v (20 November 1479). [BACK]

222. ARV: B 1156: 668r-v (14 December 1479)—Muslims of Llombay selling wheat in Alcira; and ACA: C 3647: 87v-88r (7 July 1489), concerning the Muslim of Alcocer with "mercibus." [BACK]

223. ARV: C 154: 102v-103v (3 April 1498)—officials of Murviedro seize Muslims of Gilet who are there to "comerciar e negociar"; and ACA: C 3648: 252r-v (24 December 1491), concerning the Muslim bringing "mercaderias" from Elche to Orihuela. [BACK]

224. ARV: B 1157: 354v-355r (10 December 1482)—Çahat Boamir of Benisanó travels to Orihuela with his servant to sell rice, a crop usually cultivated on undesirable land at the edge of marshes. [BACK]

225. ARV: G 2358: Manus 43: 18r (1480); and ARV: C 245: 87v-88v (19 February 1489) refers to "crestian e moro vassalls ... portant victualles a la dita ciutat." [BACK]

226. ARV: B 1222: IV 35r (9 April 1498). [BACK]

227. ARV: B 1220: VI 18r ^b (19 March 1487)—Abrahim Valenti of Gandía brings oil to Valencia; B 1220: VI 25v-26v (3 December 1487)—Yuçeff Macana of Castellnou brings honey to Valencia; B 1222: I 19r, 20v-24v (26 September 1496)—the records of the collectors of the peatge record Muslims bringing into the city sugar, honey, wheat, oil, raisins, and figs; and B 1222: VII 70r-v (November 1500)—Muslims from Bétera sell wood in Valencia. [BACK]

228. ARV: B 1222: IV 33r (27 March 1498). [BACK]

229. ARV: B 325: 192r-v (21 April 1496). [BACK]

230. ARV: B 1161: 441r (29 August 1497). [BACK]

231. For example, ARV: C 154: 64v-65r (31 January 1498) presents a list of Muslims from Oliva, Gandía, Novelda, Aspe, Petrés, and other places who owe money to the Valencian merchant Dionis Roig. The large majority of the evidence for credit transactions between Valencia's merchants and Mudejars is in the registers ARV: B 323-325. [BACK]

232. For example, ARV: B 1220: III 22r (13 February 1486)—a Muslim of Alberique owes 34s 6d to the merchant Pere Orçaffa for "certs formatges" bought. [BACK]

233. ARV: B 325: 113r (3 August 1495)—Macastre, and 479r (6 November 1499)—Bétera. [BACK]

234. ARV: B 325: 516r-517v (23 January 1500). [BACK]

235. For example, ARV: B 1222: II 45r (26 April 1497)—Azmet Perpir owes 6 pounds 11s to Jacme Eximeno, "botiguer e o draper ... de preu de drap." Cloth might also be procured from more unlikely sources, such as the innkeeper Anthoni Angelo—ARV: B 1220: IV 25v (6 June 1486). [BACK]

236. For example, ARV: B 1222: II 46v (5 May 1497)—Çaat Requin of Játiva owes 14 pounds to the German merchant Noffre Ompis for copper purchased. [BACK]

237. ARV: B 323: 609r (19 April 1482)—Sardinian cheese; ARV: B 1220:

III 10v (11 January 1486)—Yuçeff Alaboti of Segorbe owes six pounds to Pere Pomar, ''botiguer de drogueria," for spices purchased. [BACK]

238. ARV: B 323: 740r (9 September 1483)—various Muslims of Valencia owe 36 pounds to Perot Plener, merchant, for "teles de Brabant" purchased; and ARV: B 1222: VII 5v (10 December 1499)—Ali Gragiti of Benaguacil owes 63s to the merchant Johan Celma "de preu de ceda." [BACK]

239. ARV: B 323: 255r-v (30 June 1479), and 309r-v (20 October 1479)—Abdalla Xeyt; and ARV: B 1220: VI 40v (September 1487)—Abdalla Medalla. [BACK]

