Index
Abdu, Sheikh Muhammad: on Muslim identity, 140
additions (to housing): bribery and, 173, 174; as hadad (demolition), 55
Aden, 18
Afghanistan, 138
el-ahali, 103, 124, 152, 162; author’s connections with, 8–9, 11; contrasted with el-masaakin, 6–7, 81–82, 163–64; and gender, 170; and local identity, 118; markets in, 111; and marriage, 130; mosques in, 23–24, 126, 127, 170; narratives of residents, 163; negative views of relocation, 71–73; use of space in, 63
Ahali Bulaq (people of Bulaq): and rootedness, 76
Ahmed Ibn Talun, 16
Alexandria: and 1977 riots, 37–38
Ali, Ismail: and modernization of Cairo, 27
Ali, Muhammad: and building of Cairo, 26–27
Amin Qasim: on Egyptian identity, 140
Andalusia, 18
Animal Feed Factory: mosque for workers of, 120
animals, domestic: and community, 62–65
‘ashwua’iyyat (“unplanned” areas), 41
’asl (origin): defined, 84–85; forgetting one’s, 85–87; and globalization, 84–87
audio tapes: and migration, 149–51; state control of, 149–50
authority: husband’s, 10
al-Azhar, 119
baladi: and ’asl, 86–87; and Bulaq, 77–80, 82; and class, 77, 79; defined, 77; and lama, 80–82; and post-colonialism, 5; and al-Zawiya, 78–83
balcony: and privacy, 98–99
bazaar: studies of, 112
Berman, Marshall, 21, 38, 39, 45, 133, 136; quoted, 37, 51, 84
biyuut ahali (private houses), 5. See also el-ahali
body: and the mosque, 130–31; and privacy, 98, 99; and religious identity, 124
Bourdieu, Pierre, 17, 22, 23, 38–39, 44, 48–51, 58, 70; on doors, 93, 95; on the “doxic,” 106; quoted, 43, 48, 55, 103, 170
Bulaq, 127; and ’asl, 85, 86; as baladi area, 77–80, 81, 82; children in, 108–09; and class, 83; community in, 94; as less “modern,” 133; locals of, 118; location of, 76–77, 79; memories of, 95, 96; relations between Muslims and Christians in, 123–24; relocation from, 4, 6, 134, 163, 164, 169, 173; research in, 5; social control in, 65; and al-Zawiya, 7
bus: in Cairo, 116–17; and commute to al-Zawiya, 11; conditions on, 170; and fieldwork, 8; and poverty, 132
Cairo: “city of problems,” 167, 169–70; as “the face,” 31; founding of, 26; and globalization, 17–21; inclusion in, 158, 167–68, 171–73; infrastructure of, 28; and Islam, 5, 17, 179–80; map of, 3; metro, 169; and migration, 145, 167–68; modernization of, 2–4, 27–42; and nationalism, 28; new governor of, 160, 169, 173; and 1977 riots, 37–38; “Old,” 5; outskirts of, 5–6; population of, 25–26; production of, 16–17, 24, 143–44, 168, 174–78; reform of, 168–70; Sadat’s plans for, 135; “strangers in,” 12; and technological progress, 168; tourism in, 2, 5, 38; transportation in, 116–17; Umm al-Dunya (Mother of the World), 25; and al-Zawiya, 11, 162–64, 166
capital, symbolic: loss of, and relocation, 76–77
censorship: and audio tapes, 149–50
Central Security Forces (al-Amn al-Markizi): and Muslim-Christian confiict, 122; and relocation, 70
Christian(s), 14–15; author’s relations with, 12–13; church, construction of, 120; clashes with Muslims, 120–26; economic superiority of, 124; and Muslims, 5, 12, 23–24, 181. See also Copts
city: and ’asl, 85; and class, 4–5, 11, 45; and colonialism, 26–27; and fieldwork, 8–17; and gender, 100–03, 114–15; and globalization, 87, 169; governance of, 160, 168; “Islamic,” 17, 98; and inequality, 143; and migrants, 167–68; and modernization, 2, 18, 27–28, 133; planning, 30–40, 161, 174–75; population of, 26; “of problems,” 28, 167, 168; production of, 11, 16–17, 18, 22–24, 26–28, 48, 51, 143, 145, 146, 171, 172, 176–77; and poverty, 132; and relocation, 4, 5–6, 18, 51–52, 69–70, 74, 114, 123; and space, 99; transport in (bus), 1, 2, 8, 11, 14, 76, 116, 117, 128, 132, 170, 179, 181
