Index
A
Abaig, Sabat, 102
Abdalla (enslaved Maghriban faqih[*] ), 267 -269
Abdolaziz Abedua, 19
Abuse of authority, by municipal governments, 36 , 37 -40
Acculturation, 227 -232;
bilingualism as index of, 227 -230;
Mudejar versus Morisco, 7 -8
Adelantats , 105 -107;
functions, 106
Africa, North. See Maghrib
Agnatic solidarity, 234 , 235 , 237 -238, 249 , 257 ;
feuds and, 239 -240
Agriculture, 114 -119, 122 -128;
crops, 118 ;
dry land farming, 117 -118;
irrigation and, 117 -118;
livestock-raising, 125 -128;
Mudejar labor and, 143
Al-Andalus, 2
Albarracín (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 37 , 178
Alçamba family, 108 -109
Alcarea Nova, 181
Alcira (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 34 , 91 , 109 , 116 , 135 ;
controversy with municipal government, 36 ;
fonduk , 155 -156;
land tenure in, 119 ;
Muslim population, 31 -32;
repopulation of, 20 ;
Alcoy (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 26 , 28 , 122
Alfonso V 17 -18, 43 , 44 , 64 , 73
Al-Hakam II, 233
Alicante, 70
Aljamas:
of Aragon, 14 ;
borrowing by, 169 , 170 , 172 ;
of Catalonia, 14 ;
class structure, 111 ;
controversies with municipal authorities, 36 ;
defined, 5 ;
as financial resources, 37 ;
limitations of autonomy of, 99 , 101 ;
officials, 101 -107;
royal (see Royal aljamas);
seigneurial (see Seigneurial aijamas/lands);
versus seigneurial, 14 ;
social positions in, 111 ;
versus universitas , 101 ;
of Valencia, 14 ;
wealth and power in, 107 -114.
See also names of specific aljamas
Aljamiado literature, 263
rebellion in, 90 ;
trade with, 141
Almugavers (raiders), Granadan, 70 -71, 82 , 88
Almunia, Bernat de, 95
Alpujarras, revolts in, 55 , 57 , 74 , 80 , 90 , 91 , 96
Amin[ *] :
election of, 26 ;
functions, 104 -105
Andalusia, 2 ;
Conversos of, 12
licenses to sell, 173 , 174 -176;
Antich patrimoni , defined, 181
Arabic language, 228 , 229 , 263
Arabic literature, 261 -263
Arabo-Berber attitudes/social structure, 233 -234, 235 ;
fragmentation and, 253 ;
solidarity and, 251 -252, 253 -254, 255 ;
women and, 248 -251
Arabs, 233 -234
Aragon: alliances, 68 ;
Fernando II as sole ruler of, 57 ;
Granadan Muslims in, 28 -29;
Mudejar policy in, 272 -273;
royal aljamas of, 14 ;
royal taxation, 169 , 178 -179;
school of higher learning in, 262 ;
territorial acquisitions, 2 ;
tithes, 167 -168.
See also Mudejars of Aragon
Artana, 117
Artisans, Mudejar, 128 -134, 271 ;
armed defense against corsairs, 89 ;
economic condition, 112 ;
exclusion of Muslims from guild, 87 , 128 -129;
itinerant merchants and, 140 ;
lands held by, 119 ;
marketplace purchases of, 137
Assimilation, 100 -101;
Mudejar versus Morisco, 7 -8;
religious conversion and, 230
Aureum opus , 184
Autonomy, communal, 99
Ayora, mosque in, 42 -43
B
Bailiff, local:
functions, 15 -16, 19 , 26 , 37 -38;
jurisdiction, 203 ;
jurisdictional conflicts, 203 -208
Bailiff general:
functions, 15 , 19 , 31 , 197 , 198 , 199 -200, 215 ;
governor and, 16 ;
jurisdictional conflicts, 203 ;
official truces and, 241 -242;
protection by, 33 ;
Baptism, forcible, 4 , 53 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 -92, 96 , 112 , 219 ;
by Germanías , 13 , 219 , 272 ;
of Jews, 5 ;
See also Religious conversion
Barcelona, royal control over, 15
Barceló Torres, María del Carme, 227 , 233 , 260
Bayezit II, 66 -68
Baza, 28 -29
Bechí, 24
Bee-keeping, 127
Beggars and begging licenses, 15 , 113 , 224 , 256
Belchite (Aragon) aljama, 14
Belenguer Cebrià, Ernest, 15
Bellvis family members, 102 -103, 185 , 237 ;
in commerce, 28 , 107 -108, 141 -142, 258
Benaguacil, 181
Benamir family, 110
Benicanena, 181
Benidorm, 79
Beniopa, 181
Benipeixcar, 181
Benxarnit family, 141
Berbers, 233 -234.
