Impure Science
  Acknowledgments

 collapse sectionIntroduction  Controversy, Credibility, and the Public Character of Aids Research
 collapse sectionThe Crisis of Credibility and the Rise of the AIDS Movement
 •The Politics of Trust and Distrust
 •The Distinctive Character of the AIDS Movement
 collapse sectionAnalyzing AIDS Controversies
 •Credibility and Trust in Scientific Fact-Making
 •Science Studies and the Problem of Knowledge-Making from Below
 •Science Studies and Social Movement Research
 •The Media and the Construction of Credibility
 •Medicine and the Professions
 •Constructing Social Reality
 collapse sectionThe Plan of the Book
 •Part One: The Politics of Causation
 collapse sectionPart Two: The Politics of Treatment
 •The Conduct of Clinical Research.
 •The Interpretation of Studies.
 •The Politics of Risk and Regulation.
 •Conceptualizing Aids: Some Intellectual Debts

 collapse sectionPart 1  The Politics of Causation
 collapse sectionChapter 1  The Nature of a New Threat
 collapse sectionThe Discovery of a "Gay Disease" (1981-1982)
 •First Reports
 •The Politics of Lifestyle
 •Claiming the Epidemic
 collapse sectionLifestyle vs. Virus (1982–1983)
 •The Expansion of Risk
 •Germs and Magic Bullets
 •Dissent at the Front Lines
 •Medical Uncertainty and Gay Skepticism
 collapse sectionThe Triumph of Retrovirology (1982–1984)
 •Gallo's Family of Viruses
 •The French Virus
 •An Addition to the Honor Roll?
 •"Strong Evidence of a Causative Involvement"
 •Koch's Postulates and the Proof of Causation
 •The Framing of AIDS
 collapse sectionChapter 2  HIV and the Consolidation of Certainty
 collapse sectionThe Construction of Scientific Proof (1984–1986)
 •The Blossoming of AIDS Research
 •Citation and the Construction of Facts
 •Blood and Chimps
 collapse sectionHIV as "Obligatory Passage Point"
 •The Power of a Hypothesis
 •Science, the Media, and the Construction of Social Reality
 •The Appeal of a Virus
 •Alternative Viewpoints
 •Markers of Credibility
 collapse sectionChapter 3  Reopening The Causation Controversy
 collapse sectionFrom Deafening Silence to the Pages of Science (1987–1988)
 •Posing the Challenge
 •A Controversy Takes Public Shape
 •Interests, Investments, and "Fallen Angels"
 •The Duesberg Story Goes Mainstream
 •Gay Despair, Gay Suspicion
 •The Establishment Hits Back
 •Amassing Credibility
 •The Consequences of Controversy
 collapse sectionConsolidation and Refinement (1989–1991)
 •"Red Flags" at the Academy
 •Arenas of Controversy
 •The Heritage Foundation  and the "Risk-Aids Hypothesis"
 •"The Impact of the Truck"
 •From Outside to Inside and Back Again
 collapse sectionChapter 4  The Debate That Wouldn't Die
 collapse sectionThe Controversy Reignites (1991–1992)
 •From Isolation to Organization
 •The "Drug-Aids Hypothesis"
 •The HIV Heretics and the "Murdoch Press"
 •Mavericks and High-Flyers
 •Gathering of the Tribes
 •Project Inform Stakes its Claims
 •Left and Right
 •The "Vietnam Syndrome"
 •"AIDS Without HIV"
 collapse sectionThe Dynamics of Closure: Whither the Controversy? (1992–1995)
 •The Definitive Study?
 •The Terms of the Debate
 collapse sectionCausation and Credibility
 •Credibility Tactics
 •Mainstream and Alternative Media
 •Democracy as Rhetoric and Reality
 •From Causation to Treatment