class: and baladi, 77, 79; differences, 4–5; and fieldwork, 11–12; and globalization, 84, 143, 178; and housing, 28, 48–49; and information, 14; and lama, 80–82; and modernization, 22; and relocation, 18, 30; and rights, 174–75; sha‘bi and raaqi, 82–83; and space, 11–12
colonialism: and baladi, 77; British, 27; French, 26–27; and production of Cairo, 26–27; resistance to, in Bulaq, 70; and space, 22
Comaroff, Jean: on religion and relocation, 118–19
communication: and migration, 155
community: and Bulaq, 75–76, 78–79; and class, 82–83; and domestic animals, 62–65; and everyday norms, 126; and housing alterations, 159; and individualism, 136; and modernity, 134; and the mosque, 126–31; opposed to privacy, 92–93; and religious identity, 117–20, 122; and state control, evasion of, 154; and structure of el-masaakin, 46; and ulfa, 80–81; and work, 60
computers: and technological renaissance, 169
contraception: perception of, in al-Zawiya, 9–10
control, state: and audio tapes, 149–50
conversion: and marriage, 124
cooperation: neighborhood, against the state, 141–42
Copts: and government policies, 119–20; and Muslims, 110, 117–18, 121–22; protests of, 122; Sadat on, 121. See also Christians
cross: tattoo of, 124
dancing: allowance of, 98–99
Dar il-Salam, 80–81
de Certeau, Michel, 16, 23, 50, 168, 171; critique of Bourdieu, 50; quoted, 17, 58, 141, 167; on “spatial practices,” 16, 22, 41; on “tactics,” 15, 22, 50
desire: and state discourse, 41–42
discourse: on bus, 132; global, 19–21, 68, 70, 143; of modernity, 2–4, 48, 133–40, 179, 180; in mosque, 13, 130–31; negative, and Bulaq, 70–73; religious, and control of women, 102–03; of relocation, 23, 31–34, 35–37, 38–42; state, 16, 22–23, 48, 66, 93, 158, 168, 173–74, 179; state, resistance to, 172–77; of urban planning, 129–30
dress: Islamic, 124
Egypt: compared to United States, 83; economic problems of, 28–29; failure of bureaucracy, 39–40; and globalization, 17–21; indigenous population of, 77; and “modern Egyptians,” 119; and modernity, 21; and nationalism, 119–20; 1952 revolution, 27; state attitude to Islam, 117; traditions, 125–26
Eickelman: on Morocco, 46
English (language), 86
Europe: travel to, 178
fasting: importance of, 13
Fatimids: and founding of Cairo, 26
Fernea, Robert: and religious identity, 14–15
field work, 7–8, 14; and class, 11–12; and gender, 9–10; and marriage, 9–11; and religious identity, 12–13
“Food Riots,” 37–38
Foucault, Michel: on “dividing practices,” 33; on power and desire, 41; on space, 22
Fraser, Nancy, 91
French: attacks on Egypt, 28; colonial presence in Cairo, 26–27
fundamentalism, 132–33
fusha (going out), 101
al-Gamaliyya: research in, 5
gender: and baladi, 87; and coffiee house, 109–11; and control, 88–90, 99–103, 103–15; and fieldwork, 9–10; and fusha, 101; and global discourse, 67–69, 143, 178; and housing, 51; and inequality, 23, 89–90; and information, 106; and market, 111–14; and negative images, 72–73; and production of Cairo, 16–17; and public vs. private, 90–92, 99–103; and relocation, 71; roles, 53, 72, 88–89, 100, 114–15; and rootedness, 74–75; and segregation, 10; and space, 53–54, 59, 60, 61–66, 89–90
Geniza documents, 17–18
globalization: and appropriation of modernity, 180; and ’asl, 84–87; and class, 18, 178; and Cairo, 17–21; and daily practices, 17; and fast-food chains, 25, 84; and fundamentalism, 132–33; and gender, 67–68, 87, 178; and images, 44, 179; and inequality, 143; and locality, 19, 69–70, 143–44; narratives of, 66–69; and neighborhoods, 166; and religious identity, 131–33; and state discourse, 22–23