See also Arabo-Berber attitudes/social structure
Besant/besant lists, 31 , 146 , 151 , 168
Bétera, 29
Borja (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 163 , 168 , 171
Boswell, John, 8 , 193 , 227 -228
Bramon, Dolors, 129
Butcher shops, 37 , 47 , 59 , 60 , 87 , 126 ;
rental fees, 152 -154
C
Calatayud (Aragon) aljama, 14 ;
Granadan Muslims in, 29
Call to prayer, Christian objection to, 43 , 44
Calpe, 79
Cardona, Duke de, 182
Carlet (seigneury), 16 -17
Castellón de Játiva (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 42 , 103 , 122 ;
butcher shop, 153 ;
establishment of, 26 -28;
jurates, 105 ;
mosque, 42
Castellón de la Plana (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 24 , 77 , 91 , 117 , 208 ;
feuding families of, 109 -110;
population, 31 -32;
alliances, 68 ;
conversion or expulsion of Mudejars, 6 , 7 , 10 , 12 -13, 90 , 91 , 92 ;
cordoned off from Aragon, 58 -59;
defection of Valencian Mudejars to, 84 ;
Mudejar policy in, 11 -13, 272 ;
tariff on goods imported from, 166
Castro, Américo, 1
Catalonia, royal aljamas of, 14 ;
taxation, 178 -179
Catholicism, establishment as norm, 8
Cena , 168
Centelles, Don Gerubin de, 42 -43
Children, Mudejar, 248 , 249 , 251 , 263
Chova (seigneury), 16
Christian courts. See Courts, Christian
Christian law, 3 , 8 , 212 , 189 ;
dhimmah contract borrowed by, 2 , 3 ;
economy and, 198 -199
Christians:
anti-Muslim violence, 85 -90;
conflict with Muslims, 61 , 62 , 63 -64;
resentment of Mudejars, 87 -88;
social relations with Muslims, 8 , 47 -50 (see also Coexistence);
taxation of, 168 .
See also Courts, Christian
Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de, 5 , 12 , 30 , 273 ;
aspirations, 75 -76;
conversion methods, 55 ;
Mudejar policy, 90
Civil litigation, 186 -188, 245 ;
Christian courts and, 197
Civil service positions, 101 -107;
wealth and, 107 -111
Class structure, 111
Clavari , 107
Clement V, Pope, 43
Coastal towns, Mudejars of, 79 -80
Cocentaina, 29
Cocentaina, Count of, 182
Coexistence (convivencia ), 225 -226;
bilingualism and, 229 ;
economic basis for, 8 ;
Inquisition and, 60 ;
latent antagonism and, 4 , 98 ;
mingling of cultures and, 225 , 227 ;
resiliency of, 97 ;
stability of, 114 ;
use of term, 1
Cohesiveness, Mudejar, 251 -259;
Arabo-Berber social structure and, 251 -252, 254 , 255 ;
Mudejar feuding and, 232 -255;
pilgrimages and, 257 -258.
See also Agnatic solidarity; Group consciousness
Bellvis family and, 28 , 107 -108, 141 -142, 258 ;
international, 141 ;
maritime, 141
Commercial law, 198 -199
Communications network, 256 ;
among jurists, 267
Community services, rental fees from, 151 -159
Construction industry, 133
of Andalusia, 12 ;
decimation of, 41 ;
Jews' relations with, 11 -12;
judaizing, 12 ;
as problem to Fernando 11 , 52 ;
resumation of Judaic practices by, 52
Convivencia. See Coexistence
Corbera, 96
Cordmakers, 132
Corsairs. See Piracy
Cortes of Zaragoza (1502), 57
Corts of Barcelona (1503), 57
Councillors, 106
Courts, Christian, 226 ;
judicial procedure, 209 -216;
Mudejars in, 197 , 198 , 202 -216, 220 ;
oaths in, 210 ;
on sexual relations, Muslim-Christian, 220 -223;
trials, 210 -211;
witnesses, 211
Courts, Islamic, 185 , 189 , 193 -197, 198 -202, 245 ;
cases handled by, 201 -202;
Credit transactions, 136 -137
Crevillente, 63
Criminal activity, Mudejar, 218 -220
Criminal cases, 194 -197
Crusade(s), 1 -2;
preaching of, 85 -88
Cultural identity, 254 , 255 .
See also Cohesiveness, Mudejar
D
Daroca (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 17 , 154 , 163 , 177
Debtors, and Christian courts, 198
Dhimmah contract, 2 -3;
adaptation by Christian rulers, 3 ;
Koranic foundation of, 2
defined, 2
E
Economy:
anti-Muslim violence and, 88 -89, 90 , 98 ;
Christian control of, 142 , 198 -199, 227 ;
conversion of Mudejars and, 74 ;
feuding and, 245 -246;
guild system and, 129 -130;
importance of Mudejars to, 8 , 18 -19, 143 -146, 271 ;
of Moriscos, 112 -113;
of Mudejars, 5 , 8 , 14 , 100 , 112 -142;
of Valencia, 100 .