240. For example, ARV: B 1161: 491v (21 March 1498)—a Muslim of Segorbe purchases 2,000 eels from a fisherman of Sueca, and 78v (20 May 1495)—a Muslim of Benaguacil purchases 25 "millere" of fish from a fisherman of Sueca. [BACK]

241. ARV: B 1220: VI 31v (9 May 1487), and VII 8r (9 June 1487)—Mascor Borrachet; and B 1220: I 7v (13 June 1495)—Amet Alami. [BACK]

242. ARV: B 323: 746r (25 September 1483); and ARV: B 1222: VI 38r (19 October 1499)—a Muslim farmer of Valldigna purchases thirty-one meters of fine linen from a citizen of Valencia. [BACK]

243. On Zignell lands in Valldigna, see ARV: B 325: 10r-12v. Licenses to various members of the Zignell family to travel south: ARV: B 1156: 512v-513r (20 July 1479), 649v-650v (29 October 1479); B 1157: 136v-137v (5 November 1481); B 1158: 396r-398v (28 March 1487); B 1159: 11r-12r (10 April 1488), and 127r-v (13 September 1488). [BACK]

244. Cases of the Zignells backing other merchants: ARV: B 1157: 89v-90v (21 August 1481), 91r-92r (21 August 1481)—Abrahim Çafont, 92r-93r (22 August 1481), 292v-293v (9 August 1482)—Abrahim Çaffont, 293v-294v (9 August), 473r-v (20 August 1483), 474r-v (20 August); B 1159: 153r-v (10 January 1489), and 168v-169r (13 February 1489). [BACK]

245. Cases of Zignell debts to merchants and farmers in the captial before 1490: ARV: B 323: 357r (29 May 1480), 765r (20 November 1483); B 324: 19r (11 March 1489), 78r (14 September 1489), and 122r (1 December 1489); and ARV: B 1158: 411r-412r (17 April 1487), and 425r-v (22 May 1487)—Zignells are granted safe-conducts against prosecution for debts. [BACK]

246. ARV: B 1431: 395r (14 February 1494). [BACK]

247. ARV: B 1431: 410v-411v. [BACK]

248. Some examples of Zignell wholesale purchases: ARV: B 324: 295r (2 February 1491)—the Zignells owe 221 pounds 14s 9d to a company of German merchants; B 324: 389r (25 June 1492)—the Zignells owe 73 pounds 6s 6d to the merchants Dionis Miguel and Francesch Miro; ARV: B 1222: VI 47r (2 December 1499)—A. Zignell owes 10 pounds 10s to J. Uguet for "teleries" bought; ARV: B 1160: 734r-v (10 September 1493)—the Zignell brothers owe 40 pounds to the citizen Gaspar de Gallach for flax purchased; and ARV: C 139: 194v-195r (8 February 1496)—the Zignell brothers owe 50 pounds to Berthomeu Pinos, merchant, for Neapolitan linen purchased. [BACK]

249. ARV: B 1431: 415r-v (25 February 1494)—the testimony of Amet Mathera, botiguer of Valencia; and ARV: B 1222: I 42r (12 November 1496)—Ali Zignell is licensed to sell sugar of whatever nature throughout the city. [BACK]

250. ARV: B 1162: 312r-v (9 June 1502). [BACK]

251. ARV: B 1431: 406v-407v (20 February 1494)—Dionis Miguel, merchant, testifies that Eximenez stood as surety for the Zignells when the latter purchased goods from him; 408r-v—Guillem Gualderi, a German merchant, testifies that Eximenez once paid him 5,000s in behalf of the Zignells. B 1431: 394v-421r, is the case of Eximenez against the Zignells, who owed him 14,000s. ARV: B 325: 41r-v (30 September 1494), concerns the 100 pounds to be paid by Umaymat and Yaye to Eximenez. [BACK]

252. ARV: B 1161: 280v (3 June 1496). [BACK]

253. ARV: B 323: 394r (16 September 1480)—Azmet and Xempsi purchase 111 pounds' worth of cloth from the merchant Joan Allepus. For Xempsi's selling of second-hand clothing, see B 323: 809r (26 May 1484); ARV: B 1220: VI 33r (10 May 1487), 35v (22 May); B 1222: V 34r (18 March 1499), 40r-41v (April 1499), VI 14r (10 July 1499), and VII 9v (17 December 1499). [BACK]