government, Egyptian: control, 149–50, 154, 159, 164–65, 166; and antigovernment feelings, 12, 180; discourse of, 173–74; incompetence, 132; legislation, 160; and modernity, 24; neglect, 162–63; plans, resistance to, 171–77; presence and absence, 25–26; system of bribery, 174; and unplanned areas, 173
Gulf War, 8
hara: in Bulaq, 74
Hassan, Nawal: on relocation, 40
Haussman, 168
hijab, 124
Hosni, Abu, 14–15, 17, 18, 67–68, 69, 71, 78, 84, 86, 175, 180; modernity “like a knife,” 134; and technology, 135–36, 138
housing: additions to, 48, 50–51, 52–53, 55–58; 174–76; and belonging, 152; and bribery, 173, 174; and class, 28, 48–49; conditions, 31–33; crisis, 31–33; and diversity, 6–7; and domestic animals, 62–65; and gender, 50, 53–54, 59, 60, 61–66; and identity, 151–52; and income, 2–4, 6–7, 178; and marriage, 18, 45, 53, 152–53; and migration, 29, 68, 147; and modernization, 133–34, 154–58, 159–60, 164–66; options, 10–11; problem of, 170; project, stigmatization of, 179; public, and immigrants, 79; and religious identity, 53; and segregation, 73; shortage, 12, 27, 44–45, 141–42; and state control, 2–4, 16–17, 154, 174–77; and status, 153, 157–58, 159; and unplanned areas, 173; value of, 164–65; and visits, 54, 59; and workplace, 57–58, 60
housing, public, [185n11], [186n20], [186nn5], [6], [7], [187n12], [189nn4], [10], [192n7], [193n8]; advantages of, 41; cost of, 40; financing of, 30–31; Nasser’s plan for, 6, 27–28; and nuclear family, planning of, 34; police presence in, 34; 93, 94–96; and private, 6–7
ibn el-balad: and baladi, 77. See also baladi
identity: and ’asl, 84–87; baladi, 78–79; and Bulaq, 73–76; complexity of, 20–21; cultural, 17, 40; and gender, 9; and housing, 53–54; and place, 45; and relocation, 23, 118; and stigmatization, 70–73; and space, 82–83
identity, Egyptian: and post colonialism, 5; and the West, 140
identity, religious, 9, 15, 117–18, 163; and body, 124; and criticism of government, 180; and difference, 13; and fasting, 13; and fieldwork, 12–13, 14–15; and globalization, 131–32, 132–40; and housing, 53; and “Islamic city,” 17; and the “local,” 68–69; and migration, 67–68; and modernity, 24, 34, 136–37, 179–80; and mosque, 126–31; and nationalism, 119–20; and pilgrimage, 180; and police, 128; and relocation, 118–19; and space, 120–26; and television, 137–39
images: global, 44, 179; of modernity, 133–40, 154; and relocation, 44, 70–73
Iman: and unity in mosque, 126–27
individualism: in the United States, 136
inequality: and gender, 89–90, 106; and information, 106; and public vs. private, 91–92; and symbolic violence, 103–04
infitah: and 1977 riots, 37, 38; “open-door” policy, 22, 29, 37, 38, 84, 94, 144–45
internet: cafés, 169
Iran: squatter settlements in, 175
Iraq: and Egyptian migration, 145
‘ishash al-Turguman: demolition of, 36–37; and 1977 riots, 38
Islam: activists, 117, 119–20, 122, 129, 137; and Cairo, 5, 17; and collectivity, 23–24; conversion to, 124; dress, 124; extremism in, 120, 123, 132–33, 137, 179; and “good Muslim,” 116–17; and the government, 117, 119; and Islamization, 179–80; and modernization, 136, 137; and television, 137–39; traditions of, and western advances, 125–26, 134, 137
Israel: 1968 war, 28
Kalam Rigalla: and baladi identity, 78–79
Kihmar, 124
Kulthum, Um, 117
Kuwait, 144, 146, 147, 152, 178; and migration, 18, 20; purchases in, 158; and transnationialism, 8