See also Taxes/taxation headings ; Wealth
Elite families, 107 -112
El Real, 181
Emigration licenses, 30 -31.
See also Travel licenses
Emigration of Mudejars, 235 , 258 ;
Castilian, 90 ;
economy and, 143 ;
policy on, 30 -31, 80 , 92 -93
Endogamy, 234 , 236 -237, 248 , 254
Enfiteutic contract, 115 -116
Enrique IV of Castile, 12
Entertainers, 134
Exclusiveness of Mudejars:
communal autonomy and, 99 ;
limitations of, 100 -101;
tendency toward, 99
Exogamy, 237 , 248 -249, 256 , 257
Expulsion of Jews, 10 , 11 , 13 , 51
Expulsion of Mudejars:
of children from Castile, 53 ;
and economy, 143
F
Fadiga , 116
Family(ies), Mudejar, 236 -254;
elite, 107 -112;
feuding within, 245
Faqih s[*] (jurists), 104 , 200 , 202 , 261 , 262 -267, 273 ;
communication network among, 267 ;
juridical activity of, 201 ;
possible stereotype, 269 ;
preaching of, 265 -268;
prestige of, 112 ;
role of, 7 , 264 -265, 266 , 267 -268, 269
Farming. See Agriculture
Felipe II, 257
Fernando II:
as absentee ruler, 14 -15, 16 ;
administration of aljamas and, 13 -18, 20 -21;
augmentation of royal morerías by, 18 -33;
conquest of sultanate of Granada, 28 ;
control of Inquisition, 60 ;
control of rival nobles and, 16 -17;
on conversion of Jews, 51 ;
on conversion of Mudejars, 51 -60;
emigration policy, 92 -93;
establishment of Castellón de Játiva aljama by, 26 -28;
expulsion edict and, 5 -6;
fear of Mudejar-Ottoman Turk conspiracy, 65 -68;
foreign policy, 61 , 62 , 64 , 75 ;
Granadan Muslims and, 28 -30;
holy war atmosphere of reign, 88 ;
Inquisition and, 4 , 5 , 15 , 60 , 88 , 272 -273;
Jewish policy, 11 -13;
leadership style, 18 ;
Maghriban Muslims and, 75 -80;
marriage to Isabel I, 57 ;
Mudejar policy, 6 -7, 11 -19, 58 , 61 -62, 97 -98, 143 , 270 -271, 272 -273;
on Mudejar practice of Islam, 40 -49;
and Mudejar reaction to Ottoman successes, 65 -66;
Mudejars of Castile and Granada and, 11 -13, 272 ;
postwar policy, 74 ;
preaching of crusade and, 86 ;
religious policy, 5 ;
revoking of own enactments by, 17 -18;
on rumors of forced conversion, 91 -92, 134 -135, 143 ;
segregationist stance, 44 -50;
tax base widened by, 18 ;
on use of public baths, 156 ;
Valencia under reign of, 4 ;
view of Islam, 40 -50;
war against Granada and, 72 -73, 97 -98
Ferrando, Joan, 181
Ferrer i Mallol, Maria Teresa, 63 -64
Feudal servitude, 115 ;
land-rental rights under, 115 -116
Feuding, Mudejar, 109 -110, 111 -112, 239 -254, 255 , 273 ;
agnatic solidarity and, 239 -240;
economic interests and, 245 -246;
within families, 245 ;
jurists and, 267 -268;
passive role of women and, 251 ;
political power and, 246 -247;
social structure and, 232 -255;
truces, 241 -242
Feuding, of rival nobles, 16 -17
Fevollet, Luis de, 38 , 39 , 40
Fishing, 127 -128
Fishing boats, 79
Fishmongers, 137
Fonduks (inns), 154 -156;
coexistence in, 227 ;
function, 154 ;
as royal monopolies, 154 -155
Foreign policy, 61 , 62 , 64 , 75
Fragmentation, 253 ;
change of vassalage and, 257 ;
faqih s'[*] role in overcoming, 266
Furs , 21 , 92 , 184 , 189 , 198 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 226
Fuster, Joan, 227
G
Geldo, 207
Germanías:
anti-Muslim actions, 7 , 60 , 86 , 89 -90, 97 , 125 , 272 ;
antiseigneurial violence, 24 , 89 -90, 209 ;
forcible baptism by, 13 , 219 , 272 ;
legal foundation for actions, 89
Gold, lure of, 75
Governors:
bailiff generals and, 16 ;
versus bailiffs, 203 ;
jurisdiction, 189 ;
role in Mudejar affairs, 16
alliances, 68 ;
commerce with, 28 ;
conversion or expulsion of Mudejars from, 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 -13, 54 -55, 90 -91, 92 ;
education of jurists in, 266 ;
Muslims forbidden to enter, 56 ;
raiders from, 70 -71, 82 , 88 .