 collapse sectionPart 2  The Politics of Treatment
 collapse sectionChapter 5  Points of Departure
 collapse sectionTargeting a Retrovirus (1984–1986)
 •The Logic of Treatment
 •The Genesis of Treatment Activism
 •Rights, Risks, and Ethics
 •The State of the Art, 1985
 •"Waiting for the Right Disease"
 collapse sectionClinical Trials Take Center Stage (1986–1987)
 •Becoming Experts
 •The Gold Standard
 •"Great Promise for Prolonging Life"
 •The Politics of "Indifference"
 •Placebos Under Attack
 •The Repudiation of Victimhood
 collapse sectionChapter 6  "Drugs Into Bodies"
 collapse sectionGaining Access (1987–1988)
 •"It's Not That Easy"
 •Sacrificial Lambs
 •Dual Roles and "Double Agents"
 collapse sectionA Knowledge-Empowered Movement
 •A Lab of One's Own
 •Acting Up
 •The Discourse of Genocide
 •The FDA under Fire
 •Beyond the FDA
 •Learning New Languages
 •The "Impurities" of Activism
 collapse sectionChapter 7  The Critique of Pure Science
 collapse sectionAZT and the Politics of Interpretation (1989–1990)
 •Signs of Rapprochement
 •AZT: "The Time Has Come"
 •Poison? Or Just Mediocre?
 •Two Committees, Two Conclusions
 collapse sectionActivism and the Manufacture of Knowledge (1989–1991)
 •Methodology to the Rescue
 •The Questions of Real Importance
 •Credibility and Representation
 •Access, Heterogeneity, and Pragmatism
 •The Politics of Purity
 •Heterogeneity and Social Difference
 •Old Dogs and New Tricks
 collapse sectionChapter 8  Dilemmas and Divisions in Science and Politics
 collapse sectionCombination Therapy and the "Surrogate Markers" Debate (1989–1992)
 •The Origins of a Bandwagon
 •Surrogate Markers to the Rescue
 •The "Future that we all Envisioned"
 •Between "Science" and "Policy"
 •The Genie in the Bottle
 collapse sectionInside and Outside the System
 •New Antiviral Research and the "Receding" Bottleneck
 •A Seat at the Table
 •The Reconstitution of Identity
 •The Diversification of Treatment Activism
 •The Politics of Cleavage
 collapse sectionChapter 9  Clinical Trials and Tribulations
 collapse sectionThe Search for New Directions (1992–1993)
 •"Outsmarting Science"
 •A "New Paradigm" for Treatment Activism
 •The Science of "Concordology"
 •Berlin
 •Doctors, Researchers, and "Cookbook Medicine"
 collapse sectionLiving with Uncertainty (1993–1995)
 •AZT: More "Pieces of the Elephant"
 •The Holy Grail of Statistics
 •East Coast, West Coast
 •Back to Basics
 •"Cocktails" and "Synergy"
 •Promoting "Good Science"
 collapse sectionConclusion  Credible Knowledge Hierarchies of Expertise, and the Politics of Participation in Biomedicine
 collapse sectionScience and the Struggle for Credibility
 •The Boundaries of Impure Science
 •Credibility and the Management of Uncertainty
 •Pathways to Credibility
 collapse sectionThe Transformation of AIDS Research
 •Credit Where Credit is Due
 •The Politics of Access
 •"Situated Knowledges" and the Lure of Science
 •Trials and Truth-Making
 collapse sectionThe Legacy of AIDS Activism
 •The Refashioning of Patients and Doctors
 •New Voices on the Medical Horizon
 •Expertise and Democracy

 collapse sectionNotes
 •Introduction Controversy, Credibility, and the Public Character of Aids Research
 •Chapter 1 The Nature of a New Threat
 •Chapter 2 HIV and the Consolidation of Certainty
 •Chapter 3 Reopening The Causation Controversy
 •Chapter 4 The Debate That Wouldn't Die
 •Chapter 5 Points of Departure
 •Chapter 6 "Drugs Into Bodies"
 •Chapter 7 The Critique of Pure Science
 •Chapter 8 Dilemmas and Divisions in Science and Politics
 •Chapter 9 Clinical Trials and Tribulations
 •Conclusion Credible Knowledge Hierarchies of Expertise, and the Politics of Participation in Biomedicine
 •Methodological Appendix
 collapse sectionMethodological Appendix
 •Sources
 •Symmetry and the Study of Scientific Controversies
 •Archeology and Genealogy
 collapse sectionContent Analysis
 •Scientific Journal Articles
 •New York Times Articles
 collapse sectionIndex
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 •I
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 •N
 •O
 •P
 •Q
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •U
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 •Z
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