lama, 109; and diversity, 80–82; and market, 114; negative connotations of, 81–82
Lash, Scott: on “the local,” 69
Le Courbusier, 168
Libya, 178; and Egyptian migration, 18, 145; and transnationalism, 8
“local, the”: and Bulaq, 73–76; dislocation of, 70–73; and restriction of women, 69; shift of, 69–70
London, 178
McDonald’s: and globalization, 19
Madinet al-Mohandessin: and class, 28
market (suq), 101; and lama, 109; negative image of, 92; and the “public,” 91; social construction of, 111–14; women’s control of, 112–14
marriage, 12; and baladi, 86–87; between Copts and Muslims, 124; and field work, 9–11; and housing, 18, 53, 45; husband’s role, 10; and identity, 9; and income, 7; and migration, 67–68, 146, 152, 157–58; and restricted movement, 102–03; and stigmatization, 72; and ulfa, 80
el-masaakin, 6, 124; and el-ahali, 8–9, 71–73, 81–82, 163–64; and ’asl, 86–87; author’s connections with, 9, 11; and Bourdieu’s study, 49–51; changes in, 158–59, 161–62; doors in, 94–96; “housing for the people,” 6; isolation in, 96; and local identity, 118; markets in, 111; and marriage, 130; mosques in, 23–24, 126, 127, 170; and privacy, 47–48; problems of, 46–48; relocation to, 23, 30–34; and sha‘bi, 83; segregation in, 73; uniformity of, 161
Masaakin al-Turguman: and Bulaq, 76
Massey: on “the local,” 69
media: state control of, 23
Medina, 124
metro: in Cairo, 169
migration, 50, 93; and al-Zawiya, 7; and class, 178; and communication, 147–48; and consumer goods, 57, 62; desire for, 147–48; difficulties of, 147; and gender, 147–49; and globalization, 18; and housing, 147, 148, 151–58; and income, 29, 55, 146; and locality, 24; and marriage, 67–68, 146, 152, 157–58; and regulation, 145–46; post-Sadat, 144–45; and virginity, 87
El-Missiri: and baladi, 77
Misr al-Jididah: and class, 83
modernism: and housing projects, 161–62
modernity: appropriation of, 21, 24, 49–51, 137–39, 179, 180; critique of, 42, 136; discourse of, 48, 49, 133–40; and extremism, 137; images of, 21, 38, 39, 41–42; and Islam, 181–82; and religious identity, 117–18, 136–37; and state planning, 2–4; and stigmatization, 70–73; and tamaddun, 133; and technology, 134; and television, 137–39; and al-Zawiya, 79
modernization: adapting to, 49–51; of Cairo by Sadat, 27, 28–42; and class, 22; cost of, 38–39; discourse of, 29–30, 48; failure of, 39; and family, 93, 94–96; and housing, 31–33, 154; and privacy, 32; and religious identity, 179–80; and relocation, 18, 30, 35–42
Moses, Robert, 168
mosque, 116, 117, 177; and activists, 129; authority of, 41; building of, 170; centrality of, 12, 13, 126–31; and collectivity, 23–24; discourses in, 13; dress for, 71; and education, 127, 130–31, 179; and field work, 8; and gender, 69, 92, 101, 102; and identity, 115; and modernity, 181–82; and 1981 religious clashes, 120–26; and the “public,” 91; as social space, 126; in the United States, 68; and unity, 126–27, 131; women’s feelings for, 127–31
Mubarak, Hosni: and economic reform, 168–69
Muslim(s), 20; activists, 179; and Christians, 5, 12, 23–24, 181; Christians, clashes with, 120–26; and Copts, 110, 117–18, 119–20; dress, 12–13; extremists, 24; “good,” 116–17; and the mosque, 126; Shi‘ites, 26
narratives: of globalization, 66–69
Nasser, Gamal Abdel: and land redistribution, 40; and migration, 144; Nasserists, 119; public housing plan, 6, 16; socialist policy of, 27–28
National Democratic Party (NDP), 76, 181; and Muslim-Christian conflict, 121
nationalism: Asian and African, and Cairo, 28; and outsiders, 12; and religious identity, 119–20; and relocation, 36