254. ARV: B 1223: I 15v (5 May 1501). [BACK]

255. ARV: B 1431: 412r-v—Mahomat Fandaig, and 415r-v—Amet Mathera (both dated 25 February 1494). [BACK]

256. ARV: B 1222: V 19v (6 February 1499). [BACK]

257. ARV: C 135: 175r-v (12 March 1490)—Murcian Jew; and ARV: B 1220: III 34r ^b (March 1486)—Maymo Açen. [BACK]

258. ARV: B 1222: I 31v (14 May 1497). [BACK]

259. ARV: B 1220: V 3r (16 August 1486)—Ali Ferriol; and VIII 23r (9 August 1487)—Azmet Ferriol. [BACK]

260. ARV: C 148: 206v-207r (13 August 1493). [BACK]

261. ARV: B 1158: 332v (22 December 1486). [BACK]

262. See nn. 84-85. [BACK]

263. ARV: B 1159: 2r-v (10 March 1488). [BACK]

264. The cases in which March Casterellenes acted as guarantor are: ARV: B 1156: 854r-855r, 855r-856r (both dated 5 September 1480); B 1157: 120r-121v, 121-122r (both dated 28 September 1481); and B 1158: 306r-v (10 November 1486). B 1157: 743r-v (26 October 1484)—Alexandre Alvespi. [BACK]

265. ARV: B 1157: 130v-131v (17 October 1481), 252v-253r, and 253v-254r (21 May 1482)—Francesch Sparça; and B 1159: 319r-v (27 October 1491)—Pasqual Vicent. [BACK]

266. ARV: B 1157: 339r-v (14 November 1482); and B 1162: 27v (March 1500) is a reiteration of this authorization. [BACK]

267. Another example of a Mudejar guarantor-partner is Çahat Hamis, a merchant of Játiva. ARV: B 1157: 38r-39r (4 May 1481)—Çahat acts as guarantor for another merchant of Játiva, Ali Haro; and 47v-48r (5 June 1481)—Çahat backs Abdalla Fuçey of Játiva. [BACK]

268. ARV: B 1156: 534v-536r (11 August 1479)—the amin * , jurats, and castellan of Ribarroja act as guarantors for Azmet Homar and Yuçeff Ageix of Ribarroja; and B 1156: 662v-663v (7 December 1479)—Gaspar de Castellvi, lord of Carlet, acts as guarantor for his vassal, Ali Bocoro. [BACK]

269. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 113-116; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 76; and Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 340-344. [BACK]

270. This information may be found in the register ARV: C 707. Some ex-

ceptions are 813v-814r (17 April 14.80)—Abrahim Annache, Abrahim's servant, and Helel Fumeyt of Cárcer travel to Almería with merchandise valuing 100 pounds; or 824r-v (24 April 1480)—Mahomat Boayadar of Carlet brings 200 pounds' worth of merchandise to Almería. [BACK]

271. ARV: C 707. [BACK]

272. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 113-116; ARV: C 707. [BACK]

273. See chap. 2. [BACK]

274. For the travels of the Bellvis or their agents to North Africa and Almería, see ARV: C 707: 845r-v (2 May 1480), 846r-v (same date), 881v-882r (24 May 1481), 885v-886r (29 May 1481), and 890v-891r (3 July 1481). ACA: C 3568: 132v-134r (15 February 1496) concerns the mercantile activities of Yahye Bellvis; and ARV: C 596: 236r (15 March 1498) concerns the voyage of Yahye Bellvis, brother of the qadi * general, to Naples on the Venetian galleys "por recuperacion de ciertos dineros que en Napoles son devidos." [BACK]

275. ARV: C 126: 102r-v (28 January 1480); and C 127: 85v-86r (2 March 1480). The case was to be adjudicated by the Consuls of the Sea. [BACK]

276. ARV: B 1161: 474v-475r (19 February 1498)—Yahye is granted a license to stay in Valencia for one year. [BACK]