A
Abbott (pharmaceutical company), 324
Abbott, Andrew, 438 n.19
on academic researchers, 215
on advisory jurisdictions, 339
on the germ theory, 58
on the professions, 23 , 372 n.113
Aboulker, Jean-Pierre, 301
Abraham, John, 375 n.155
Abrams, Donald: on activism, 341
on clinical trials, 248
on ddI licensing, 277
forms the County Community Consortium, 217
Abrams, Garry, 140
academic freedom, 176
accelerated approval program, 315 -16. See also conditional approval program
Acker, Caroline Jean, 375 n.147
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. See AIDS
ACTG (AIDS Clinical Trials Group), 340
activist involvement in, 290 -91
ACTG 016 trial, 237
ACTG 019 trial, 237 -40
ACTG 076 trial, 325
ACTG 318
activism: cancer movement, 348 -49
environmental movement, 351
of Haitians, 66
of people with hemophilia, 289 -90
against paternalism, 222 . See also ACT UP; AIDS movement; feminist health movement; gay movement; social movements; treatment activism
actor-network theory of scientific knowledge, 18
ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power), 219 -21
accused of racism, 291
chapters worldwide, 219
demonstration at NIH headquarters, 287
identity politics of, 21
involvement in the ACTG, 284 -87
meetings by consensus, 220
negotiations with the FDA, 226
people of color in, 291
rifts within, 291 -94
street theater of, 247
Western vs . alternative medicine, 293 -94.
See also specific chapters
ACT UP/Boston, 220
ACT UP/Chicago, 292
ACT UP/Golden Gate, 349
ACT UP/Houston, 219
ACT UP/Los Angeles, 220
ACT UP/New Orleans, 219
ACT UP/New York: "AIDS Treatment Research Agenda," 281
dominance of, 220
"FDA Action Handbook," 224 -25
Media Committee, 225
Treatment & Data Committee, 293
Women's Action Committee, 292
Women's Caucus, 292 .
See also TAG
ACT UP/Portland, 292
ACT UP/San Francisco, 294
ACT UP/Seattle, 219
ACT UP/Underground, 299 -300
acyclovir (herpes medication), 182
Adam, Barry D., 364 n.36
Adams, Jad, 140
advisory jurisdictions, 339
Advocate (California newsmagazine), 356
Africa, 162
HIV-2 in, 208
suspected as source of AIDS, 259
Africa-Americans: marginalization of, 66
as underrepresented in clinical trials, 259
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), 100 -101
Agosto, Moisés, 352
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): "AIDS virus" terminology, 392 n.51
epidemiology of, 364 n.33
fear/prejudice engendered by, 395 -96 n.27
first reports of, 45 -48
without HIV, 160 -63
literature on social aspects of, 38 -41
longterm survivors of, 306
markets of, 316 (see also T cells)
natural history of, 251
progression of, 396 n.43
rationale for name of, 55
spread/rise of, 325
stages of, 283 -84
stigma of, 78
surveillance definition of, 289
transmissibility of, 96
AIDS: From the Beginning (JAMA) , 101 -2
AIDS Action Pledge (later called ACT UP/San Francisco), 219
AIDS activism.
See AIDS movement; treatment activism
AIDS-associated retrovirus.
See ARV
"The AIDS Catch" (documentary), 138
AIDS Clinical Trials Group.
See ACTG
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power.
See ACT UP
AIDS education, 413 n.5
AIDS movement, 370 n.87
activitists' dependence on biomedicine, 14
AZT disapproved by some members of, 149
and body as symbol of selfhood, 21
decline of, 326 -28
diversity of, 8
effects on doctor-patient relationship, 346 -47
expertification within, 350 -53
"Founding Statement of People with AIDS/ARC," 206
fractures within, 133
on genocide-by-neglect, 221 -22
and patient autonomy, 222
"Patient's Bill of Rights," 206
and sexual politics, 20 -21
as shaped by clinical picture of AIDS, 10
as shaped by epidemiology of AIDS, 10 -11
"victim" label rejected by, 206 .