al-Nazir: mosque on disputed land, 122
neighbors: cooperation of, 159–60, 164; and history, 162–64; and housing additions, 165–66
Nile, 25, 31; access to, 74; and Bulaq, 30, 76, 77; and construction, 29; corniche, 29, 62, 74
1977 riots: and Bulaq, 37–38
1973 war: and Sadat’s popularity, 29
niqab, 128
Ottoman empire: and production of Cairo, 26–27
Pakistan, 146
People’s Assembly: and Muslim-Christian conflict, 121
Phalangists: and Copts, 121
Philippines, 146
place: and ulfa, 80–81
planning, urban: and gaze, 31. See also Cairo; modernization; relocation; Sadat
police: bribery of, 174; and coffeehouses, 110–11; and housing projects, 34; and Muslim-Christian conflict, 121; and Muslims, 117, 128; and planning of Cairo, 38; presence, in Cairo, 25–26; and relocation, 35–36, 38, 52; tricking of, 16
postcolonialism: and Egyptian identity, 5
practices, daily: and housing, 58–66; and production of Cairo, 16–17; and space, 22; and state discourse, 41–42
prayer: “correct” manner of, 13
pregnancy: and identity, 9–10
privacy, 63; and body, 98, 99; and class, 79; and dress, 96, 98; foreignness of, 92–93; and isolation, 96; in el-masaakin, 47–48; and seeing, 96–99, 108; and state discourse, 66, 93
private: defined, 91; and doors, 94–96; and seeing, 96–99, 108; vs. public, 90–115
public: defined, 91; and gender, 99–115; vs. private, 90–115; and religious identity, 115; and scarf, 97–98
pyramids: and tourism, 30
religion. See Christian(s); Copts; identity, religious; Islam; Muslim(s)
relocation, 51; and ’asl, 85–87; and baladi, 77; and Bulaq, 69–70; and class, 30, 40; and community, 75–76, 118–19, 134; cost of, 37–39; and diversity, 79, 80–82; failure of, 39; feelings about, 7–8; and force, 35–36, 38–39, 52; and foreign investment, 30–31; and gender, 71; and globalization, 169; legitimization of, 77; and local identity, 118; and modernity, 2–4, 18, 30; and Muslim-Christian clashes, 123–24; narratives of, 43–45, 163–64; and price increases, 114; and “progress” (tamaddun), 133; and protest, 36–37; and religious identity, 118–19; and rootedness, 74–76; and social control, 81–82; and space, 22–23, 66; state discourse of, 31–34, 35–37, 38–42, 173, 174; and stigmatization, 70–73; and “symbolic capital,” 76–79; and al-Zawiya, history of, 162–64
resistance: and anti-government feelings, 12, 171–77; and relocation, 36–37
rights: protection of, and class, 174–75
rootedness: and baladi, 78; and Bulaq, 74–76; and gender, 74–75; and el-masaakin, 81–82; and relocation, 74; and ulfa, 80–81
ruqaq, 62
el-Sadat, Anwar, 39, 138–39; assassination of, 123; assumes presidency, 28; as “the Believing President,” 119; economic promises of, 178–79; and globalization, 18; In Search of Identity (1978), 28–29; and Islam, 136, 139; and modernization, 2, 16, 22–23, 30–31, 34, 35–36, 37–40, 135, 168–69; and 1981 clashes, 122–23; and 1977 riots, 37–38; and 1973 war, 29; “open-door” policy, 22, 29, 37, 38, 84, 94, 144–45; and relocation, 30–34
Sarajevo, 144
Saudi Arabia, 147; goods from, 57; and migration, 8, 18, 20, 145, 149, 152; and pilgrimage, 177–78, 180
savings associations: and ulfa, 80–81
secularization: and modernity, 137
seeing: and privacy, 96–99
segregation: by gender, 10
sexuality: control of, 90–91, 106; female, and the mosque, 130–31
al-Sha‘b, 36
Shamm in-nisiim, 125
Shehata, Abdel-Rehim: governor of Cairo, 167
Shenoudaha, Pope, 1246 th of October: low-income housing, 45