See also Granadan Muslims; Málaga
conversion or expulsion of, 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 -13, 54 -55;
Valencian communities settled in, 18 , 28 -30, 78
Group consciousness, 225 , 227 , 254 , 255 -258, 273 ;
forced baptism ineffective against, 273 ;
public worship of Islam and, 259 -261.
See also Cohesiveness, Mudejar
Gualbes, Juan Cristóbal de, 59
Gual Camarena, Miguel, 5
Guardamar, 77
Guilds, 128 -130;
Jewish, 129 ;
Muslim, 129 ;
prohibition of non-Christian members, 87 , 128 -129
H
Haliczer, Stephen, 5
Hermandad (Brotherhood), 70
Hinojosa Montalvo, José, 72
Holy Child of La Guardia, 12
Holy war, Islamic (Jihád ), 2 , 3
Homicides, 196 -197, 219 -220, 238
Honor;
abduction of women and, 250 -251;
adultery and, 250 ;
defense of, 246 -247;
violence and, 247 -248;
wealth and, 247
Huesca (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 163 , 177 , 178
I
Identity, cultural. See Cohesiveness, Mudejar; Group consciousness
Industrial activities, 128 -134
Inheritances:
division of, 164 ;
religious conversion and, 231 ;
royal taxation of, 163 -165
Inns. See Fonduks
Inquisition, Spanish, 4 , 5 -6, 10 , 11 , 13 , 265 ;
analyses of, 5 -6;
Converso community decimated by, 41 ;
Fernando II and, 4 , 5 , 15 , 60 , 88 , 272 -273;
goal of, 12 ;
hostility toward Muslims and, 60 ;
methods of, 59 ;
Mudejarism and, 60 ;
Mudejars' fear of, 59
law enforcement and, 224 ;
on Mallorca, 59 ;
Integration of Mudejars:
into economic life, 100 ;
limitations of, 100 -101;
tendency toward, 99 .
See also Assimilation; Coexistence
Intellectual tradition, Mudejar, 259 -264
misappropriation of water, 253
Isabel I of Castile, 4 , 272 ;
aspirations, 75 -76;
control of Inquisition, 60 ;
conversion policy, 54 , 55 , 62 -63;
foreign policy, 61 ;
Jewish policy, 11 -13;
marriage to Fernando II, 57 ;
minority policy, 11 ;
Mudejar policy, 11 -13, 90 , 272 ;
Mudejars of Murcia and, 70 ;
Muslims from Vera and, 29 ;
Islam: adherence to, 254 ;
conflict with Christianity, 61 , 62 , 63 -64;
Fernando II and, 40 -50;
Mudejars' freedom to practice, 41 -42, 96 -97, 98 ;
restrictions on worshippers, 42 -49;
secularization of, 230 ;
Spain's aggression against, 61 -98;
war against, 61 -80
Islamic courts. See Courts, Islamic
Islamic law, 2 -3, 8 , 184 , 185 , 193 -196, 199 -201, 212 ;
on adultery, 249 -250;
Islamic learning, centers of, 259 -262
Italy, 76
J
Jaime I of Aragon, 4 , 13 , 33 , 47 , 185
Jaime II of Aragon, 43 , 189 , 211 , 212
Játiva (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 17 , 25 , 63 ;
bailiff general, 203 ;
exemption from besant , 146 ;
governors, 203 -205;
jurates kept at distance in, 36 -37;
jurisdictional conflict, 203 -205;
mills, 20 -21;
public bath, 156 ;
public utilities, 157 -159;
taxation, 20 -21, 145 , 150 -151
Jérica (Valencia) aljama, 14
Jews, Spanish:
Almohad persecution of, 2 ;
bailiffs and, 206 ;
conversion of, 51 ;
dhimmah contract and, 2 ;
emigration policy and, 30 ;
expulsion of, 4 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 51 , 265 (See also Inquisition);
as followers of distinct laws, 185 ;
forced baptism of, 12 ;
public baths and, 156 ;
relations with Conversos, 11 -12.
See also Conversos
Jihad[ *] , Islamic (holy war), 2 , 3
Jijona River, 73
Juana, Queen of Naples, 95
Juan 11 , 17 , 20 , 36 , 47 , 144 , 173 ;
emigration policy, 30 -31;
repopulation of Alcoy and, 26
Judicial system, 184 -224;
appeals system, 213 -215;
jurisdictional conflicts, 202 -216;
punishments, 212 -213;
seigneurs and, 207 -208, 217 -218;
sexual relations, Muslim-Christian, and, 220 -223.