See also ACT UP; treatment activism
AIDS Quilt, 225
AIDS research: basic research, 318 -22
cooperation between researchers, 211 -12
literature on, growth of, 388 n.2
monetary investment in, 113
pace of, 429 n.4
racial limits of, 261
viral hypothesis and citations to Gallo, 87 (table)
AIDS Research (journal), 134
"AIDS Research at the NIH" (Gonsalves and Harrington), 297 -99
AIDS testing.
See blood screening test
AIDS Treatment Activist Conference, 291
AIDS Treatment Evaluation Units.
See ATEUs
AIDS Treatment News .
See ATN
AIDS Treatment Registry (New York City), 250
The AIDS War (Lauritsen), 169
Albert, Edward, 377 n.166
alternative conference (1992; Amsterdam), 154
alternative press, 174
Altman, Dennis, 442 n.68
Altman, Lawrence: on AIDS, 297
blames activists, 311
on Concorde trial, 304 -5
on the gay lifestyle, 46
on Koch's postulates, 95
Alzheimer's disease, 348
AMA. See American Medical Association amantadine (flu medication), 182
American Academy for the Advancement of Science, 169
American Foundation for AIDS Research.
See AmFAR
American Medical Association (AMA), 100
Task Force on AIDS, 102 .
See also Journal of the American Medical Association
AmFAR (American Foundation for AIDS Research), 397 n.65
Ammann, Arthur, 83 -84
Anderson, Jack, 125
And the Band Played On (Shilts), 38 -39
Annals of Internal Medicine , 358
antibiotics, 134
antibody test.
See blood screening test
antigen overload hypothesis. See immune overload hypothesis
Anti-Infective Advisory Committee (FDA), 200
antimoniotungstate (HPA-23), 188
antisense therapy, 306
Antiviral Advisory Committee (FDA), 316
approves indinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir, 324
antiviral drugs, 36 .
See also specific drugs
apoptosis, 155
Apple, Rima D., 363 n.30
archeological model of analysis, 357
Arksey, Hilary, 367 n.67
Armstrong, David, 370 n.94
Armstrong, Jana, 382 n.33
Arno, Peter, 438 n.21
Aronowitz, Stanley, 362 n.9
Aronson, Naomi, 366 n.60
Arras, John D., 412 n.93
ARV (AIDS-associated retrovirus), 77 .
See also HIV-1
Ascher, Michael, 164
ASFV (African Swine Fever Virus), 100 -101
Asians, drug metabolization in, 260
ATEUs (AIDS Treatment Evaluation Units), 210 -11
Atlanta, incidence of AIDS in, 259
ATN (AIDS Treatment News ), 349
on Concorde trial, 303 -4
authority, 373 n.123
of activists, 342
of doctors, 190
of experts, 5 -6
of knowledge, 2 -3
moral, 172
of professionals, 268 -69
scientific, 368 n.76
suspicion toward, 242 .
See also credibility
autoimmune mechanisms, 284
autonomy: of patients, 310
professional, 269
of science, 363 n.24
azidothymidine.
See AZT
AZT (azidothymidine; brand name Retrovir; generic name zidovudine), 418 n.16
ACTG 076 trial, 325
for AIDS patients, 213
for asymptomatic HIV positives, 300 -305
Burroughs Wellcome supplies AZT free to AIDS patients, 198 -99
Concorde trial, 333 -34
cost of, 199
criticized by AIDS movement, 401 -2 n20
criticized by HIV dissenters, 299
European-Australian Collaborative Group study, 311
harmfulness of, 148
history of, 214
ineffectiveness of, 148 -49
as prolonging life, 430 n.22
Protocol 016 trial, 237
Protocol 019 trial, 237 -40
replacement with better drugs, expectation of, 243
side effects from, 266
as slowing AIDS progress, 237 -40
toxicity of, 302 -3
and viral mutation, 265 . See also clinical trials; combination therapy