space: appropriation of, 17, 31, 49–51, 52–53, 58–66; and baladi identity, 78–79; and body, 98; centrality of, 21–24; and class, 11–12; and colonial power in Cairo, 26–27; control of, 171–73, 174–77; and cultural identity, 82–83; and defilement, 61; and domestic animals, 62–65; empty, 81; and gender, 53–54, 66, 90, 92, 99–115; and mosque, 13; and privacy, 93–96; private, 124; public, 116–17, 120–26, 126–31; and resistance, 171–77; and rootedness, 74; Sadat’s policies and, 29–30; scarcity of, 45–48, 71; and segregation, 73; and socializing, 62–63; “spaces of tolerance,” 173; and status, 65–66; and “symbolic violence,” 103–04; and “tactics,” 58–66; transformation of, 55–58, 66; use of, and state discourse, 41–42; women’s use of, 106–09; in al-Zawiya, 11
state: compensation, 37; criticism of, 110; definition of “modern Egyptians,” 119; discourse, and privacy, 66, 93; discourse, and relocation, 22–23, 31–34, 35–37, 38–42; discourse, and stigmatization, 70–73; discourse of modernity, 16, 48; and space, 40–42, 89
stereotypes: in Muslim-Christian conflict, 125; and relocation, 70–73, 75, 108, 118, 140
strategies: and gender, 101; and “tactics,” 50–51; of women, 102–03
Sudan, 77
al-Sunniyin: and mosque, 121, 127; state attitude towards, 117
Syria, 77
tactics, 50–51; of appropriation, 42, 58–66; and negative images, 72, 73; and space, 23. See also strategies
al-Tahrir Square, 116
technology: consumer goods, 51; as investment, 20; and modernity, 134; “renaissance,” 169
restriction of, 102; Sadat’s fascination with, 135; and status, 54–55, 137–38
telephones: in al-Zawiya, 169
television, 59, 60, 115; and housing, 157, 158; and modernization, 67; as silence, 139; struggle over, 86, 102, 137–39
tourism: lack of, in al-Zawiya, 5; and modernization, 2, 4; and planning of Cairo, 29, 38
tradition: and ’asl, 85; Muslim, vs. Egyptian, 124–25; Muslim, and western advances, 134
transportation, public, 1–2, 8, 11, 12, 116–17, 177, 181; and fieldwork, 8; and the hajj, 180; and preaching, 179
tricking, 50; of powerful, by weak, 15–16; and housing, 16–17
United States, 85, 122; and ’asl, 86; author’s education in, 54; critique of, 83, 135–36; and globalization, 19–20; links with Egypt, 18, 135; and migration, 67–68, 69; travel to, 178
“Uprising of the Thieves,” 37–38
urban: clearance, 6; fabric, and religion, 119, 132; life, 16–17, 181; life, and modernization, 133; localities, production of, 143, 145, 158–66, 178; planning, 27–28, 29–30; poor, 2, 132; problems, 16, 27; resources, and “fooling,” 174–77; space, 2, 4, 5, 17, 22, 30–31, 39–40, 49, 86, 172, 175–77; space, and gender, 92; urbanization, 27–28, 132
Urry, John: on “the local,” 69
West, the: and afrangi, 77; and Cairo, 67–68; Egypt’s relation to, 19–21. 27–28; and “the local,” 69; Sadat and, 28
women: and “bad manners,” 104–05; control of, 88–90, 99–103, 103–09; and globalization, 67–69; and the mosque, 127–31; negative images of, 71; and workplace, 103–09. See also gender
work: and gender, 104–09
workplace: and collectivity, 105–06
World Cup, 20
Yemen, 96
Zamalek: and class, 30, 83; location of, 76–77; and space, 11
al-Zawiya al-Hamra, xi; and ’asl, 85–87; and baladi, 79–83; connection with Cairo, 4–6, 11, 162, 166; and globalization, 84; hierarchies in, 77, 79–83; history of, 5–6, 28, 79, 162–64; and local identity, 118; and “modern Egyptians,” 119; and modernity, 38, 39; Muslim-Christian clashes in, 5, 120–26; name, 162; population of, 7, 70–73; 79; production of, 24, 164–65, 169–77; religious identity in, 117, 120–26; Sadat visits, 35–36; and space, 11–12; transportation to, 1–2, 116–17. See also Bulaq; relocation
Zidane, Zineddine, 20