See also Christian law; Courts, Christian; Courts, Islamic; Islamic law
Jurates. See Adelantats
Jurists. See Faqih s[*]
K
Kamen, Henry, 5
Kidnapping, of Christians, 71 , 77 , 79
Kriegel, Maurice, 12
L
Labor, skilled, 159
Ladero Quesada, Miguel Angel, 5
Landlords, 112 , 115 -116, 119
Land tenure, 115 , 119 , 123 ;
feuds and, 245 ;
outside place of residence, 119 , 120 -121, 122 ;
seigneurial dues in relation to, 123 ;
social classes and, 124 -125
Land use rights, 34 -35
Language, 228 -230
La Pobla, 181
Legal systems. See Christian law; Courts, Christian; Courts, Islamic; Islamic law; Judicial system
Lepanto, 61
Lérida (Catalonia) aljama, 13 , 14
Les Benexides, 118
Licenses, 148 , 151 , 223 -224, 259 ;
bailiff general and, 15 ;
to bear arms, 238 -239;
to beg, 1 , 15 , 127 , 224 , 256 ;
to sell annuities, 173 , 174 -176;
to travel, 15 , 71 , 73 , 80 , 113 , 140 , 148 , 151 , 223 -224
exogamy and, 237
Liria (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 31
Livestock:
raising, 125 -128;
royal supervision, 153
Lleuda , 116
Llombay, 135
Lords. See Seigneurs; Seigneurial aljamas/lands
Loyalty of Mudejars, 81 -84
Luna, Count de, 181
M
Macho y Ortega, Francisco, 5
alliances, 68 ;
commerce with, 28 ;
corsairs of, 75 , 77 -79, 88 ;
education of jurists in, 266 ;
Fernando II and, 75 , 76 , 84 ;
military weakness of, 75 , 76 , 81 ;
Mudejar emigration to, 30 , 31 ;
trade with Valencia, 76
Málaga, 55
Males, poll tax, 146
Malferit, Francesch de, 204
Mallorca, Inquisitors on, 59
Mamluk Egypt, 66 , 75 , 97 -98
Manises, 29
Manufacturers:
of brass buckles, 131 ;
Christian, 131 ;
Mudejar, 114 , 131 , 132 , 132 -134
Moriscos:
defined, 7 ;
versus Mudejars, 7 -8
Marital taboos, 100
Maritime commerce, 141
Marketplace, 135 -140;
coexistence in, 225 ;
congregation in, 257 ;
Muslim-Christian interaction in, 271 ;
rental fees, 157 ;
of Valencia, 136 -137
Marriage, 217 ;
agnatic solidarity and, 257 ;
Arabo-Berber, 234 ;
endogamous, 234 , 236 -237, 248 , 254 ;
exogamous, 237 , 248 -249, 256 , 257 ;
unhappy, 249
Mehmet the Conqueror, 64
Medicants, 113 ;
itinerant, 256 ;
licenses, 11 , 15 , 127 , 224 , 256
Mercader, Berenguer, 59
Mercader, Honorat, 15
Mercantile families, 141
Mers-el-Kebir, 74
Metalworking industries, 134
Military service, 19
Mills, royal, 157 ;
rental fees, 179
Mislata, 17 -18
Monforte (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 31 -32, 107
Monopolies, royal, 151 -157, 159 -168;
fonduks as, 154 -155;
mills as, 157 ;
ovens as, 157 ;
on salt production/sale, 166
"Moorish process," 200
Morabatí , 163
Morerías, defined, 15
acculturation of, 7 -8;
Carlos I and, 228 ;
contact with Muslims, 55 -56;
defined, 7 ;
economic conditions, 112 -113;
insincere conversion of, 228 ;
as marginal society, 8 ;
Old Christians and, 8 ;
prevention of contamination of, 56 ;
on seigneurial lands, 180
Moya, Marquesa de, 53
Mozarabic Christians:
Almohad persecution of, 2 ;
expulsion of, 3
Mudejarism:
benefits of, 30 ;
defined, 13 ;
Fernando II and, 58 ;
Inquisition in relation to, 60 ;
survival of, in Valencia, 97 -98;
treaty guarantees and, 13 -14
Mudejar policy, 10 ;
versus Jewish policy, 12 .
See also Mudejarism
Mudejars:
abuse of, 36 ;
bilingualism, 228 -230;
change of vassalage by, 18 -25;
in Christian courts, 202 -216;
of coastal towns, 79 ;
communities (See Aljamas);
conversion of, 51 -60;
defined, 4 ;
dress code, 70 ;
economic life, 112 -142;
economy of kingdom and, 143 -146;
emigration to Maghrib, 80 ;
Fernando II and, 10 -60, 61 -62;
as followers of distinct laws, 185 ;
group consciousness, 225 , 227 , 255 -261, 273 ;
Maghriban relatives of, 78 ;
versus Moriscos, 7 -8;
precarious position of, 34 ;
relations with Christians, 81 ;
in royal aljamas, 14 -18;
royal policy toward, 5 ;
royal protection of, 92 ;
on seigneurial lands, 14 , 16 -17, 19 ;
social allegiance, 111 ;
as spies for Granadan raiders, 70 ;
as vassals (See Vassals, Mudejar; Royal vassals; Seigneurial vassals)
Mudejars of Aragon:
Carlos I and, 7 ;
economic role of, 14 ;
Fernando II and, 6 -7;
sanctioning presence of, 6 , 11
Mudejars of Castile. See Castile
Mudejars of Granada. See Granadan Muslims
Mudejars of Teruel, conversion of, 53 -54
Mudejars of Valencia, 4 , 81 -84;
absence of large group of converts among, 56 ;
civil cases, 186 -188;
coexistence with Christians, 225 -226;
contacts with Maghriban corsairs, 95 -96;
crisis years (1500-1503), 90 -98;
dress code, 47 -48;
economic importance of, 14 , 30 , 142 , 143 -146;
economic life, 100 ;
fall of Granada and, 82 ;
fear of conversion or emigration, 91 -92, 93 , 94 -95, 134 -135;
fear of Inquisitors, 59 , 93 -97;
Fernando's exaction of loans from, 18 ;
final conversion of (1525), 63 ;
Granadan, 84 ;
importance of religious freedom to, 96 -97;
increasing tolerance of conditions, 81 ;
loyalties and interests of, 81 , 82 -84;
Maghriban, 78 ;
merchants and, 136 ;
Nasrid sultan and, 72 ;
Ottoman Turks and, 82 ;
population proportion, 7 , 14 , 63 , 81 ;
privileges and immunities of, 17 ;
prosperity of, 28 ;
rebellions of, 81 -82;
restrictions on movement, 95 ;
royal authority over, 13 -18;
sense of impotence, 96 ;
surrender treaties and, 33 -34;
tendency toward exclusiveness, 99 ;
tendency toward integration, 99 ;
treaty guarantees and, 13 .
See also Valencia headings
Muftís , 201
Murviedro (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 22 , 34 ,-35, 77 , 91 ;
Muslim population, 31 -32;
sales tax on meat, 153 ;
Musicians, 134
Muslims. See Mudejars
N
Nasrids[*] , 66 -67, 69 , 71 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 271
New Christians. See Conversos
North Africa. See Maghrib
Notaries, 211
Novelda, 29
O
Officials, Mudejar, 101 -107
Old Christians, 8
Oliva, Count of, 191
Onda (Valencia) aljama, 14
Ondara, 181
One, 78
Order of Mercedarians, 77
Oropesa, 77
Ottoman Turks, 9 , 61 , 62 , 64 -68, 81 -82, 95 , 255 , 270
P
Pages, Joan, 207
Paper mills, 157
Paterna, 181
Peatge , 166
Pedro III, 21
Pedro IV, 30 , 43 , 63 , 165 , 185 , 189 , 196
Peñón de Vélez, 74
Pensions de censals, See Annuities
Peris Albentosa, Tomas, 119
Peyta , 168 , 172 , 173 -174, 177
Physicians, Mudejar, 134 , 262
Pilgrimages, 257 -258
Piracy:
arming against, 89 ;
Maghriban, 75 , 77 -79, 95 -96, 271 ;
Turkish, 95 -96
Plague epidemics, 14 , 22 , 25 , 33 , 85 , 89 , 155
Political power, and feuding, 246 -247
Population size, besant lists as indication of, 31 .
See also Repopulation
Presidios , 76
Procurators, Christian, 211
Property taxes, 122
Proselytizing:
seigneurs' opposition to, 230 ;
Talavera's approach to, 273
Prostitutes:
fonduks as center for, 154 ;
licensing of, 15
Protection of Mudejars, 33 -40
Public baths, 156
Public utilities:
royal taxation of, 151 -159;
seigneurial taxation of, 179
Q
Qadi[*] general, 101 -104, 185 , 261 ;
appointment of, 102 ;
as dispenser of Shariah justice, 195 ;
Islamic law and, 194 -196;
judicial functions, 101 -102, 103 ;
jurisdiction, 189 ;
notarial functions, 103 ;
prestige of, 112 ;
scribal functions, 102
Quema , 166
R
Ransoming, of Muslim captives, 83
Razbayda family, 141
Rebellions: in Almería, 90 ;
in Alpujarras, 55 , 57 , 80 , 90 , 96 ;
in Castile, 92 ;
Ottoman Turks in relation to, 82 ;
in Sierra Bermeja, 90
Religious conversion, 51 -60, 74 , 230 -232;
Christians and, 231 ;
of Jews, 51 ;
voluntary, 53 -54, 230 , 231 -232.
See also Baptism, forcible
Religious elite, 112
Religious freedom, importance to Mudejars, 96 -97
Rentier class, 142
Repopulation:
of Alcira, 20 ;
of Castellón de Játiva, 26 , 28
Retail trade, 133
Revenue. See Economy; Taxes/taxation headings
Riots, anti-Muslim (1275-1276), 63
Ripoll family, 141
Romance language, 228 -230, 263
Ronda, Mudejars of, 55
Royal aljamas, 14 -18;
of Aragon, 14 ;
augmentation of, 18 -33;
of Catalonia, 14 ;
conditions of life in, 19 -20;
elite families, 107 -110;
Granadan Muslims in, 29 ;
irrigated lands, 117 ;
lack of independent political status, 19 ;
quality of life in, 20 ;
seigneurial resistance to, 21 -25;
of Valencia, 14 .
See also Royal vassals
Royal vassals:
taxation of (See Taxes/taxation)
Rural towns, and commerce, 135 -136
S
Saddleworks, 134 , 152 , 157 , 159 ;
illicit collection of, 37 ;
on meat, 153
Salt, monopoly on sale and production, 166
Salvador, Emilia, 30
Sánchez, Claudio, Albornoz, 233
Santa Clara, convent of, 116
Schools, 261 -262
Secularization, 230
Segorbe, 207
Seigneurial aljamas/lands, 16 -17;
annuity payments, 143 ;
dry land farming, 117 ;
emigration of Mudejars and, 143 ;
financial difficulties of, 180 -184;
Granadan Muslims and, 29 ;
irrigation of land, 118 ;
livestock raising, 125 -126;
majority of Mudejars on, 14 , 259 ;
officials, 110 ;
versus royal aljamas, 19 -20.
See also Seigneurial vassals; Seigneurs; Taxes/taxation, seigneurial
Seigneurialization, 226 -227
Seigneurial justices, 196
Seigneurial vassals:
artisans, 128 ;
change of vassalage and, 18 -33, 123 , 124 , 145 -146, 257 , 271 ;
conflicts of interest, 252 -253;
dues/taxes of, 14 , 122 , 123 , 142 , 145 -146, 179 ;
elite Mudejar families, 110 ;
hostility faced by, 253 ;
inducing to move to royal towns, 19 -28;
inheritances and, 165 ;
land rental or purchase by, 122 ;
marriage, 217 ;
merchants, 141 ;
quality of life, 19 -20;
religious freedom, 259 ;
seigneurs and, 217 -218, 251 -252;
services required of, 179 -180;
solidarity of, 251 -252
Seigneurs, 116 ;
debts of, 181 ;
versus Germanías , 89 -90;
jurisdictional conflicts and, 207 -208;
proselytizing opposed by, 230 ;
relationship with vassals, 217 -218, 251 -252;
resistance to change of vassalage, 19 -26;
signs of crisis of, 183 .
See also Seigneurial aljamas/lands
Servants, Mudejar, 113
Servicios , 168 -172, 173 , 177
Sexual relationships, Muslim-Christian, 100 , 220 -223, 249 -250
Sexual taboos, 100
Sharecropping arrangements, 116 -117
Shariah, 185 , 189 , 194 , 195 -196, 226
Sheep-raising, 125
Sierra Bermeja, rebellion in, 90
Sierra de Eslida, 144
Sisa. See Sales tax
Sisa del carn (sales tax on meat), 153
Skilled labor, 159
Slaves, Muslim, 79 , 113 -114, 129 ;
Mudejar assistance to, 83 , 224 , 255 -256;
Mudejar purchase of, 83 ;
sale of, 15
Social classes, and land tenure, 124 -125
Social position:
of civil service officials, 111 ;
economic status and, 111
Social relations, Mudejar, 238 -254
Social stress, and violence, 88 -89, 90 , 98
Social structure, Mudejar, 263 ;
Arabo-Berber, 233 -234, 235 , 254 ;
Mudejar feuding and, 232 -255
Sofras , 179 -180
Solidarity. See Agnatic solidarity; Cohesiveness, Mudejar
Sorrell, Bernat, 207
Spanish Inquisition. See Inquisition, Spanish
Sumacárcel, 103
Surgeons, Mudejar, 262
T
Talavera, Hernando de, 5 , 74 , 90 , 273 ;
conversion policy, 54 -55
Tarazona (Aragon) aljama, 14
Tariffs, 166
Taverns, 50
Tax collection/tax collectors, 104 -105, 106 , 171
Taxes/taxation, royal, 14 , 143 -183, 271 ;
augmentation of royal morerías in relation to, 18 -33, 36 ;
besant , 146 -151;
as factor in changing vassalage, 20 -21, 145 -146;
of Granadan Muslims, 28 -30;
illegal, in Alcira, 36 ;
importance in lives of Mudejars, 145 -146;
on public utilities, 151 -159;
structure of Mudejar authority relationship and, 145 -146;
various types, 159 -173, 177 -178.
See also Property taxes; Sales tax; Taxes/taxation, seigneurial
Taxes/taxation, seigneurial, 122 , 123 , 142 , 145 -146, 179
Tendilla, Count of, 55
Terrateig, 122 -123
Teruel (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 53 -54, 178
Tolerance, institutionalized, 2 -4
Tolls, 166
Torres, Diego de, 15
Tortosa (Catalonia) aljama, 13 , 14 , 31 , 45 , 163 , 178
Trade. See Commerce
Transporting of goods, 139
Travel licenses, 15 , 71 , 73 , 80 , 113 , 140 , 148 , 151 , 223 -224
Travel restrictions, 71 , 73 , 80 , 95 , 113 , 151
Treaties:
Mudejarism and, 13 -14;
Muslim survival and, 33 -34
Tribalism, 234 .
See also Arabo-Berber attitudes/social structure
Trivento, Count of, 181
Truces, official, 241 -242, 243
Tudela, 13
trade with, 141
Turkey, 65 .
See also Ottoman Turks
U
Umayyads, 255
Ummah , 255
Urban areas:
marketing of produce in, 135 ;
travel to, 256 -257
Urbanization, 226 -227
V
Valencia (aljama):
attack on (1455), 89 ;
attraction for Mudejars, 32 ;
butcher shop, 154 ;
commercial activity of, 28 , 32 ;
exemption from besant , 146 ;
fonduk, 154 -155;
Granadan Muslims in, 28 -30;
new vassals in, 257
Valencia (city):
marketplace, 136 -137;
as "melting-pot," 257 ;
population, 145
Valencia (kingdom), 2 ;
anti-Muslim riots in, 3 ;
chronology of Muslim settlement of, 233 -234;
civil cases between Muslims of, 186 -188;
coexistence of Muslims and Christians in, 57 ;
conquest of, 63 ;
economy of, 100 ;
under Fernando II, 4 ;
geographic position, 7 ;
Germanías in, 7 ;
Granadan Muslims in, 69 , 70 , 74 , 78 ;
Inquisitors in, 43 -44;
Jaime I and, 13 ;
Maghriban corsairs and, 77 ;
Muslim-Christian litigation as reflection of relations in, 216 -220;
Muslim population, 7 , 14 , 63 , 81 ;
plural social structure of, 225 ;
royal aljamas of, 14 ;
royal vassals in, 22 -23;
scarcity of labor in, 22 ;
trade with Maghrib, 76 ;
underpopulation of, 25 ;
violence in, 63 .
See also Mudejars of Valencia
Vall de Uxó, 87 , 91 , 117 , 132 , 144
Valldigna, Tabernes de, 19 , 29 , 35 , 96 , 116 , 207
Vallterra, Don Joan de, 21
Vassals, Mudejar:
change of vassalage, 18 -33, 112 , 123 , 124 , 145 -146, 208 , 257 , 271 ;
dependency of, 227 ;
inheritances and, 165 ;
in Maghrib, 79 -80;
Moriscos, 112 -113;
Mudejars valued as, 35 ;
preconditions to change of, 19 ;
rental of lands by, 115 , 122 ;
royal-seigneurial competition for, 14 , 18 -28, 122 .
See also Royal vassals; Seigneurial vassals
Vera, 29
Viceroys, 15
Villajoyosa, 205 -206
Villarreal (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 117
Violence:
anti-Muslim, 85 -90;
Corpus Christi Day incident (1491), 88 ;
of Germanías (See Germanías );
honor and, 247 -248;
intracommunal, 232 ;
readiness to resort to, 238 ;
social and economic
Violence (continued )
stress and, 88 -89, 90 , 98 , 218 -220, 232 -233.
See also Feuding, Mudejar
W
Wagf endowments, 13
Wartime policy, 72 -73
Wealth:
civil service positions and, 107 -111;
honor and, 247 ;
social class and, 111 -112
Weights-and-measures services, 157
Women, Mudejar:
abduction of, 250 -251;
Arabo-Berber attitudes and, 248 -251;
passive role of, 251 ;
relation to agnatic group, 249 , 250 ;
widows, 249
Wool production, 125 , 126 -127
Workplace, coexistence in, 99 , 100 , 225 , 271
Z
Zaragoza (Aragon) aljama, 13 , 14 , 170 , 177 ;
archbishop of, 39 -40;
command to crusade preacher in, 86 ;
fonduk, 155 ;
royal control over, 15 ;
school of higher learning in, 262 ;
zealous Christian in, 52
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